See Full Document Text
Official Journal EN
of the European Union L series
2023/2749 18.12.2023
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2023/2749
of 11 December 2023
establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the
European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions, for slaughterhouses, animal
by-products and/or edible co-products industries
(notified under document C(2023) 8434)
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010on industrial
emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)(1), and in particular Article 13(5) thereof,
Whereas:
(1) Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered
by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU. Competent authorities should set emission limit values that ensure that,
under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available
techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions.
(2) In accordance with Article 13(4) of Directive 2010/75/EU, the forum composed of Member States’ representatives,
the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, established by
Commission Decision of 16 May 2011(2), provided the Commission on 22 May 2023 with its opinion on the
proposed content of the BAT reference document for slaughterhouses, animal by-products and/or edible
co-products industries. That opinion is publicly available(3).
(3) The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision take into account the forum’s opinion on the proposed
content of the BAT reference document. They contain the key elements of the BAT reference document.
(4) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by
Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Article 1
The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for slaughterhouses, animal by-products and/or edible co-products
industries, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.
Article 2
This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
(1) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.
(2) Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of
Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3).
(3) https://circabc.europa.eu/ui/group/06f33a94-9829-4eee-b187-21bb783a0fbf/library/e07eada3-2935-4ef4-b6d7-b7150f75e520?
p=1&n=10&sort=modified_DESC
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Done at Brussels, 11 December 2023.
For the Commission
Virginius SINKEVIČIUS
Member of the Commission
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ANNEX
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR SLAUGHTERHOUSES, ANIMAL
BY-PRODUCTS AND/OR EDIBLE CO-PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
SCOPE
These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU:
6.4. (a) Operating slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day.
6.5. Disposal or recycling of animal carcases or animal waste with a treatment capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day.
6.11. Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC(1), provided that the main
pollutant load originates from the activities covered by these BAT conclusions.
These BAT conclusions also cover the following:
— the processing of animal by-products and/or edible co-products (such as rendering, fat melting, feather processing,
fishmeal and fish oil production, blood processing and gelatine manufacturing) covered by the activity description in
points 6.4 (b) (i) and/or 6.5 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU;
— the combustion of meat-and-bone meal and/or animal fat;
— the combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodorous gases (originating from the activities covered
by these BAT conclusions), including non-condensable gases;
— the incineration of carcasses if directly associated with the activities covered by these BAT conclusions;
— the preservation of hides and skins if directly associated with the activities covered by these BAT conclusions;
— the handling of casings and offal (viscera);
— composting and anaerobic digestion if directly associated with the activities covered by these BAT conclusions;
— the combined treatment of waste water from different origins, provided that the main pollutant load originates from the
activities covered by these BAT conclusions and that the waste water treatment is not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC1.
These BAT conclusions do not cover the following:
— On-site combustion plants, not covered by the above bullet points, generating hot gases that are not used for direct
contact heating, drying or any other treatment of objects or materials. These may be covered by the BAT conclusions
for Large Combustion Plants (LCP) or by Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council(2).
— The production of food after the making of standard cuts for large animals or of cuts for poultry. This may be covered
by the BAT conclusions for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries (FDM).
— Landfill of waste. This is covered by Council Directive 1999/31/EC(3). In particular, underground permanent and long-
term storage (≥ 1 year before disposal, ≥ 3 years before recovery) are covered by Directive 1999/31/EC.
Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT
conclusions include the following:
— Large Combustion Plants (LCP);
(1) Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40).
(2) Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of
certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1).
(3) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (OJ L 182, 16.7.1999, p. 1).
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— Food, Drink and Milk Industries (FDM);
— Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW);
— Waste Treatment (WT);
— Waste Incineration (WI);
— Tanning of Hides and Skins (TAN);
— Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations (ROM);
— Economics and Cross-Media Effects (ECM);
— Emissions from Storage (EFS);
— Energy Efficiency (ENE);
— Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS).
These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to other relevant legislation, e.g. on hygiene, food/feed safety, animal
welfare, biosecurity, energy efficiency (energy efficiency first principle).
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:
General terms
Term used Definition
As defined in Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 21 October 2009laying down health rules as regards animal
Animal by-products
by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and
repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation)(1).
Emissions of pollutants to air through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc. This
Channelled emissions
includes emissions from open-top biofilters.
Direct discharge Discharge to a receiving water body without further downstream waste water
treatment.
Edible co-products Food-grade products intended for human consumption.
Existing plant A plant that is not a new plant.
FDM activities Activities covered by the BAT conclusions for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries.
FDM products Products associated with activities covered by the BAT conclusions for the Food,
Drink and Milk Industries.
Hazardous substance Hazardous substance as defined in point 18 of Article 3 of Directive 2010/75/EU.
Indirect discharge Discharge which is not a direct discharge.
A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of
New plant these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the
publication of these BAT conclusions.
Areas which need special protection, such as:
— residential areas;
Sensitive receptor
— areas where human activities are carried out (e.g. neighbouring workplaces,
schools, day-care centres, recreational areas, hospitals or nursing homes).
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General terms
Term used Definition
Substances meeting the criteria mentioned in Article 57 and included in the
Substances of very high concern Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern, according to the REACH
Regulation ((EC) No 1907/2006(2)).
(1) OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p. 1.
(2) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006concerning the Registration,
Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive
1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council
Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1).
Pollutants and parameters
Term used Definition
Adsorbable organically bound halogens, expressed as Cl, include adsorbable
AOX
organically bound chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony,
As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V
thallium and vanadium.
Amount of oxygen needed for the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter to
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) carbon dioxide in n days (n is typically 5 or 7). BOD is an indicator for the mass
n
concentration of biodegradable organic compounds.
Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) carbon dioxide using dichromate. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of
organic compounds.
CO Carbon monoxide.
Copper, expressed as Cu, includes all inorganic and organic copper compounds,
Copper (Cu)
dissolved or bound to particles.
Dust Total particulate matter (in air).
HCl All inorganic gaseous chlorine compounds, expressed as HCl.
HF All inorganic gaseous fluorine compounds, expressed as HF.
Hg The sum of mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg.
H S Hydrogen sulphide.
2
Number of European Odour Units (ou ) in a cubic metre of gas at standard
Odour concentration E
conditions for olfactometry according to EN 13725.
NO The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO ), expressed as NO .
X 2 2
PCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans.
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO ), sulphur trioxide (SO ), and sulphuric acid
SO 2 3
X aerosols, expressed as SO .
2
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Pollutants and parameters
Term used Definition
Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes free ammonia and ammonium nitrogen
Total nitrogen (Total N) (NH -N), nitrite nitrogen (NO -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO -N) and organically bound
4 2 3
nitrogen.
Total organic carbon (TOC) Total organic carbon (in water), expressed as C, includes all organic compounds.
Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus
Total phosphorus (Total P)
compounds, dissolved or bound to particles.
Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration
Total suspended solids (TSS)
through glass fibre filters and gravimetry.
Total volatile organic carbon (TVOC) Total volatile organic carbon (in air), expressed as C.
Zinc, expressed as Zn, includes all inorganic and organic zinc compounds, dissolved
Zinc (Zn)
or bound to particles.
ACRONYMS
For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply:
Acronym Definition
CIP Cleaning-in-place
CMS Chemicals management system
EMS Environmental management system
FDM Food, drink and milk
IED Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU)
OTNOC Other than normal operating conditions
SA Slaughterhouses, animal by-products and/or edible co-products industries
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Best Available Techniques
The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may
be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.
Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water
The BAT-AELs for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances
per volume of water), expressed in mg/l.
Averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs refer to either of the following two cases:
— In the case of continuous discharge, daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples.
— In the case of batch discharge, average values over the release duration taken as flow-proportional composite samples,
or, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous, a spot sample taken before discharge.
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Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated. Alternatively,
spot samples may be taken, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous.
In the case of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the calculation of the
average abatement efficiency referred to in these BAT conclusions (see Table 1.1) is based on the influent and effluent load
of the waste water treatment plant.
The BAT-AELs apply at the point where the emission leaves the installation.
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) and indicative emission level for
channelled emissions to air
The BAT-AELs and the indicative emission level for channelled emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to
concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of waste gas) under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a
temperature of 273,15 K (or wet gas at a temperature of 293 K in the case of odour concentration) and a pressure of 101,3
kPa, without correction to a reference oxygen level, and expressed in the unit mg/Nm3 or ou /m3.
E
For averaging periods of BAT-AELs and the indicative emission level for channelled emissions to air, the following definition
applies.
Type of measurement Averaging period Definition
Periodic Average over the sampling Average value of three consecutive samplings/measurements of
period at least 30 minutes each(1).
(1) For any parameter where, due to sampling or analytical limitations, a 30-minute sampling/measurement is inappropriate, a more
representative sampling/measurement procedure may be employed (e.g. for the odour concentration).
When the waste gases of two or more sources (e.g. dryers) are discharged through a common stack, the BAT-AEL and the
indicative emission level apply to the combined discharge from the stack.
Indicative emission levels for refrigerant losses
The indicative emission levels for refrigerant losses refer to a rolling average over 3 years of yearly losses. Yearly losses are
expressed as a percentage (%) of the total amount of refrigerant contained in the cooling system(s). The losses for a specific
refrigerant in 1 year are equal to the amount of that refrigerant used to refill the cooling system(s).
Other environmental performance levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEPLs)
BAT-AEPLs for specific waste water discharge
The environmental performance levels related to specific waste water discharge refer to yearly averages and are calculated
using the following equation:
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where:
waste water discharge: total amount of waste water discharged (direct discharge, indirect discharge and/or
landspreading) by the specific processes concerned, expressed in m3/year, excluding any
cooling water and run-off water that is discharged separately;
activity rate: total amount of products or raw materials processed, expressed in:
— tonnes of carcasses/year or animals/year for slaughterhouses;
— tonnes of raw materials/year for installations processing animal by-products and/or
edible co-products.
The carcass weight depends on the animal species under consideration:
— Pigs: the weight of the slaughtered animal’s cold body, either whole or divided in half along the midline, after being bled
and eviscerated and after removal of the tongue, bristles, hooves, genitalia, flare fat, kidneys and diaphragm.
— Cattle: the weight of the slaughtered animal’s cold body after being skinned, bled and eviscerated, and after removal of
the external genitalia, limbs, head, tail, kidneys and kidney fats, and the udder.
— Chickens: the weight of the slaughtered animal’s cold body after being bled, plucked and eviscerated. The weight
includes offal (viscera).
BAT-AEPLs for specific net energy consumption
The environmental performance levels related to specific net energy consumption refer to yearly averages and are calculated
using the following equation:
where:
final net energy consumption: total amount of energy consumed (excluding the recovered energy) by the installation (in
the form of heat and electricity), expressed in kWh/year;
activity rate: total amount of products or raw materials processed, expressed in:
— tonnes of carcasses/year or animals/year for slaughterhouses;
— tonnes of raw materials/year for installations processing animal by-products and/or
edible co-products.
The carcass weight depends on the animal species under consideration (see General consideration for BAT-AEPLs for
specific waste water discharge).
Unless otherwise stated, the calculation of the energy consumption of slaughterhouses may include the energy consumed
by FDM activities.
1.1 General BAT conclusions
1.1.1 Overall environmental performance
BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement an
environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features:
i. commitment, leadership, and accountability of the management, including senior management, for the
implementation of an effective EMS;
ii. an analysis that includes the determination of the organisation’s context, the identification of the needs
and expectations of interested parties, the identification of characteristics of the installation that are
associated with possible risks for the environment and human health as well as of the applicable legal
requirements relating to the environment;
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iii. development of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the environmental
performance of the installation;
iv. establishing objectives and performance indicators in relation to significant environmental aspects,
including safeguarding compliance with applicable legal requirements;
v. planning and implementing the necessary procedures and actions (including corrective and preventive
actions where needed), to achieve the environmental objectives and avoid environmental risks;
vi. determination of structures, roles and responsibilities in relation to environmental aspects and objectives
and provision of the financial and human resources needed;
vii. ensuring the necessary competence and awareness of staff whose work may affect the environmental
performance of the installation (e.g. by providing information and training);
viii. internal and external communication;
ix. fostering employee involvement in good environmental management practices;
x. establishing and maintaining a management manual and written procedures to control activities with
significant environmental impact as well as relevant records;
xi. effective operational planning and process control;
xii. implementation of appropriate maintenance programmes;
xiii. emergency preparedness and response protocols, including the prevention and/or mitigation of the
adverse (environmental) impacts of emergency situations;
xiv. when (re)designing a (new) installation or a part thereof, consideration of its environmental impacts
throughout its life, which includes construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning;
xv. implementation of a monitoring and measurement programme; if necessary, information can be found in
the Reference Report on Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations;
xvi. application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis;
xvii. periodic independent (as far as practicable) internal auditing and periodic independent external auditing in
order to assess the environmental performance and to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to
planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;
xviii. evaluation of causes of nonconformities, implementation of corrective actions in response to
nonconformities, review of the effectiveness of corrective actions, and determination of whether similar
nonconformities exist or could potentially occur;
xix. periodic review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and
effectiveness;
xx. following and taking into account the development of cleaner techniques.
Specifically for slaughterhouses as well as the processing of animal by-products and/or edible co-products,
BAT is also to incorporate the following features in the EMS:
xxi. an odour management plan (see BAT 18);
xxii. an inventory of inputs and outputs (see BAT 2);
xxiii. a chemicals management system (see BAT 3);
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xxiv. an energy efficiency plan (see BAT 9 (a));
xxv. a water management plan (see BAT 10 (a));
xxvi. a noise management plan (see BAT 16);
xxvii. an OTNOC management plan (see BAT 4).
xxviii. a refrigeration management plan for slaughterhouses (see BAT 21 (a) and BAT 23 (a)).
Note
Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 establishes the European Union eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS),
which is an example of an EMS consistent with this BAT.
Applicability
The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the EMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and
complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
BAT 2. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to establish, maintain and regularly
review (including when a significant change occurs) an inventory of inputs and outputs, as part of the
environmental management system (see BAT 1) that incorporates all of the following features:
I. Information about the production process(es), including:
(a) simplified process flow sheets that show the origin of the emissions;
(b) descriptions of process-integrated techniques and waste water/waste gas treatment techniques to prevent
or reduce emissions, including their performance (e.g. abatement efficiency).
II. Information about energy consumption and usage.
III. Information about water consumption and usage (e.g. flow diagrams and water mass balances).
IV. Information about the quantity and characteristics of the waste water streams, such as:
(a) average values and variability of flow, pH and temperature;
(b) average concentration and mass flow values of relevant substances/parameters (e.g. COD/TOC, nitrogen
species, phosphorus) and their variability.
V. Information about the characteristics of the waste gas streams, such as:
(a) emission point(s);
(b) average values and variability of flow and temperature;
(c) average concentration and mass flow values of relevant substances/parameters (e.g. dust, TVOC, NO ,
X
SO ) and their variability;
X
(d) presence of other substances that may affect the waste gas treatment system or plant safety (e.g. oxygen,
water vapour, dust).
VI. Information about the quantity and characteristics of the chemicals used:
(a) the identity and the characteristics of the chemicals used, including properties with adverse effects on the
environment and/or human health;
(b) the quantities of chemicals used and the location of their use.
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Applicability
The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the inventory will generally be related to the nature, scale and
complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
BAT 3. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement a
chemicals management system (CMS) as part of the EMS (see BAT 1) that incorporates all of the
following features:
I. A policy to reduce the consumption and risks associated with chemicals, including a procurement policy to
select less harmful chemicals and their suppliers with the aim of minimising the use and risks associated
with hazardous substances and substances of very high concern and avoiding the procurement of an excess
amount of chemicals. The selection of chemicals is based on:
(a) the comparative analysis of their bioeliminability/biodegradability, ecotoxicity and potential to be
released into the environment, in order to reduce emissions to the environment;
(b) the characterisation of the risks associated with the chemicals, based on the chemicals’ hazard
classification, pathways through the plant, potential release and level of exposure;
(c) the regular (e.g. annual) analysis of the potential for substitution to identify potentially new available and
safer alternatives to the use of hazardous substances and substances of very high concern (e.g. use of
other chemicals with no or lower impacts on the environment and/or human health, see BAT 11 (a));
(d) the anticipatory monitoring of regulatory changes related to hazardous substances and substances of very
high concern and the safeguarding of compliance with applicable legal requirements.
The inventory of chemicals (see BAT 2) may be used to provide and keep the information needed for the selection
of chemicals.
II. Goals and action plans to avoid or reduce the use and risks associated with hazardous substances and
substances of very high concern.
III. Development and implementation of procedures for the procurement, handling, storage and use of chemicals
to prevent or reduce emissions to the environment.
Applicability
The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the CMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and
complexity of the plant.
BAT 4. In order to reduce the frequency of the occurrence of OTNOC and to reduce emissions during OTNOC,
BAT is to set up and implement a risk-based OTNOC management plan as part of the EMS (see BAT 1)
that includes all of the following elements:
i. identification of potential OTNOC (e.g. failure of equipment critical to the protection of the environment
(‘critical equipment’)), of their root causes and of their potential consequences;
ii. appropriate design of critical equipment (e.g. waste water treatment plant);
iii. set-up and implementation of an inspection plan and preventive maintenance programme for critical
equipment (see BAT 1 xii.);
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iv. monitoring (i.e. estimating or, where possible, measuring) and recording of emissions during OTNOC and of
associated circumstances;
v. periodic assessment of the emissions occurring during OTNOC (e.g. frequency of events, duration, amount
of pollutants emitted) and implementation of corrective actions if necessary;
vi. regular review and update of the list of identified OTNOC under point i. following the periodic assessment of
point v.;
vii. regular testing of backup systems.
Applicability
The level of detail and degree of formalisation of the OTNOC management plan will generally be related to the
nature, scale and complexity of the plant, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.
1.1.2 Monitoring
BAT 5. For waste water streams identified by the inventory of inputs and outputs (see BAT 2), BAT is to
monitor key process parameters (e.g. continuous monitoring of waste water flow, pH and temperature)
at key locations (e.g. at the inlet and/or outlet of the waste water pretreatment, at the inlet to the final
waste water treatment, at the point where the emission leaves the installation).
BAT 6. BAT is to monitor at least once per year:
— the yearly consumption of water and energy;
— the yearly amount of waste water generated;.
— the yearly amount of refrigerant(s) used to refill the cooling system(s) in slaughterhouses.
Description
Monitoring preferentially includes direct measurements. Calculations or recording, e.g. using suitable meters or
invoices, can also be used. The monitoring is performed at installation level (and can be broken down to the
most appropriate process level) and considers any significant changes in the processes.
BAT 7. BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN
standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards
that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.
Minimum
Monitoring
Substance/Parameter Activities Standard(s) monitoring
associated with
frequency(1)
Adsorbable organically bound halogens Once every 3
EN ISO 9562
(AOX)(2)(3) months(4)
Various EN
All activities BAT 14
standards
Once every
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD )(5) available (e.g. EN
n month
1899-1, EN ISO
5815-1)
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Minimum
Monitoring
Substance/Parameter Activities Standard(s) monitoring
associated with
frequency(1)
No EN standard
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)(5)(6)
available
Various EN
standards
Total nitrogen (TN)(5) available (e.g. EN
12260, EN ISO
11905-1)
Once every
Total organic carbon (TOC)(5)(6) EN 1484
week(7)
Various EN
standards
available (e.g. EN
Total phosphorus (TP)(5)
ISO 6878, EN ISO
15681-1 and -2,
EN ISO 11885)
Total suspended solids (TSS)(5) EN 872
Copper (Cu)(2)(3)
Various EN
standards
available (e.g. EN Once every 6
Metals Slaughterhouses
ISO 11885, EN months
Zinc (Zn)(1)(2) ISO 17294-2 or
EN ISO 15586)
— Slaughter
houses
— Hide/skin Various EN
salting standards
Once every
Chloride (Cl-)(2)(3) — Gelatine available (e.g. EN -
month(4)
manufactur ISO 10304-1, EN
ing using ISO 15682)
bones as raw
material
(1) In the case of batch discharge less frequent than the minimum monitoring frequency, monitoring is carried out once per batch.
(2) In the case of an indirect discharge, the monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every year for Cu and Zn and once every 6
months for AOX and Cl- if the downstream waste water treatment plant is designed and equipped appropriately to abate the pollutants
concerned.
(3) The monitoring only applies when the substance/parameter concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water stream based on the
inventory of inputs and outputs mentioned in BAT 2.
(4) The minimum monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every 6 months if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.
(5) The monitoring only applies in the case of a direct discharge.
(6) Either COD or TOC is monitored. TOC monitoring is the preferred option because it does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.
(7) The minimum monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every month if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.
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BAT 8. BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance
with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international
standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.
Minimum
Substance/ Monitoring
Activities/Processes Standard(s) monitoring
Parameter associated with
frequency(1)
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
boilers) of malodorous gases, including non- BAT 15
condensable gases
CO EN 15058
Incineration of carcasses -
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
boilers) of malodorous gases, including non- BAT 15
condensable gases
Dust EN 13284-1
Incineration of carcasses -
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
boilers) of malodorous gases, including non- BAT 15
condensable gases
NO EN 14792
X
Incineration of carcasses -
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
boilers) of malodorous gases, including non- BAT 15
condensable gases
SO EN 14791
X
Once every
Incineration of carcasses year -
Rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather No EN standard
H S
2 processing(2) available
Rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather
processing BAT 25
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
NH EN ISO 21877
3 boilers) of malodorous gases, including non-
condensable gases
Incineration of carcasses -
Rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather
processing
BAT 25
Combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
TVOC EN 12619
boilers) of malodorous gases, including non-
condensable gases
Incineration of carcasses -
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Minimum
Substance/ Monitoring
Activities/Processes Standard(s) monitoring
Parameter associated with
frequency(1)
Slaughterhouses(3)(4) -
Incineration of carcasses(3) -
Odour Gelatine manufacturing(3) -
EN 13725
concentration
Fishmeal and fish oil production(3) BAT 25
Rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather
processing(3)
HCl EN 1911
No EN standard
HF
available
Hg EN 13211
Metals and
Incineration of carcasses -
metalloids
except mercury
EN 14385
(As, Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb,
Sb, Tl, V)
EN 1948-1, EN
PCDD/F 1948-2, EN
1948-3
(1) To the extent possible, the measurements are carried out at the highest expected emission state under normal operating conditions.
(2) The monitoring only applies when H S is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on the inventory of inputs and outputs
2
mentioned in BAT 2.
(3) This includes combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodorous gases, including non-condensable gases.
(4) The monitoring only applies when odour is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on the inventory of inputs and outputs
mentioned in BAT 2.
1.1.3 Energy efficiency
BAT 9. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.
Technique Description Applicability
An energy efficiency plan is part of the environmental
management system (see BAT 1) and entails defining and
calculating the specific energy consumption of the activity (or The level of detail of the energy
Energy activities), setting key performance indicators on an annual efficiency plan and audits will
a efficiency plan basis (for example for the specific energy consumption) and generally be related to the
and audits planning periodic improvement targets and related actions. nature, scale and complexity of
Audits are carried out at least once every year to ensure that the the plant.
objectives of the energy efficiency plan are met and the energy
audits’ recommendations are followed up and implemented.
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Technique Description Applicability
These include techniques such as:
— heat recovery with heat exchangers and/or heat pumps;
— energy-efficient motors;
— frequency converters on motors;
— process control systems;
— combined heat and power generation (cogeneration);
Applicability of cogeneration to
General energy- — insulation of pipes, vessels and other equipment;
existing plants may be restricted
b saving — combustion regulation and control;
by a suitable heat demand and/or
techniques — feed water preheating (including the use of economisers);
by the plant layout/lack of space.
— minimisation of the blowdown of boilers;
— optimisation of steam distribution systems;
— reduction of compressed air system leaks;
— lighting management systems;
— energy-efficient lighting;
— optimisation of design and operation of cooling system(s).
Further sector-specific techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.2.1 and Section 1.3.1 of these BAT
conclusions.
1.1.4 Water consumption and waste water generation
BAT 10. In order to reduce water consumption and the amount of waste water generated, BAT is to use both
techniques (a) and (b), and an appropriate combination of the techniques (c) to (k) given below.
Technique Description Applicability
Management, design and operation techniques
A water management plan and water audits are part of the
environmental management system (see BAT 1) and include:
— flow diagrams and water mass balances of the plant and
processes as part of the inventory of inputs and outputs
mentioned BAT 2; The level of detail and nature of
Water
— establishment of water efficiency objectives; the water management plan and
management
a — implementation of water optimisation techniques (e.g. water audits will generally be
plan and water
control of water usage, reuse/recycling, detection and related to the nature, scale and
audits
repair of leaks). complexity of the plant.
Water audits are carried out at least once every year to ensure
that the objectives of the water management plan are met and
the water audits’ recommendations are followed up and
implemented.
Applicability to existing plants
Water streams that do not need treatment (e.g. uncontaminated
may be restricted by the layout
Segregation of cooling water, uncontaminated run-off water) are segregated
b of the water collection system
water streams from waste water that has to undergo treatment, thus
and the lack of space for
enabling uncontaminated water recycling.
temporary storage tanks.
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Technique Description Applicability
Recycling and/or reuse of water streams (preceded or not by
Water reuse May not be applicable due to
c water treatment), e.g. for cleaning, washing, cooling or for
and/or recycling hygiene and safety requirements.
the process itself.
Use of control devices, e.g. photocells, flow valves,
Optimisation of
d thermostatic valves, to automatically adjust the water flow to
water flow
the minimum amount needed.
Generally applicable.
Optimisation
and appropriate
Use of correct number and position of nozzles; adjustment of
e use of water
water pressure of nozzles and hoses.
nozzles and
hoses
Techniques related to cleaning operations
Removal of as much residual material as possible from raw
f Dry cleaning materials and equipment, e.g. by using compressed air, Generally applicable.
vacuum systems or catchpots with a mesh cover.
High-pressure Spraying of cleaning water at pressures ranging from 15 bar to May not be applicable due to
g
cleaning 150 bar. health and safety requirements.
Optimisation of
chemical dosing The amounts of hot water and chemicals used are optimised by
h and water use in measuring for example turbidity, conductivity, temperature
cleaning-in- and/or pH.
place (CIP)
Low-pressure
Use of low-pressure foam and/or gel to clean walls, floors
i foam and/or gel
and/or equipment surfaces.
cleaning
Generally applicable.
Optimised
The equipment and process areas are designed and constructed
design and
in a way that facilitates cleaning. When optimising the design
j construction of
and construction, hygiene requirements are taken into
equipment and
account.
process areas
Prompt cleaning Cleaning is applied as soon as possible after use of equipment
k
of equipment to prevent hardening of residual material.
Further sector-specific techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water generated are given in
Section 1.2.2 and Section 1.3.2 of these BAT conclusions.
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1.1.5 Harmful substances
BAT 11. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce the use of harmful substances in cleaning
and disinfection, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Technique Description
Avoidance or minimisation of the use of cleaning chemicals and/or
disinfectants that are harmful to the aquatic environment, in particular
those that contain priority substances considered under the Water
Proper selection of cleaning chemicals
a Framework Directive(1).
and/or disinfectants
When selecting the cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants, hygiene and food
safety requirements are taken into account.
This technique is part of the CMS (see BAT 3).
Reuse of cleaning chemicals in Collection and reuse of cleaning chemicals in CIP. When reusing cleaning
b
cleaning-in-place (CIP) chemicals, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account.
c Dry cleaning See BAT 10 (f).
Optimised design and construction of
d See BAT 10 (j).
equipment and process areas
(1) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000establishing a framework for Community
action in the field of water policy (OJ L327, 22.12.2000, p. 1)
1.1.6 Resource efficiency
BAT 12. In order to increase resource efficiency, BAT is to use both techniques (a) and (b), if appropriate in
combination with one or both of the techniques (c) and (d) given below.
Technique Description Applicability
Minimisation of
Animal by-products and/or edible co-products are promptly
biological
collected in slaughterhouses and are stored in closed vessels
degradation of
or rooms in SA installations, for as short a time as possible,
a animal
before further treatment. Raw materials intended for human
by-products
consumption (e.g. fat, blood), feed material or pet food may
and/or edible
require refrigeration. Generally applicable.
co-products
Residues
Residues are separated, e.g. using accurately positioned screens,
separation and
b flaps, catchpots, drip trays and troughs, for recycling and
recycling/recov-
recovery.
ery
Treatment of biodegradable residues by microorganisms in the
absence of oxygen, resulting in the generation of biogas and May not be applicable due to the
Anaerobic
c digestate. The biogas is used as a fuel, e.g. in a gas engine or quantity and/or nature of the
digestion
in a boiler. The digestate may be used, e.g. as a soil improver, on residues.
site or off site.
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Technique Description Applicability
Only applicable to waste water
Phosphorus
streams with a high total
d recovery as See Section 1.4.1.
phosphorus content (e.g. above
struvite
50 mg/l) and a significant flow.
1.1.7 Emissions to water
BAT 13. In order to prevent uncontrolled emissions to water, BAT is to provide an appropriate buffer storage
capacity for generated waste water.
Description
The appropriate buffer storage capacity is determined by a risk assessment (taking into account the nature of the
pollutant(s), the effects of these pollutants on further waste water treatment, the receiving environment, the
amount of waste water generated, etc.).
A buffer tank is typically designed to store the amounts of waste water generated during several peak hours of
operation.
The waste water from this buffer storage is discharged after appropriate measures are taken (e.g. monitoring,
treatment, reuse).
Applicability
For existing plants, the technique may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or due to the layout of the waste
water collection system.
BAT 14. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given
below.
Technique(1) Typical pollutants targeted Applicability
Preliminary, primary and general treatment
a Equalisation All pollutants
b Neutralisation Acids, alkalis
Generally applicable.
Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, Gross solids, suspended
c
fat separators, primary settlement tanks solids, oil/grease
Physico-chemical treatment
Precipitable dissolved non-
d Precipitation biodegradable or inhibitory
pollutants, e.g. metals
Reducible dissolved non- Generally applicable.
biodegradable or inhibitory
e Chemical oxidation (e.g. with ozone) pollutants, e.g. AOX,
antimicrobial-resistant
bacteria
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Technique(1) Typical pollutants targeted Applicability
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment)
Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary
treatment), e.g. activated sludge process, aerobic Biodegradable organic
f Generally applicable.
lagoon, anaerobic contact process, membrane compounds
bioreactor
Nitrogen removal
Nitrification may not be
applicable in the case of high
chloride concentrations (e.g.
Total nitrogen, above 10 g/l).
g Nitrification and/or denitrification
ammonium/ammonia Nitrification may not be
applicable when the
temperature of the waste
water is low (e.g. below 12 °C).
Phosphorus removal
h Precipitation
Generally applicable.
i Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
Total phosphorus Only applicable to waste
water streams with a high
j Phosphorus recovery as struvite total phosphorus content
(e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a
significant flow.
Final solids removal
k Coagulation and flocculation
l Sedimentation Suspended solids and
particulate-bound non-
Generally applicable.
Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, biodegradable or inhibitory
m
ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) pollutants
n Flotation
(1) The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 1.4.1.
Table 1.1
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct discharges
Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL(1)(2)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)(3) 25–100(4)(5)
Total organic carbon (TOC)(3) 7–35(5)(6)
mg/l
Total suspended solids (TSS) 4–30(5)(7)(8)
Total nitrogen (Total N) 2–25(5)(9)(10)
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Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL(1)(2)
Total phosphorus (Total P) 0,25–2(5)
Adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX)(11) 0,02–0,3
Copper (Cu)(11) 0,01–0,2(12)
Metals
Zinc (Zn)(11) 0,05–0,5(12)
(1) The averaging periods are defined in the general considerations.
(2) No BAT-AEL applies for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). As an indication, the yearly average BOD level in the effluent from a
5
biological waste water treatment plant will generally be ≤ 20 mg/l.
(3) Either the BAT-AEL for COD or the BAT-AEL for TOC applies. The BAT-AEL for TOC is the preferred option because TOC monitoring
does not rely on the use of very toxic compounds.
(4) The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 120 mg/l for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible
co-products, only if the COD abatement efficiency is ≥ 95 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
(5) The BAT-AEL range may not apply for discharges of seawater from fishmeal and fish oil production.
(6) The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 40 mg/l for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible
co-products, only if the TOC abatement efficiency is ≥ 95 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
(7) The lower end of the BAT-AEL range is typically achieved when using filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration).
(8) The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 40 mg/l for gelatine manufacturing.
(9) The BAT-AEL may not apply when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C) for prolonged periods.
(10)The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 40 mg/l for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible
co-products only if the Total N abatement efficiency is ≥ 90 % as a yearly average or as an average over the production period.
(11)The BAT-AEL only applies when the substance/parameter concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water stream based on the
inventory of inputs and outputs mentioned in BAT 2.
(12)The BAT-AEL only applies to slaughterhouses.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7.
Table 1.2
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for indirect discharges
Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL(1)(2)
Adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX)(3) 0,02–0,3
Copper (Cu)(3) mg/l 0,01–0,2(4)
Metals
Zinc (Zn)(3) 0,05–0,5(4)
(1) The averaging periods are defined in the general considerations.
(2) The BAT-AELs may not apply if the downstream waste water treatment plant is designed and equipped appropriately to abate the
pollutants concerned, provided this does not lead to a higher level of pollution in the environment.
(3) The BAT-AEL only applies when the substance/parameter concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water stream based on the
inventory of inputs and outputs mentioned in BAT 2.
(4) The BAT-AEL only applies to slaughterhouses.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7.
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1.1.8 Emissions to air
BAT 15. In order to reduce emissions to air of CO, dust, NO and SO from the combustion (e.g. in thermal
X X
oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodorous gases, including non-condensable gases, BAT is to use
technique (a) and one or an appropriate combination of the techniques (b) to (d) given below.
Main compounds
Technique Description Applicability
targeted
Optimisation of design and operation of
Optimisation of boilers or thermal oxidisers to promote the
a thermal oxidation or oxidation of organic compounds, as well as CO, NO
X
combustion in boilers to reduce the generation of pollutants such
as NO and CO.
X
Removal (if possible, for reuse) of high levels
of dust, NO and SO precursors prior to
X X
Removal of high combustion of malodorous gases or thermal
Generally
b levels of dust, NO oxidation, e.g. by condensation. Additional Dust, NO , SO
X X X applicable.
and SO precursors post-combustion removal of dust, NO and
X X
SO may be carried out using wet scrubbing
X
for example.
The use of fuel (including support/auxiliary
fuel) with a low content of potential
c Fuel choice pollution-generating compounds (e.g. low Dust, NO , SO
X X
sulphur, ash, nitrogen, fluorine or chlorine
content in the fuel).
The technique is based on the principles of
reducing peak flame temperatures. The
air/fuel mixing reduces the availability of Applicability to
oxygen and reduces the peak flame existing plants may
temperature, thus retarding the conversion be restricted by
d Low-NO burner NO
X of fuel-bound nitrogen to NO and the X design and/or
X
formation of thermal NO , while operational
X
maintaining high combustion efficiency. constraints.
This may be associated with a modified
design of the furnace combustion chamber.
Table 1.3
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions to air of dust, NO and SO from the
X X
combustion in thermal oxidisers of malodorous gases, including non-condensable gases
Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period)
Dust < 1–5(1)
NO mg/Nm3 50–200(1)(2)
X
SO 6–100
X
(1) The BAT-AEL range only applies when using exclusively natural gas as a fuel.
(2) The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 350 mg/Nm3 for recuperative thermal oxidisers.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 8.
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Table 1.4
Indicative emission level for channelled CO emissions to air from the combustion in thermal oxidisers of
malodorous gases, including non-condensable gases
Indicative emission level (average over the
Substance Unit
sampling period)
CO mg/Nm3 3–30
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 8.
1.1.9 Noise
BAT 16. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to set up,
implement and regularly review a noise management plan, as part of the environmental management
system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:
— a protocol containing appropriate actions and timelines;
— a protocol for conducting noise emissions monitoring;
— a protocol for response to identified noise events, e.g. complaints;
— a noise reduction programme designed to identify the source(s), to measure/estimate noise exposure, to
characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.
Applicability
The applicability is restricted to cases where a noise nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been
substantiated.
BAT 17. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to use one or a
combination of the techniques given below.
Technique Description Applicability
For existing plants, the
Increasing the distance between the emitter and the relocation of equipment and
Appropriate location of receiver, by using buildings as noise screens and by buildings’ exits or entrances
a
equipment and buildings relocating equipment and/or buildings’ exits or may not be applicable due to
entrances. lack of space and/or excessive
costs.
These include techniques such as:
i. inspection and maintenance of equipment;
ii. closing of doors and windows of enclosed areas, if
possible;
iii. equipment operation by experienced staff;
b Operational measures
iv. avoidance of noisy activities at night, if possible;
v. provisions for noise control, e.g. during production Generally applicable.
and maintenance activities;
vi. limitation of noise from animals in slaughterhouses
(e.g. through careful transport and handling).
This includes techniques such as low-noise
c Low-noise equipment
compressors, pumps and fans.
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Technique Description Applicability
This includes techniques such as:
i. noise reducers; May not be applicable to
d Noise control equipment ii. acoustic insulation of equipment; existing plants due to lack of
iii. enclosure of noisy equipment; space.
iv. soundproofing of buildings.
Inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers (e.g.
e Noise abatement Generally applicable.
protection walls, embankments).
1.1.10 Odour
BAT 18. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to set up,
implement and regularly review an odour management plan, as part of the environmental management
system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:
— A protocol containing appropriate actions and timelines.
— A protocol for conducting odour monitoring. It may be complemented by measurement/estimation of odour
exposure or estimation of odour impact.
— A protocol for response to identified odour incidents, e.g. complaints.
— An odour prevention and reduction programme designed to identify the source(s); to measure/estimate odour
exposure; to characterise the contributions of the sources; and to implement prevention and/or reduction
measures.
Applicability
The applicability is restricted to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been
substantiated.
BAT 19. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to use an
appropriate combination of the techniques given below.
Technique Description Applicability
Regular cleaning (e.g. daily) of installations and
Regular cleaning of
a. equipment including areas where animal by-products
installations and equipment
and/or edible co-products are stored and processed.
Cleaning and disinfection of Generally applicable.
vehicles and equipment Transport vehicles and delivery equipment (e.g.
b. used to transport and containers) are cleaned and disinfected after being
deliver animal by-products emptied.
and/or edible co-products
Enclosure of animal
by-products and/or edible Loading/unloading and reception areas are situated in
May not be applicable to
co-products during enclosed ventilated buildings. Appropriate equipment
c. existing plants due to lack of
transport, reception, is used for transport and storage of the animal
space.
loading/unloading and by-products and/or edible co-products.
storage
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Technique Description Applicability
Minimisation of biological
degradation of animal
d. See BAT 12 (a). Generally applicable.
by-products and/or edible
co-products
Air extraction as close as Air extraction as close as possible to the point of odour
e. possible to the point of generation with full or partial enclosure. Extracted air Generally applicable.
odour generation. may be treated (see BAT 25).
BAT-AELs for channelled emissions to air of odour: see Table 1.10 and Table 1.11.
1.1.11 Use of refrigerants
BAT 20. In order to prevent emissions of ozone-depleting substances and of substances with a high global
warming potential from cooling and freezing, BAT is to use refrigerants without ozone depletion
potential and with a low global warming potential.
Description
Suitable refrigerants include for example water, carbon dioxide, propane and ammonia.
1.2 BAT conclusions for slaughterhouses
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
1.2.1 Energy efficiency
BAT 21. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use both of the techniques given in BAT 9 in
combination with both of the techniques given below.
Technique Description Applicability
Refrigeration management
a See Section 1.4.3. Generally applicable.
plan
These include techniques such as:
Techniques for efficient Applicability to existing
— steam scalding of pigs;
b scalding of pigs and/or plants may be restricted by
— immersion scalding of pigs and/or poultry with
poultry the plant layout/lack of space.
optimised water flow systems.
Table 1.5
BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific net energy consumption in
slaughterhouses
Specific net energy consumption
Slaughtered animals Unit(1)
(yearly average)(2)
Cattle kWh/tonne of carcasses 116–240(3)
kWh/animal 30–80(4)
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Specific net energy consumption
Slaughtered animals Unit(1)
(yearly average)(2)
Pigs kWh/tonne of carcasses 65–370(5)
kWh/animal 4–35(5)
Chickens kWh/tonne of carcasses 170–490(5)
kWh/animal 0,25–0,90(5)
(1) Either the BAT-AEPL expressed in kWh/tonne of carcasses or the BAT-AEPL expressed in kWh/animal applies.
(2) The BAT-AEPLs refer to the exclusive slaughtering of the animals in question.
(3) The upper end of the BAT-AEPL range may be higher and up to 415 kWh/tonne of carcasses if the specific net energy consumption
includes energy consumed by FDM activities.
(4) The upper end of the BAT-AEPL range may be higher and up to 150 kWh/animal if the specific net energy consumption includes
energy consumed by FDM activities.
(5) The BAT-AEPL range may not be applicable to installations producing more than 50 % convenience products (i.e. meat products
processed further than simple meat cuts, e.g. marinated products, sausages) as a proportion of the total weight of the FDM products.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6.
1.2.2 Water consumption and waste water generation
BAT 22. In order to reduce water consumption and the amount of waste water generated, BAT is to use both
techniques (a) and (b) given in BAT 10, together with an appropriate combination of the techniques (c)
to (k) given in BAT 10 and of the techniques given below.
Technique Description Applicability
Dry emptying of cattle/pig Cattle/pig stomachs are emptied by using machines
a
stomachs without water.
Generally applicable.
Dry collection of the Pigs’ small intestines are emptied by pulling them
b contents of pigs’ small between a pair of rollers. Their content is collected in
intestines a tray and pumped to a container.
Applicability to existing
Techniques for efficient
c See BAT 21 (b). plants may be restricted by
scalding
the plant layout/lack of space.
Table 1.6
BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific waste water discharge
Specific waste water discharge
Slaughtered animals Unit(1)
(yearly average)(2)
Cattle m3/tonne of carcasses 1,85–3,90(3)
m3/animal 0,30–1,30(4)
Pigs m3/tonne of carcasses 0,70–3,50
m3/animal 0,07–0,30
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Specific waste water discharge
Slaughtered animals Unit(1)
(yearly average)(2)
Chickens m3/tonne of carcasses 1,45–6,30
m3/animal 0,002–0,013
(1) Either the BAT-AEPL expressed in m3/tonne of carcasses or the BAT-AEPL expressed in m3/animal applies.
(2) The BAT-AEPLs refer to the exclusive slaughtering of the animals in question.
(3) The upper end of the BAT-AEPL range may be higher and up to 5,25 m3/tonne of carcasses in case the specific waste water discharge
includes water used by FDM activities.
(4) The upper end of the BAT-AEPL range may be higher and up to 2,45 m3/animal in case the specific waste water discharge includes
water used by FDM activities.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6.
1.2.3 Use of refrigerants
BAT 23. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce refrigerant losses, BAT is to use technique
(a) and one or both of the techniques (b) and (c) given below.
Technique Description
a Refrigeration management plan See Section 1.4.3.
The correct operation of the refrigeration equipment is regularly
b Preventive and corrective maintenance reviewed and any deviations/malfunctions are corrected/fixed in a
timely manner.
A centralised alarm system is used in order to promptly identify
c Use of refrigerant leak detectors
refrigerant leaks.
Table 1.7
Indicative emission level for refrigerant losses
Indicative emission level
Type of refrigerant Unit
(rolling average over 3 years)
Any type of refrigerant Percentage (%) of the total amount of < 1–5
refrigerant contained in the cooling
system(s)
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6.
1.3 BAT conclusions for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible co-products
The BAT conclusions in this section apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.
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1.3.1 Energy efficiency
BAT 24. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use both of the techniques given in BAT 9, if appropriate
in combination with multiple-effect evaporators.
Description
Multiple-effect evaporators are used to remove water from liquid mixtures generated for example in fat melting,
rendering, and fishmeal and fish oil production. Steam is introduced in a series of successive vessels, each one
exhibiting a lower temperature and pressure than the previous one.
Table 1.8
BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific net energy consumption in
installations processing animal by-products and/or edible co-products
Specific net energy consumption
Type of installation/process(es) Unit
(yearly average)
Rendering, fat melting, blood
120–910
and/or feather processing
kWh/tonne of raw material
Fishmeal and fish oil production 420–710
Gelatine manufacturing 1 380–2 500(1)
(1) The BAT-AEPL applies to installations using exclusively pig skin as raw material.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6.
1.3.2 Water consumption and waste water generation
The environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge given below are associated with the
general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.1.4.
Table 1.9
BAT-associated environmental performance levels (BAT-AEPLs) for specific waste water discharge
Specific waste water discharge
Type of installation/process(es) Unit
(yearly average)
Rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather
0,2–1,55
processing
m3/tonne of raw material
Fishmeal and fish oil production 0,20–1,25(1)
Gelatine manufacturing 16,5–27(2)
(1) The BAT-AEPL range may not apply for discharges of seawater from fishmeal and fish oil production.
(2) The BAT-AEPL applies to installations using exclusively pig skin as raw material.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 6.
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1.3.3 Emissions to air
BAT 25. In order to reduce emissions to air of organic compounds and malodorous compounds, including H S
2
and NH , BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
3
Technique Description
See Section 1.4.2. The technique is used together with one or a combination
a. Condensation
of the techniques (b) to (g) for the treatment of non-condensable gases.
b. Adsorption
c. Biofilter
Combustion in a steam boiler of
d. malodorous gases, including non-
condensable gases See Section 1.4.2.
e. Thermal oxidation
f. Wet scrubber
g. Bioscrubber
Table 1.10
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions to air of odour, organic compounds, NH
3
and H S from rendering, fat melting, blood and/or feather processing
2
Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL
Odour concentration ou /m3 200–1 100(1)(2)
E
TVOC mg C/Nm3 0,5–16
NH mg/Nm3 0,1–4(3)
3
H S < 0,1–1(4)
2
(1) The BAT-AEL range may not apply in the case of combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodorous gases when
both of the following conditions are fulfilled:
— the combustion temperature is sufficiently high (typically in the range 750– 850 °C) with a sufficient residence time (typically
between 1 and 2 seconds); and
— the odour abatement efficiency is ≥ 99 %, or as an alternative, process odour is not perceptible in the treated waste gases.
(2) In the case of abatement technique(s) other than combustion of malodorous gases, the upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher
and up to 3 000 ou/m3 if the abatement efficiency is ≥ 92 % or, as an alternative, process odour is not perceptible in the treated waste
E
gases.
(3) The upper end of the BAT-AEL range may be higher and up to 7 mg/Nm3 in the case of combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam
boilers) of malodorous gases.
(4) The BAT-AEL range only applies when HS is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on the inventory of inputs and
2
outputs mentioned in BAT 2.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 8.
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Table 1.11
BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions to air of odour, organic compounds and NH
3
from fishmeal and fish oil production
Substance/Parameter Unit BAT-AEL
Odour concentration ou /m3 400–3 500(1)
E
TVOC(2) mg C/Nm3 1–14
NH (2) mg/Nm3 0,1–7
3
(1) The BAT-AEL range may not apply in the case of combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodorous gases when
both of the following conditions are fulfilled:
— the combustion temperature is sufficiently high (typically in the range 750– 850 °C) with a sufficient residence time (typically
between 1 and 2 seconds) and;
— the odour abatement efficiency is ≥ 99 % or, as an alternative, process odour is not perceptible in the treated waste gases.
(2) The BAT-AEL only applies to the combustion (e.g. in thermal oxidisers or steam boilers) of malodourous gases, including non-
condensable gases.
The associated monitoring is given in BAT 8.
1.4 Description of techniques
1.4.1 Emissions to water
Technique Description
A biological process in which the microorganisms are maintained in suspension in the
Activated sludge process waste water and the whole mixture is mechanically aerated. The activated sludge mixture
is sent to a separation facility from where the sludge is recycled to the aeration tank.
Shallow earthen basin for the biological treatment of waste water, the content of which
Aerobic lagoon
is periodically mixed to allow oxygen to enter the liquid through atmospheric diffusion.
An anaerobic process in which waste water is mixed with recycled sludge and then
Anaerobic contact process
digested in a sealed reactor. The water/sludge mixture is separated externally.
Chemical oxidation is the conversion of pollutants by chemical-oxidising agents other
Chemical oxidation (e.g. with than oxygen/air or bacteria into similar but less harmful or hazardous compounds
ozone) and/or to short-chained and more easily degradable or biodegradable organic
components. Ozone is one example of a chemical-oxidising agent applied.
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water
and are often carried out in successive steps. Coagulation is carried out by adding
Coagulation and flocculation coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. Flocculation is
carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to
bond to produce larger flocs.
Equalisation Balancing of flows and pollutant loads by using tanks or other management techniques.
A combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatment to selectively enrich polyphosphate-
Enhanced biological phosphorus
accumulating microorganisms in the bacterial community within the activated sludge.
removal
These microorganisms take up more phosphorus than is required for normal growth.
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Technique Description
The separation of solids from waste water by passing it through a porous medium, e.g.
Filtration
sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration.
The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas
Flotation bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are
collected with skimmers.
A combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration. Two variants are
used: a) an external recirculation loop between the activated sludge tank and the
Membrane bioreactor membrane module; and b) immersion of the membrane module in the aerated
activated sludge tank, where the effluent is filtered through a hollow fibre membrane,
with the biomass remaining in the tank.
The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the
addition of chemicals. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) is
2
Neutralisation generally used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H SO ), hydrochloric acid
2 4
(HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO ) is generally used to decrease the pH. The precipitation of
2
some substances may occur during neutralisation.
A two-step process that is typically incorporated into biological waste water treatment
plants. The first step is the aerobic nitrification where microorganisms oxidise
Nitrification and/or
ammonium (NH +) to the intermediate nitrite (NO -), which is then further oxidised to
denitrification 4 2
nitrate (NO -). In the subsequent anoxic denitrification step, microorganisms
3
chemically reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Phosphorus contained in waste water streams is recovered by precipitation in the form
Phosphorus recovery as struvite
of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate).
The conversion of dissolved pollutants into insoluble compounds by adding chemical
precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by
Precipitation
sedimentation, air flotation, or filtration. Multivalent metal ions (e.g. calcium,
aluminium, iron) are used for phosphorus precipitation.
Sedimentation The separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling.
1.4.2 Emissions to air
Technique Description
Organic compounds are removed from a waste gas stream by retention on a solid surface
Adsorption
(typically activated carbon).
Bag filters, often referred to as fabric filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted
fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires
Bag filter
the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum
operating temperature.
The waste gas stream is passed through a bed of organic material (such as peat, heather,
compost, root, tree bark, softwood and different combinations) or some inert material
Biofilter (such as clay, activated carbon, and polyurethane), where it is biologically oxidised by
naturally occurring microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts and
biomass.
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Technique Description
A biofilter is designed considering the type(s) of waste input. An appropriate bed
material, e.g. in terms of water retention capacity, bulk density, porosity, structural
integrity, is selected. Also important are an appropriate height and surface area of the
filter bed. The biofilter is connected to a suitable ventilation and air circulation system
in order to ensure a uniform air distribution through the bed and a sufficient residence
time of the waste gas inside the bed.
Biofilters can be divided into open-top biofilters and enclosed biofilters.
A packed tower filter with inert packing material which is normally continuously
Bioscrubber moistened by sprinkling water. Air pollutants are absorbed in the liquid phase and
subsequently degraded by microorganisms settling on the filter elements.
Combustion in a steam boiler of
Malodorous gases, including non-condensable gases, are burned in a steam boiler in the
malodorous gases, including
installation.
non-condensable gases
The removal of vapours of organic and inorganic compounds from a process off-gas or
Condensation waste gas stream by reducing its temperature below its dew point so that the vapours
liquefy.
The oxidation of combustible gases and odorants in a waste gas stream by heating the
mixture of contaminants with air or oxygen to above its auto-ignition point in a
Thermal oxidation
combustion chamber and maintaining it at a high temperature long enough to
complete its combustion to carbon dioxide and water.
The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a
liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution. It may involve a chemical reaction
Wet scrubber
(e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber). In some cases, the compounds may be recovered
from the solvent.
1.4.3 Use of refrigerants
A refrigeration management plan is part of the environmental management system (see
BAT 1) and entails:
— monitoring of energy consumption of the refrigeration system (see BAT 6);
Refrigeration management plan
— operational measures such as inspection and maintenance of equipment, closing of
doors when possible; equipment operation by experienced staff;
— monitoring of refrigerant losses (see BAT 6).
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