**Executive Summary**
This document reports on ISRO's major space missions, including satellite launches and the Gaganyaan program. It details the status of various projects, including time overruns for Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1, and outlines future plans such as the Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and a crewed Moon landing by 2040. The first crewed Gaganyaan mission is targeted for 2027-28.
**Key Points / Main Content**
* **Satellite Launches:**
* 22 ISRO satellites launched between December 2020 and December 2025.
* These include Earth Observation, Communication, Navigation, Space Science, and Technology Demonstration missions (details in Annexure-1).
* Annexure 1 lists the satellites launched, the launch vehicle and their current status.
* **Project Status:**
* Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 had no cost overruns, but experienced time overruns.
* Chandrayaan-3: 28 month time overrun.
* Aditya-L1: 46 month time overrun.
* Reasons for time overrun include system reconfiguration, COVID-19 pandemic, new tests, changes to orbit, and long lead procurement.
* **Gaganyaan Programme:**
* Aims to demonstrate indigenous human spaceflight capability to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
* Sanctioned in January 2019 with ₹9,023 Crore budget.
* Revised in October 2024 to include eight missions, including additional uncrewed (G1) and four precursor missions for Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) with ₹20,193 Crore revised budget.
* First Crewed mission targeted for 2027-28.
* Infrastructure, systems, and motors have been developed/tested.
* Precursor missions such as TV-D1 and IADT-01 have been successfully accomplished.
* **Future Plans:**
* Government proposes increased budget allocation for critical space infrastructure and R&D projects.
* Space Vision 2047 targets establishment of Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and landing an Indian on the Moon by 2040.
* Five key R&D intensive projects approved: Gaganyaan follow-on mission, Chandrayaan follow-on missions, Venus Orbiter Mission, and Next Generation Launch Vehicle.
* Expansion of ground infrastructure includes two new launch pads.
* **Launch Vehicle Development:**
* India has achieved self-reliance in space transportation systems for satellites up to 10 tons to LEO and 4.2 tons to GTO.
* A Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is under development with a 30-ton payload capability to LEO.
* Reusable launch vehicle technologies are being developed.
* Development of high-thrust semi-cryogenic and Methane-based propulsion systems is underway.
**Impact Analysis**
**ISRO:**
* **Impact:** Responsible for developing and realizing systems for Gaganyaan, managing satellite launches, and progressing with future space missions.
* **Action Required:** Continue developing Gaganyaan systems, address project delays, and plan for future missions.
**Government of India:**
* **Impact:** Responsible for providing budget allocation, approving space projects, and setting the vision for space exploration.
* **Action Required:** Increase budget allocation for space infrastructure and R&D projects.
**Scientists and Engineers:**
* **Impact:** Involved in the execution of various projects, research and development, and achieving milestones.
* **Action Required:** Continue to drive the technological advancement and contribute towards achieving the space vision 2047.
Key Entities Referenced
Chandrayaan-3: An Indian lunar exploration mission.
Aditya-L1: An Indian solar observation mission.
Gaganyaan Programme: Indian human spaceflight programme aiming to demonstrate indigenous capability to Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organisation, responsible for developing and executing space programs mentioned in the document.
Space Vision 2047: A Government of India plan targeting the establishment of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and landing of an Indian on Moon by 2040.
Department of Space
PARLIAMENT QUESTION: MAJOR SPACE
MISSION BY ISRO
प्रव तथ: 17 DEC 2025 4:45PM by PIB Delhi
During the last 5 years (December 2020 to December 2025), 22 ISRO satellites have been launched. Out
of which 7 are Earth Observation, 4 are communication, 2 are navigation, 3 are space science and 6 are
technology demonstration missions. The details of the launches are attached in Annexure-1.
There has been no cost overrun in Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 satellite projects. However, there has
been time overrun of 28 and 46 months respectively for Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya-L1 satellites, mainly
due to the following reasons:
Aditya-L1: Time overrun in the project is due to change in the scope, change in orbit from Low Earth
Orbit (LEO) to Lagrangian Point (L1) calling for changes in the satellite configuration, longer cycle for
the payload development and procurement of long lead items.
Chandrayaan-3: Time overrun is due to reconfiguration of systems to incorporate suggested by
Chandrayaan-2 Failure Analysis Committee, COVID-19 Pandemic, Conduct of New Special Test and
New Sensor development.
Gaganyaan Programme aims to demonstrate indigenous human spaceflight capability to Low Earth Orbit
(LEO). The programme was officially sanctioned by the Government of India in January 2019 with a
mandate to undertake two uncrewed missions in identical configuration and one crewed mission with total
budget approval of ₹9,023 Crore with target schedule of crewed mission launch in May 2022.
Recently in October 2024, the scope of Gaganyaan programme was revised from three to eight mission
including additional uncrewed mission (G1) and also four precursor missions for Bharatiya Antariksh
Station (BAS) with total revised budget provision of ₹20,193Crore. The activities as per revised approval
is in progress with target of first Crewed mission in year 2027-28.
For the Gaganyaan programme, ISRO is developing and realising various systems for accomplishing the
planned missions. Considering the stringent human rating requirements, extensive testing of propulsion
elements, structures of Human-Rated Launch Vehicle (HLVM3), Service Module Propulsion System and
Crew Module Propulsion System, parachute-based deceleration system has been completed. The critical
Crew Escape System motors have also been developed and static tests have been completed. In parallel,
development of indigenous Environmental Control and Life Support Systems is in progress.
Major infrastructure such as the Orbital Module Preparation Facility, Gaganyaan Control Centre, Crew
training facility have been established. Second launch pad modifications have been incorporated.
Precursor missions such as TV-D1 and IADT-01 have been successfully accomplished. Ground tracking
networks, terrestrial links and IDRSS-1 feeder stations have been established. Crew Module Recovery
plan as well as assets to be deployed have been finalized. For the first uncrewed mission (G1), all HLVM3
stages and CES motors are ready. Crew and Service Module systems have been realized. Assembly and
integration activities are nearing completion. The first crewed mission is targeted in 2027-28.India has achieved self-reliance in space transportation systems to launch satellites up to 10 tons to Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) and 4.2 tons to Geo-Synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) through the currently
operational PSLV, GSLV and LVM3 launch vehicles. These launch vehicles have enabled independent
space access to satellites for earth observation, communication, navigation and space exploration. In order
to enhance the launch vehicle capabilities towards meeting the expanded space vision, Government has
approved the development of a Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) which will provide a maximum
payload capability of 30 tons to Low Earth Orbit. Towards achieving low-cost access to space, reusable
launch vehicle technologies are also being developed including a partially reusable variant of NGLV with
14 tons payload capability to LEO. Another development is of a winged body upper stage which will fly
back from the orbit to the Earth and autonomously land on a runway.
With regard to development of more powerful and more efficient propulsion systems, ISRO has
undertaken the development of a high-thrust (2000kN) semi-cryogenic engine for inducting in the LVM3
vehicle. An environmentally friendly Methane based propulsion system for high-thrust engine is also
being conceptualized for the Next Generation Launch Vehicle, ensuring technology readiness for the
launch vehicle for the proposed Crewed Moon Mission. Apart from these, development of an air-breathing
propulsion system is underway towards a Dual-Fuel Scramjet engine.
The Government proposes to increase budget allocation for critical space infrastructure and R&D projects
of the Department of Space. The Space Vision 2047 of the Government targets establishment of the
Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035 and landing of an Indian on Moon by 2040. Towards this,
Government has approved five key R&D intensive projects: the Gaganyaan follow-on mission; the
Chandrayaan follow-on missions including Chandrayaan-4 Lunar Sample Return Mission and the
Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX mission; the Venus Orbiter Mission; and the development of the Next Generation
Launch Vehicle. As part of the expansion of ground infrastructure for achieving the Space Vision,
Government has approved two more launch pads – one at Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil Nadu and a Third
Launch Pad for the next generation of Launch Vehicles.
****
NKR/AK
Annexure-1
List of satellites launched during last 5 years
Sl. No Satellite Launch Date Launch Status
Vehicle
1. CMS-01 17-12-2020 PSLV-C50 Operational
2. EOS-03 (GISAT-1) 08-12-2021 GSLV-F10 Launch unsuccessful
3. EOS-04(RISAT-1A) 14-02-2022 PSLV-C52 Operational
4. INS-2TD 14-02-2022 PSLV-C52 Not OperationalSl. No Satellite Launch Date Launch Status
Vehicle
5. GSAT-24 24-06-2022 Ariane- Operational
V(VS257)
6. EOS-02 (Microsat-2A) 08-07-2022 SSLV-D1 Launch unsuccessful
7. EOS-06 (OS-3) 26-11-2022 PSLV-C54 Operational
8. INDIA-BHUTAN SAT 26-11-2022 PSLV-C54 Operational
9. Aditya-L1 09-02-2023 PSLV-C57 Operational
10. NVS-01 29-05-2023 GSLV-F12 Operational for PNT service
11. Chandrayaan-3 14-07-2023 LVM3 M4 Not Operational
12. EOS-07 (Microsat-2B) 02-10-2023 SSLV-D2 Operational
13. XPoSat 01.01.2024 PSLV-C58 Operational
14. INSAT-3DS 18-02-2024 GSLV-F14 Operational
15. EOS-08 ( Microsat-2C) 16-08-2024 SSLV-D3 Operational
16. GSAT-N2 19-11-2024 Falcon-9 Operational
17. SPADEX-A 30-12-2024 PSLV C60 Operational
18. SPADEX-B 30-12-2024 PSLV C60 Operational
19. NVS-02 29-01-2025 GSLV-F15 Not operational
20. CMS-03 (GSAT-7R) 11-02-2025 LVM3-M5 Being Operationalized
21. RISAT-1B 18-05-2025 PSLV-C61 Launch unsuccessful
22. NISAR 30-07-2025 GSLV-F16 Operational
***
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