SCHOOL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT--Teacher Selection Board- An order is published in the gazette to publish the modified syllabus for Masters Teacher Courses to conduct direct competitive examination for the post of Master Teacher / Director of Physical Education Level-1 and Computer Instructor Level-1 by the Teacher Selection Board.

© [Regd. No. TN/CCN/467/2012-14.

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU [R. Dis. No. 197/2009.

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TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY No. 42A] CHENNAI, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2024 Aippasi 6, Kurothi, Thiruvalluvar Aandu–2055 Part II—Section 2

(Supplement) NOTIFICATIONS BY GOVERNMENT பள்ளிக் கல்வித் ்துறை No. II(2)/SE/1030/2024. [பள்ளிக்கல்வி –ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு வாரியம் – முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1 பணியிடஙகளுக்கு ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு வாரியம் மூைம் தநரடி நியமன தபாட்டித் தேர்வு நடத்ே மாறறியறமக்கபபட்ட முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் பாடஙகளுக்கான பாடத்திட்டத்றே (Syllabus) அரசிேழில் வவளியிடுேல் ஆறை வவளிடயிடபபடுகிைது.] கீழக்கணட அரசாறை வவளியிடபபடுகிைது:- [அரசாறை (நிறை) எண.219, பள்ளிக் கல்வி (ஆதேவா)த் துறை, 3 அக்தடாபர் 2024, புரட்டாசி 17, குதராதி, திருவள்ளுவர் ஆணடு-2055.] படிக்கபபட்டது:- பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநரின் ந.க எண.074007/டபிள்யு3/இ3/2023, நாள்: 20.08.2024 ஆறை: எண, 219, பள்ளிக் கல்வி (ஆதேவா)த் துறை, நாள்: 3 அக்தடாபர் 2024.

தமதை படிக்கபபட்ட கடிேத்தில், பள்ளிக் கல்வி இயக்குநர், முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1 பணியிடஙகளுக்கான தநரடி நியமனம் வசயய தபாட்டித் தேர்வு நடத்துவேறகு அரசிேழில் வவளியிடபபட்ட பாட வாரியான புதிய பாடத்திட்டஙகள் அனுபபுமாறு ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு வாரிய ேறைவர் தகாரியுள்்ளோகவும், அேனடிபபறடயில் மாநிை ஆசிரியர் கல்வியியல் ஆராயச்சி மறறும் பயிறசி நிறுவனத்தின் மூைம் பாட வல்லுநர்கற்ளக் வகாணடு உருவாக்கபபட்ட முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus), தபாட்டித் தேர்வுக்கான சிறுபான்றம வமாழிக்ளான உருது, அராபிக், வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப பாடத்திட்டம் (Language Syllabus) ேமிழநாடு மாநிை வபாதுபபள்ளி கல்வி வாரியத்தின் ஒபபுேலுடன் வபைபபட்டுள்்ளது எனத் வேரிவித்துள்்ளார்.

2 எனதவ, முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus), தபாட்டி தேர்வுக்கான சிறுபான்றம வமாழிக்ளான உருது அராபிக், வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப பாடத்திட்டத்திறன (Language Syllabus) அரசிேழில் வவளியிடுமாறு பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநர் தகாரியுள்்ளார். (பாடத்திட்டத்திறன இறைபபில் காைைாம்.

3. பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநரின் கருத்துருவிறன நன்கு பரிசீைறன வசயே அரசு, அேறன ஏறறு, முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus) மறறும் சிறுபான்றம வமாழிக்ளான உருது, அராபிக், வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப பாடத்திட்டத்திறன (Language Syllabus) இவவரசாறையின் இறைபபில் காணும் ேமிழநாடு மாநிை வபாதுபபள்ளி கல்வி வாரியத்தின் ஒபபுேல் வபைபபட்ட பாடத்திட்டத்திறன அரசிேழில் வவளியிட அனுமதி அளித்து ஆறையிடுகிைது.

(ஆளுநரின் ஆறைபபடி) D.T.P.—II-2—Sup. (42A)—1 [ 1 ]2 GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU DIRECT RECRUITMENT FOR THE POST OF POST GRADUATE ASSISTANTS / PHYSICAL EDUCATION DIRECTORS – GRADE-I SYLLABUS 2024-2025 State Council of Educational Research and Training pTohssee wssis eall Chennai - 600 006.3 CONTENTS S.No. Subjects Page No.

1. Tamil 4

2. English 6

3. Mathematics 11

4. Physics 15

5. Chemistry 19

6. Botany 28

7. Zoology 36

8. History 45

9. Geography 49

10. Commerce & Accountancy 55

11. Economics 59

12. Physical Education 63

13. Political Science 66

14. Computer Science 69

15. Telugu 74

16. Malayalam 77

17. Urdu 86

18. Arabic 924

SUBJECT : தமிழ் SYLLABUS அலகு 1 மொ�ொழி வரலொறு திராவிட மொ�ாழிகள், தமிழமொ�ாழியின் மொதான்்ம�, தமிழமொ�ாழியின் தனித்தன்்ம�, தமிழின் கி்மைமொ�ாழிகள், தமிழும் உலகச் மொெம்மொ�ாழிகளும், பு்மதமொ�ாருள் ஆய்வு, �ண்�ாட்டுப் �ரவல்.

அலகு 2 சங்்க இலக்கியமும், சங்்கம் �ருவிய ்கொல இலக்கியமும் எட்டுத்மொதா்மக, �த்துப்�ாட்டு, �திமொெண்கீழ்க்கண்க்கு நூல்கள், இவற்றின் காலம், மொதாகுப்புமு்மை, �ாடுமொ�ாருள், அகநூல்கள், புைநூல்கள், அகப்புை நூல்கள், அை நூல்களின் சிைப்புகள்.

அலகு 3 ்கொப்பியங்்கள் ஐம்மொ�ருங்காப்பியங்கள், ஐஞ்சிறுகாப்பியங்கள், புராணங்கள், பிற்கால்க் காப்பியங்கள், கம்�ரா�ாயணம், மொ�ரியபுராணம், நைமொவண்�ா, ததம்�ாவணி, இரட்ெணிய யாத்திரிகம், சீைாப்புராணம், இதயசு காவியம். இவற்றின் காலம், ஆசிரியர் வரலாறு, நூலின் ்ம�யப் மொ�ாருள், �திப்புகள், உ்மரகள்.

அலகு 4 பக்தி இலக்கியம் �ன்னிரு திருமு்மைகள், நாலாயிர திவ்விய பிர�ந்தம், இவற்றின் அ்ம�ப்பு, ஆசிரியர்கள் வரலாறு, �திப்புகள், உ்மரகள். சித்தர் பொடல்்கள்: தாயு�ாெவர், �ட்டிெத்தார், அருணகிரிநாதர், வள்ைலார் ஆகிதயார் �்மடப்புகள்.

அலகு 5 சிற்றிலக்கியம் 96 வக்கச் சிற்றிலக்கியங்்கள் அறிமு்கம்: கலம்�கம், உலா, தூது, பிள்்மைத்தமிழ, குைவஞ்சி, �ரணி, �ள்ளு இவற்றின் அ்ம�ப்பு, ஆசிரியர் வரலாறு, காலம், சிைப்பு்க் கூறுகள். தனிப் பொடல்்கள்: காைத�கப் புலவர், ஒை்மவயார், கம்�ர், இரா�ச்ெந்திர்க் கவிராயர், �ல�ட்ட்மட மொொ்க்கநாதப் புலவர்.

அலகு 6 இக்்கொல இலக்கியம் ்கவிகத: �ாரதியார், கவி�ணி ததசிக விநாயகொர், �ாரதிதாென், முடியரென், சுரதா, நா�்க்கல் கவிஞர் மொவ.இரா�லிங்கொர், �ட்டு்க்தகாட்்மட கல்யாணசுந்தரம், உடு�்மல நாராயணகவி, கண்ணதாென், �ருதகாசி, வாலி, அப்துல் ரகு�ான், ஈதராடு தமிழன்�ன், மு.த�த்தா, ்மவரமுத்து, சிற்பி, மீரா, பிரமிள், இன்குலாப், இரா.மீொட்சி – �்மடப்புகள்.

சிறு்ககத: வ.தவ.சு.ஐயர், புது்ம�ப்பித்தன், மொ�ைனி, பி.எஸ்.ரா்ம�யா, கு.அழகிரிொமி, வல்லி்க்கண்ணன், கு.�.ராெதகா�ாலன், அகிலன், வண்ணதாென், ஆர்.சூடா�ணி, அம்்ம� – �்மடப்புகள்.5 புதினம்: �ாயூரம் தவதநாயகம் பிள்்மை, இராஜம் ஐயர், அ.�ாத்மவயா, கல்கி, மு.வரதராெொர், மொஜயகாந்தன், தி.ஜாெகிரா�ன், கி.ராஜநாராயணன், இராஜம் கிருஷ்ணன், இந்திரா �ார்த்தொரதி, �ா�ா – �்மடப்புகள்.

நொட்கம்: �தொன்�ணீயம் சுந்தரொர், ெங்கரதாஸ் சுவாமிகள், �ம்�ல் ெம்�ந்த முதலியார், சி.என்.அண்ணாது்மர, க்மலஞர் மு.கருணாநிதி, பி.எஸ்.இரா்ம�யா, ஆர்.எஸ்.�தொகர் �்மடப்புகள் – நவீெ நாடக முயற்சிகள். விருது்கள்:

தமிழக அரசு, ஞாெபீடம் �ற்றும் ொகித்ய அகாமொதமி விருது மொ�ற்ை �்மடப்புகள். அலகு 7 இலக்்கணம் ஐந்தில்க்கணம் – எழுத்து, மொொல், மொ�ாருள் (அகப்மொ�ாருள், புைப்மொ�ாருள்), யாப்பு, அணி – �ாட்டியல் – புல்ம� இல்க்கணம் – மொதால்காப்பியம், நன்னூல், யாப்�ருங்கலம், யாப்�ருங்கல்க்காரி்மக, நம்பியகப் மொ�ாருள், புைப்மொ�ாருள் மொவண்�ா�ா்மல, தண்டியலங்காரம்.

அலகு 8 திறனொய்வு திைொய்வு – விை்க்கம், வ்மரய்மை, �யன்கள், புதிய த�ா்க்குகள். வக்க்கள்: �குப்பு மு்மை, விை்க்க மு்மை, �திப்பீட்டு மு்மை, ஒப்பீட்டு மு்மை, �ாராட்டு மு்மை. அணுகுமுகற்கள்: அைவியல், ெமூகவியல், வரலாற்றியல், உைவியல், �ானிடவியல், தலித்தியம், மொ�ண்ணியம், அ்ம�ப்பியல்.

அலகு 9 நொட்டுப்புறவியல் �ாடல்கள், க்மதகள், க்மதப்�ாடல்கள், �ழமொ�ாழிகள், விடுக்மதகள், வி்மையாட்டுகள், ெடங்குகள், நம்பி்க்்மககள், திருவிழா்க்கள், வழி�ாட்டு மு்மைகள். அலகு 10 தமிழோ�ொடு மொதொடர்புகடய பிற துகற்கள் இதழகள், வாமொொலி, மொதா்மல்க்காட்சி, தி்மரப்�டங்கள், இ்மணயத்தமிழ, கணினித் தமிழ, அறிவியல் தமிழ, மொதால்லியல்.6

SUBJECT : ENGLISH SYLLABUS Unit I ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1400-1600 Poetry Geoffrey Chaucer Prologue to the Canterbury Tales (The Book of the Duchess Chapter only) Edmund Spenser Prothalamion and Epithalamion Sir Thomas Wyatt Remembrance Prose Bacon - Essays Of Truth, Of Friendship, Of Studies, Of Adversity, Of Revenge and Of Ambition Sir Philip Sydney An Apologie for Poetrie The Bible The Book of Job Drama Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus Thomas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy Ben Jonson Every Man in His Humour Unit II ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1601-1798 Poetry John Milton Paradise Lost, Book – 1X Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress John Donne The Canonization Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock John Dryden Absalom and Achitophel Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Prose and Fiction Samuel Johnson Life of Milton Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels John Bunyan The Pilgrim’s Progress Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe Drama John Dryden All for Love Richard B. Sheridan The School for Scandal William Congreve The Way of the World Oliver Goldsmith She Stoops to Conquer7 Unit III ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1798-1850 Poetry William Wordsworth Immortality, Tintern Abbey, The Prelude - Book-I Samuel Coleridge Ode to Dejection, Kubla Khan John Keats Ode to a Nightingale Percy Bysshe Shelley Ozymandias, Adonais Prose and Fiction Charles Lamb Essays of Elia Christ’s Hospital, The South Sea House, Dream Children, New Year’s Eve William Hazlitt My First Acquaintance with Poets William Wordsworth Preface to Lyrical Ballads Jane Austen Sense and Sensibility Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights Lyrical Drama Percy Bysshe Shelley Prometheus Unbound Unit IV LITERATURE FROM 1851 TO THE PRESENT DAY Poetry Mathew Arnold Dover Beach, The Scholar Gypsy Robert Browning Andrea Del Sarto Alfred Lord Tennyson Ulysses W.B. Yeats Byzantium T.S. Eliot The Waste Land G.M. Hopkins God’s Grandeur W.H. Auden The Unknown Citizen Ted Hughes The Thought Fox Prose and Fiction Thomas Carlyle On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History Lecture III- Shakespeare Mathew Arnold The Study of Poetry George Orwell You and the Atom Bomb Charles Dickens Hard Times George Eliot The Mill on the Floss Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway8 Drama John Osborne Look Back in Anger Bertolt Brecht Mother Courage and Her Children J.M. Synge Riders to the Sea Caryl Churchill Top Girls Unit V PLAYS AND SONNETS BY SHAKESPEARE Drama Othello, King Lear, The Tempest, Measure for Measure Sonnets 18, 29,65, 104,106, 116, 129,130 Unit VI AMERICAN LITERATURE Poetry Walt Whitman Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking Anne Bradstreet Prologue R.W. Emerson Brahma Robert Frost Birches, Mending Wall Paul Lawrence Dunbar The Sparrow Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings E.E. Cummings The Cambridge Ladies Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Anti-Suffragists Prose and Fiction H.D. Thoreau Where I Lived and What I Lived For R.W. Emerson The American Scholar William Faulkner Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech Toni Morrison Beloved Jhumpa Lahiri The Namesake Drama Arthur Miller The Death of a Salesman Eugene O’ Neil Emperor Jones Tennessee Williams A Street Car Named Desire Unit VII (A) INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH Poetry Rabindranath Tagore Gitanjali Nissim Ezeikel Goodbye Party to Miss Pushpa Toru Dutt Our Casuarina Tree Kamala Das An Introduction Sujatha Bhatt A Different History9 Prose and Fiction Jawaharlal Nehru An Autobiography Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Annihilation of Caste Mulk Raj Anand Coolie Kamala Markandeya A Handful of Rice Arundathi Roy The God of Small Things Drama Girish Karnad Hayavadana Vijay Tendulkar Silence! The Court is in Session Mahasweta Devi Rudali Mahesh Dattani Dance like a Man

(B) COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Poetry Kath Walker A Song of Hope Banjo Patterson Waltzing Mathilda Wole Soyinka The Telephone Conversation E.J. Pratt The Dying Eagle Judith Wright At Cooloolah Abioseh Nicol The Meaning of Africa A.D. Hope Australia Prose and Fiction Thomas King Godzilla Vs Post-Colonial Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart Alan Paton Cry, the Beloved Country Patrick White Voss Drama Wole Soyinka The Lion and the Jewel George Ryga The Ecstasy of Rita Joe Jane Harrison Stolen Unit VIII LITERARY CRITICISM

1. Aristotle Poetics

2. Dryden Essay of Dramatic Poesy

3. Coleridge Biographia Literaria Ch. XIV and Ch XVII

4. T. S. Eliot Metaphysical Poets

5. I. A. Richards Four Kinds of Meaning

6. William Empson The Seven Types of Ambiguity

7. Northrop Frye The Archetypes of Literature

8. Cleanth Brooks Irony as a Principle of Structure

9. Allen Tate Tension in Poetry

10. Elaine Showalter Towards a Feminist Poetics

11. Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex10 Unit IX LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS AND PEDAGOGY History of English Language and its Growth Indo – European Family and the Place of English language Old, Middle and Modern English Growth of Vocabulary from various Foreign Languages, Change in Meaning, Influence of The Bible, Shakespeare, Milton and Dr. Johnson Characteristics of Modern English, Spelling Reform and the English Lexicon Linguistics English Phonetics and Phonology (Vowels, Consonants and Diphthongs) Morphology, Word formation and its different types Semantics Dialect & Idiolect Grammar – Traditional, Transformational Generative Grammar and Deep Structure Applied Linguistics English Language Teaching (ELT) History of ELT Second Language Acquisition Designing Syllabus Materials Production Language Testing and Evaluation UNIT X APPLICATION OF LANGUAGE SKILLS Phrases, Synonyms, Antonyms, Prefix and Suffix, Tenses, Voice, Parts of Speech, Homophones, Articles and Determiners, Identifying Sentence Patterns, Compound Words, Figures of Speech, Identifying and Correcting Errors, British and American English11

SUBJECT : MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS Unit I ALGEBRA Groups – Examples – Cyclic Groups – Permutation Groups – Lagrange’s theorem – Normal subgroups – Homomorphism – Cayley’s theorem – Cauchy’s theorem – Sylow’s theorems – Finite Abelian Groups.

Rings – Integral Domain – Field – Ring Homomorphism – Ideals and Quotient Rings – Field of Quotients of Integral domains – Euclidean Rings – Polynomial Rings – Unique factorization domain.

Fields – Extension fields – Elements of Galois theory – Finite fields.

Vector Spaces – Linear independence of Bases – Dual spaces – Inner product spaces – Linear transformations – Rank – Characteristic roots – Matrices – Canonical forms – Diagonal forms – Triangular forms – Nilpotent transformations – Jordan form – Quadratic forms and Classification – Hermitian, Unitary and Normal transformations.

Unit II REAL ANALYSIS Elementary set theory – Finite, countable and uncountable sets – Real number system as a complete ordered field – Archimedean Property – Supremum, infimum, Sequences and Series – Convergence – limit supremum – limit infimum – The Bolzano – Weierstrass theorem – The Heine – Borel Covering theorem – Continuity, Uniform Continuity, Differentiability – The Mean Value theorem for derivatives – Sequences and Series of functions – Uniform convergence.

Riemann – Stieltjes integral: Definition and existence of the integral – properties of the integral – Integral and Differentaition – Integration of vector valued functions – Sequences and Series of functions: Uniform convergence – Continuity, Integration and Differentiation.

Power series – Fourier series.

Functions of several variables – Directional derivative – Partial derivative – derivative as a linear transformation – The Inverse function theorem and The Implicit function theorem.12 Unit III TOPOLOGY Topological spaces – Basis – The order Topology – The product Topology – The subspace Topology – Closed sets and limit points.

Continuous functions – The box and product Topologies – The matrix Topology.

Connected spaces – Connected subspaces of the real line – Components and local connectedness – compact spaces – Compact subspaces of the real line – Limit point compactness – Local compactness.

Countability and separation Axioms – Normal spaces – The Urysohn Lemma – The Urysohn metrization theorem – The Tietze extension theorem.

Unit IV COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Introduction to the concept of analytic function: Limits and continuity – Analytic functions – Polynomials and rational functions – Elementary theory of power series – Maclaurin’s series – Uniform convergence – Power series and Abel’s limit theorem – Analytic functions as mapping – Conformality arcs and Closed curves – Analytical functions in regions – Conformal mapping – Linear transformations – the linear group, the cross ratio and symmetry.

Complex integration – Fundamental theorems – line integrals – rectifiable arcs – line integrals as functions of arcs – Cauchy’s theorem for a rectangle – Cauchy’s theorem in a Circular disc – Cauchy’s integral formula: The index of a point with respect to a closed curve – The integral formula – Higher derivatives – Local properties of Analytic functions and removable singularities – Taylor’s theorem – Zeros and Poles – The local mapping – The maximum modulus Principle.

Unit V FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS Banach Spaces – Definition and examples – Holder’s inequality and Minkowski’s inequality – Continuous linear transformations – The Hahn-Banach theorem – Natural imbedding of X in X** – The Open mapping and The Closed graph theorem – Properties of conjugate of an operator.

Hilbert spaces – Orthonormal bases – Conjugate space H* – Adjoint of an operator – Projections – Matrices – Basic operations of matrices – Determinant of a matrix – Determinant and Spectrum of an operator – Spectral theorem for operators on a finite dimensional Hilbert space – Regular and Singular elements in a Banach Algebra – Topological divisor of zero – Spectrum of an element in a Banach algebra – The formula for the spectral radius – Radical and semi-simplicity.13 Unit VI DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY Curves in spaces – Serret – Frenet formulae – Locus of centers of curvature – Spherical curvature – Intrinsic equations – Helices – Spherical Indicatrix Surfaces – Curves on a surface – Surface of revolution – Helicoids – Gaussian curvature – First and Second fundamental forms – Isometry – Meusnier’s theorem – Euler’s theorem- lines of curvature – Dupin’s Indicatrix – Asymptotic lines – Edge of regression – Developable surfaces associated to a curve – Geodesics – Conjugate points on Geodesics.

Unit VII DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Ordinary Differential Equations Linear differential equation with constant and variable co-efficients – Linear dependence and independence – Wronskian – Non homogeneous equations of

order two and n – Initial value problems for nth order equations – Second order equations with ordinary point and regular singular points – Legendre Equations – Bessel’s equation – Hermite’s equation and their properties – Existence and Uniqueness of solutions to first order equations – Exact equation – Lipschitz condition – Non local existence of Solution – Approximation to Uniqueness of solutions.

Partial Differential Equations Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order Partial Differential equations – Classification of Second order partial differential equations – General solution of higher order partial differential equation with constant co-efficients – Method of separation of variables for Laplace, Heat and Wave equations (upto two dimensions only).

Unit VIII CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Classical Mechanics Generalised Co-ordinates – Lagrange’s equations – Hamilton’s Canonical equations – Hamilton’s principle – Principle of least action – Canonical transformations – Differential forms and Generating functions – Lagrange and Poisson brackets.

Numerical Analysis Numerical solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations – Method of iteration – Newton Raphson method – Rate of convergence – Solution of Linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss – Seidel methods.

Finite differences – Lagrange, Hermite and Spline Interpolation, Numerical differentiation and integration – Numerical solutions of Ordinary differential equations using Picard, Euler, Modified Euler and Runge- Kutta methods.14 Unit IX OPERATIONS RESEARCH Linear programming problem – Simplex Methods – Duality – Dual Simplex Method – Revised Simplex Method – Integer Programming Problem – Dynamic Programming – Non linear programming – Network Analysis – Directed Network – Max Flow Min Cut theorem – Queuing theory – Steady State solutions of M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting space, M/G/1 models – Inventory models – Deterministic models with and without shortages – Single Price break models.

Unit X PROBABILITY THEORY Sample space – Discrete Probability – Independent events – Baye’s theorem – Random variables and Distribution functions (Univariate and Multivariate) – Expectation and Moments – Moment Generating function – Characteristic functions and Cumulants – Independent Random variables – Marginal and conditional distributions – Probability inequalities (Tchebyshev, Markov, Jensen) – Modes of convergence, Weak and Strong laws of large numbers – Central limit theorem (i.i.d case).

Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Beta, Cauchy distributions – Standard Errors – Sampling distributions of t, F and Chi square and their uses in tests of significance – ANOVA – Large sample tests for mean and proportions.15

SUBJECT : PHYSICS SYLLABUS Unit I MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Dimensional analysis: Differential equation (ordinary and partial) – order of equation – Expressions for gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian – vector algebra and vector calculus – Gauss divergence theorem – Green’s theorem – Stokes’ theorem. Matrix: Cayley – Hamilton theorem, inverse of matrix – Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Polynomials: Hermite, Bessel and Legendre Functions. Special

function: Beta and Gamma functions. Probability: Elementary probability theory – Random variables – Binomial – Poisson and Normal distribution. Complex

variables: Analytic functions – Singular points – Cauchy’s integral theorem and formula -Taylor’s and Laurent’s expansions, poles, Calculus of residues and evaluation of integrals. Integral transforms: Fourier series and Fourier transform and their properties.

Unit II CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Mechanics of particles and systems of particles: Constraints and Generalized coordinates, Law of conservation of Energy, Linear and Angular momentum, Conservative and Non-Conservative systems, Degrees of freedom, Holonomic – Nonholonomic – Scleronomic systems. Lagrangian Formalism: Lagrange equations of motion – D’Alembert’s principle – Applications (Simple pendulum, Atwood’s machine, Harmonic Oscillator, Electrical circuit). Hamiltonian

Formalism: Hamilton’s equation of motion – Cyclic co-ordinates – Hamilton’s equation from variational principle, Principle of least action, Canonical transformation, Liouville’s theorem. Rigid body Dynamics: Euler’s angles – Moment of inertia tensor, Euler’s equation of motion – Symmetrical top, Special

theory of Relativity: Inertial and Non- inertial frames, Lorentz transformation, Lorentz inverse transformation, Length contraction, Time dilation, Mass invariance, Einstein’s mass-energy relation.

Unit III ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law – Gauss’s law and its application. Laplace and Poisson’s equations. Magnetostatics: Biot Savart’s law – Ampere’s law – Magnetic scalar and vector potentials – magnetic susceptibility – Equation of continuity – Displacement current – Maxwell’s equations (free space and linear isotropic media) – Electromagnetic waves – Poynting’s theorem – Dielectrics: Retarded potentials – Polarization – Radiation from a linear antenna – Transmission lines and Wave guides.16 Unit IV QUANTUM MECHANICS Failures of Classical mechanics – Black body radiation – Wave and particle duality – Postulates of Quantum mechanics – Wave function and properties – Expectation values – Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – Schrodinger equations (time – dependent and time- independent). Eigen value problems: Particle in a box (1D and 3D), Particle in a finite potential well & barrier, Tunnelling, Harmonic oscillator.

Operators: Ladder operators, Angular momentum operator, Hydrogen atom, spin – Stern Gerlach experiment. Approximation methods: Variational principle, Time independent (1st and 2nd order ) degenerate and non-degenerate perturbation theory – Time-Dependent perturbation theory – Fermi’s golden rule, Identical particles.

Relativistic Quantum Mechanism: Pauli’s spin Matrices, Dirac and Klein Gordon equation. Commutators. Scattering theory: Scattering cross-section, Scattering by a central potential, Partial wave analysis, Breit-Wigner formula.

Unit V THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences – thermodynamic system (closed and open) – thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric, isobaric, isotropic) – cyclic process – thermodynamic potentials (U, S, G, H) – relation between them. Specific heat – equation of state – intensive and extensive variables – The P-V diagram – Carnot cycle and its efficiency – Entropy – reversible and irreversible – T-S diagram – Equipartition theorem. Phase space – micro and macrostates – Liouville’s theorem – ensembles – partition function – classical (MB distribution) – Maxwell’s distribution of velocities – Kinetic Theory of gases – Pressure exerted by gas – Mean free path – Mean – RMS and most probable speed – and quantum (BE & FD distribution) statistics – applications to black body radiation – Bose Einstein condensation.

Unit VI ATOMIC PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY Quantum states of an electron in an atom – Hydrogen atom spectrum – Electron spin -Spin orbit coupling – Fine structure – Relativistic correction – Spectroscopic terms and selection rules – Hyperfine structure – Exchange symmetry of wave functions – Pauli’s exclusion principle – Hund’s rule – Periodic table – Alkali type spectra – LS and JJ Coupling – Zeeman, Paschen – Back and Stark effects.

Principles of ESR, NMR, Chemical shift – Frank Condon principle – Born Oppenheimer approximation – Electronic, rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules, Selection rules.17 Unit VII SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Crystal Physics: Lattice, Crystal structures – Bravais lattices – Miller indices – Reciprocal lattices – Lattice Dynamics: Monoatomic, diatomic lattices – Theories of specific heat – Einstein’s and Debye’s model for lattice specific heat. Classical free electron theory: Drude model – Thermal conductivity – Wiedemann Franz law. Energy bands in solids: Energy bands in metals, insulators and semiconductors, E-k diagram – Density of states – Brillouin zones – Wave equation of electron in a Periodic potential. Semiconductor Physics:

Types of semiconductors – Mobility – Carrier concentration of charge carriers – Bloch’s theorem – Kronig – Penney model. Dielectrics: Polarization Mechanism – Clausius – Mossotti Equation – Piezo, Pyro and Ferroelectricity. Magnetism:

Dia, Para, Ferro, Anti-Ferro and Ferri magnetism. Superconductivity: Meissner effect – Type I and Type II superconductivity – BCS theory – Josephson effect.

Unit VIII NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Nuclear properties (size, shape, charge distribution, spin and parity) – Binding energy, Nuclear force – Liquid drop model – semi – empirical mass formula, Shell model and Collective model – Deuteron, Ground state of deuteron – exicted state of deuteron – Meson theory of nuclear force – Yukawa potentials – Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays – Radioactive decay – Fission, Fusion – Chain reaction – Nuclear reactor. Elementary particles: Classification of elementary particles, Fundamental interactions (EM, Strong, Weak, Gravitational) and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.) – Gell-Mann- Nishijima formula. Elementary particles – Classifications – Quark model, Baryons and Mesons, Parity non-conservation in weak interaction.

Unit IX ELECTRONICS

Semiconducting devices: Diodes – Junction diode – Rectification – Zener diode – Light Emitting Diode. Junction Transistors: common base, common emitter and common collector configurations – Static characteristics – Transistors as amplifier and oscillators – FET, JFET, MOSFET. IC: Fabrication technology, Monolithic IC Processing. 555 Timer, Phase shift, Wien bridge oscillators.

Operational Amplifier (IC 741): Op-Amp characteristics, Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers, Adder, Subtractor, Differentiator and Integrator. Digital

techniques and applications: Flip Flops, Registers – Counters. Digital integrated

circuits: Logic gates, NAND and NOR – Universal building blocks – Half and Full adder. Communication Electronics: Modulation and Demodulation (AM, FM, Phase), Transmitter and Receiver, Satellite and Fiber optic communication.18 Unit X EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS Units and dimension of physical quantities – significant figures. Data interpretation and analysis, precision and accuracy, error analysis, propagation of errors, Least square fitting. Measurement of fundamental constants – e, h, c – Detection of X-rays, gamma rays, Charged particles, neutrons. Ionization chamber – proportional counter – Measurement of e/m ratio – Measurement of Hall voltage, mobility and charge carrier concentration – measurement of resistance and capacitance in series and parallel.19

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Unit I Chemical Periodicity: Modern periodic law – Periodicity in properties, the trend in the atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential and electron affinity along the period. Effective nuclear charge – Slater rules and its uses.

Structure and bonding in homo – and hetero-nuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules. (VSEPR Theory): Linear combination of AOs in hybridization, Stereochemistry of the hybrid orbitals, Calculation of s & p characters of equivalence and non-equivalence of hybrid orbitals.

MO theory: MO diagram for the homo-nuclear diatomic molecules, hetero- nuclear diatomic molecules and triatomic molecules.

Concepts of acids and bases: HSAB concept – theory, classification, characteristics of hard and soft species – symbiosis. Bronsted-Lowry concept – conjugate acid-base theory – relative strength of acids and bases, applications.

Lewis concept-characteristic features of the Lewis theory.

Non-Aqueous Solvents: Classification of solvents –characteristics of a solvent/ ionizing solvent. Advantages and disadvantages of the following non-aqueous

solvents: NH , HF, HCN, acetic acid, H SO . Molten salts as solvents and ionic 3 2 4 liquids, supercritical fluids in inorganic chemistry.

Nature of bonding of Main group elements: Alkali and alkaline earth metal

complexes: ligands – alkylamines, alkoxides, b-diketones and crown ethers.

Electron rich and electron deficient compound of main group elements. Allotropes of carbon.

Transition elements and coordination compounds: Structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms. Transition Elements – General group trends, Stability of various oxidation states. Difference between the first, second and third transition series. Types of transitions, selection rules for electronic transitions, ground states, correlation diagrams, Orgel and Tanabe Sugano diagrams.

Coordination compounds: Crystal field theory – splitting of d orbitals under different geometries – CFSE – Spectrochemical series – Jahn Teller distortion – Limitations of CFT – MO theory – sigma and pi-bonding in complexes.

Inner transition elements: Spectral, magnetic, redox properties and its applications.20

Unit II Organometallic Compounds: synthesis, structure of bonding and important types of reactions of organometallic compounds – oxidative addition, reductive elimination. Catalysis – Hydrogenation, Hydroformylation, Monsanto and Wacker processes, alkene polymerization.

Cages and clusters: Chemistry and molecularity of metal clusters such as binuclear and trinuclear metal clusters, metal carbonyl, halide type clusters, Borazines and phosphazenes.

Bioinorganic Chemistry: Structures and biological importance of porphyrin ring system, metalloporphyrin, haemoglobin, myoglobin and chlorophyll.

Iron-sulphur proteins, Metalloenzymes, Photosynthesis – photosystem-I and photosystem-II. Metal storage and transport – Fe, Cu and Zn storage and transport.

Nuclear chemistry: Nuclear fission and fusion reactions, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis. Decay modes, types of nuclear reaction – threshold energy, energy barrier, Q-value, nuclear cross section, photonuclear reaction, nuclear fission, spallation, fragmentation and fusion. Fission as a chain reaction – nuclear fuels: fertile and fissile isotopes, radiation hazards – nuclear reactors in India.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Unit III Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Planck’s quantum hypothesis and black body radiation; photoelectric effect – classical theory and Einstein’s quantum theory. Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom; failure of Bohr’s model.

Postulate of quantum chemistry; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Davison and Germer experiment. Operator algebra; linear, differential and Hermitian operator; Hamiltonian operator; angular momentum; eigen values and eigen functions. Wave equation – time-independent and time-dependent Schrodinger’s wave equation. Particle–in–a–box (1D & 3D); rigid rotator; harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin-angular momenta; tunnelling.

Approximation method of quantum mechanics: Variational principle and its application to hydrogen molecule. Perturbation theory up to second order in energy and its applications.

Atomic structure and Spectroscopy: Term symbols, RS and jj coupling, spectra of hydrogen, many electron systems and anti-symmetry principle.

Chemical bonding in diatomic: Elementary concepts of MO and VB theories, Huckel theory conjugated pi electron system (ethylene, butadiene and benzene).21

Chemical applications group theory: Symmetry elements, symmetry operations, point groups, their symbols, character tables (C2v, C2h, C3v and C4v), reducible and irreducible representation, great orthogonality theorem and its consequences. Applications of group theory in vibrational spectroscopy, symmetry aspects of molecular vibrations, symmetry selection rules for IR and Raman spectra. Determining symmetries of normal modes of vibration.

Symmetry applied to MO theory and orbital hybridization.

Molecular spectroscopy: Spectrum, electromagnetic radiation and its properties, regions of electromagnetic spectrum and their uses, rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic, Born-Oppenheimer approximation. UV-Visible spectroscopy – principle, Beer-Lambert’s law, instrumentation, types of electronic transitions, chromophore and auxochromes. Absorption bands and intensity, factors governing absorption maximum and intensity. UV-VIS spectra of simple organic compounds such as alkenes, phenols, anilines, carbonyl compounds and 1,3-diketones.

IR spectroscopy: Principle, regions of IR, selection rule of IR, modes of vibration of diatomic, triatomic linear (CO ) and nonlinear molecules (H O);

2 2 types of molecular vibration, application of IR spectroscopy, overtones, IR regions of alcohols, aldehyde, ketones. Raman spectroscopy – Principle, types of stokes and anti–stokes lines. Raman shift – difference between Raman and IR spectroscopy, mutual exclusion principle, vibrations of CO molecule, dipole 2 moment and polarizability.

Electronic spectra: Theory of ESR spectra, position of ESR absorption, g and A factor, hyperfine structure, ESR spectra of simple carbon centered free radicals – CH , CD electronic spectra of diatomic molecule – Morse function 3 3 and Frank Condon principle and basic principles of magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Chemical thermodynamics: Scope and limitations of thermodynamic system, surroundings and boundary – types of system, extensive and intensive properties; thermodynamic processes – state functions, enthalpy, entropy and internal energy; concept of work and heat, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, first law of thermodynamics and its mathematical expressions. Hess’s law of constant heat summation – enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

Reversible and irreversible process: Spontaneity of processes, criteria for spontaneity with respect to ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system. Second law of thermodynamics, Clausius’s statement and Kelvin – Planck’s statement. Third law of thermodynamics and zeroth law of thermodynamics. Joule – Thomson22 effect, Inversion temperature, Maxwell’s relations, Carnot theorem, Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz work function and Nernst heat theorem.

Unit IV Classical thermodynamics: Partial molar properties, chemical potential, Gibb’s-Duhem equation. Determination of partial molar quantities, Thermodynamics of real gases, fugacity – determination of fugacity by graphical and equation of state methods, dependence of temperature, pressure and composition, Thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal mixtures. Activity and activity coefficients.

Statistical thermodynamics: Concepts of statistical thermodynamics, distinguishable and non-distinguishable particles. Assemblies, ensembles, canonical particles. Boltzmann distribution, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac statistics, comparison and application; kinetic theory of gases, partition function and their relation to thermodynamic quantities, calculation for model systems.

Phase Rule: Phase, degree of freedom, component, One component system, water system – triple point – two components system, reduced phase rule – eutectic temperature – lead & silver system – congruent and incongruent melting point – Zn & Mg system – NaCl & Water system – CST – Phenol & water system.

Henry’s law – Raoult’s law – Nernst distribution law – solvent extraction – steam distillation – fractional crystallization – Parke’s process.

Colloids and Surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids, gold number, types of adsorption, Freundlich’s and Langmuir’s adsorption isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis.

Unit V Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence, Rate of reaction, order of a reaction, examples and rate equations for zero order, first order, second order and third order reaction. Molecularity of a reaction – unimolecular and bimolecular reaction, half-life period. Theories of reaction rates – collision theory, kinetics of collision theory, failure of collision theory, modification of collision theory, Lindeman theory, Hinshelwood theory and transition state theory/absolute reaction rate theory (ARRT). Potential energy surfaces and reaction coordinates. Study of complex reactions – kinetics of reversible, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions, photochemical reactions (H -Br ), steady-state approximation, Stern-Volmer equation. Reactions in 2 2 solutions – cage effect, primary and secondary salt effects, kinetic isotropic effect, linear free energy relationships, Hammett and Traft equation. Kinetic methods of analysis – flow techniques, stopped-flow and continuous-flow techniques, pulse23 methods, flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis. Relaxation theory and relaxation technique – kinetic of relaxation methods (T-jump and P-jump). Ionic liquids and its applications. Catalysis – homogeneous catalysis, acid-base catalysis, protolytic and prototropic mechanism, acidity function. enzyme catalysis – Michaelis-Menten kinetics, types of inhibitor in enzyme catalysis.

Electrochemistry: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; specific, equivalent and molar conductance, measurement of conductance. Variation of conductance with dilution for strong and weak electrolytes. Kohlrausch law and its applications. Ostwald’s dilution law, transport number and its determination by Hittorf method and moving boundary method. Debye-Huckel theory.

Electrochemical cells – cells types, galvanic cells, reversible and irreversible cells, electrode potential, oxidation potential, reduction potential, Nernst equation, redox systems.

Ion-ion interaction and activity coefficient – concept of ionic atmosphere, derivation of Debye-Huckel limiting law, verification and experimental validity.

Ion-transport in solution – electrolytic conductance, derivation of Debye- Huckel-onsagar equation and experimental validity, first and second Wien effect.

Ion-association – Bjerrum treatment of ion association, factors influencing ion association, effect of ion association on conductivity and activity coefficient of electrolytes in solution and triple ion formation.

Electrodics – electrode-electrolyte interface, electrical double layer – Helmoltz- Perrin, Gouy-Chapman and stern models and its comparison. Electrocapillary phenomena and electrocapillary curves, Lippmann equation, electrocapillary maximum, electrokinetic phenomena, Zeta potential and its applications.

Electrode kinetics Bulter-Volmer equation for one-step electron transfer, high field approximation, Tafel equation, high and low over potential limits, ionic equilibria, conductometric and potentiometric titrations. Electrochemical energy systems – primary and secondary cells, fuel cells, types of fuel cells, batteries – primary and secondary batteries, lead acid storage battery, liquid lithium-ion batteries, solid-state sodium-ion batteries.

Solid state: Classification of solids, isotropic and anisotropic crystals, unit cell and space lattice, Miller indices for lattice planes, crystal structures, diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law and its applications. Defects of crystals and band structure of solids.

Polymer chemistry: Polymerization – types of polymerization, mechanism of free radical, anionic and cationic polymerization. Polymers molecular weight24 determination. Preparation, properties, uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Elastomers, vulcanization and molding methods of polymers.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Unit VI IUPAC nomenclature: Organic molecules including regio and stereoisomers.

Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds, stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereo selectivity and asymmetric induction.

Geometrical isomerism resulting from double bonds – E, Z system of nomenclature, monocyclic compounds and fused ring systems, stereo specific and stereo selective reactions with examples.

Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, generation and reactions.

Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. Organic reaction mechanisms involving the addition, elimination and substitution reactions with the electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Reaction pathways determination.

Common named reactions and rearrangements – Still Coupling, Heck reaction, Pusond-Kahn Reaction, Suzuki Coupling, Mitsunobu reaction, Baylis- Hillman reaction, Mukiayama’s reaction, Metathesis reaction. Nef reaction, Henry reaction, Ritter reaction. Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov, dienone-phenol, Favorskii, Baeyer-Villiger, Wolff, Wittig, Neber, Stevens, Hofmann, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann, Benzidine and Von Richter rearrangements. Applications in organic synthesis.

Polarimetry: Circular dichroism, Optical Rotatory Dispersion, principles and applications.

Unit VII Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group inter-conversion including oxidations and reductions. Common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic), organic transformations in Chemo, regio and stereo selective reactions.

Concepts in organic synthesis: Retro-synthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.

Regioselectivity and chemoselectivity. Alkene synthesis-uses of acetylenes. Two25 group C-C disconnections in 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5 difunctional substituents, Diels- Alder reactions, Regio and stereo control in carbonyl condensation, Michael addition and Robinson annulations.

Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction, substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions, determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess. Enantiomeric discrimination, resolution, kinetics and optical studies.

Pericyclic reactions: Electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.

Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing

one or two heteroatoms: Furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, flavins and anthocyanins. Chemistry of natural products – Carbohydrates (Maltose, Starch, Cellulose) proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids (Chloesterol, Oestrone, Progresterone) and alkaloids (Reticulene, Reserpine, Morphine). Biogenesis of terpenoids (Zingiberene, Squalene, Lanosteroal).

Biopolymers: Structure and functions of proteins and Nucleic acids. Mechanism of Enzyme action on DNA and RNA.

Theory and spectral interpretations – Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1H & 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Unit VIII D ata analysis: Nature of quantitative measurements and treatment of data.

Mean, median, precision and accuracy, standard deviation, significant figures, Gaussian distribution curves, Null Hypothesis, Confidence interval of mean, Rejection of data (Q test), Student’s t, F tests. Errors – absolute and relative errors, linear regression, covariance and correlation coefficient.

Sampling: Principles of sampling methods for solid, liquids and gases. Gross sampling, Sampler’s responsibility and pitfalls, hazards of sampling.

Separation Techniques: Classical forms of chromatography – Introduction, principle and applications of column, thin layer chromatography and paper chromatography, Gas and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Thermo analytical techniques: Principles and applications of TGA, DTA and DSC.26

Unit IX Instrumental Analysis: Fluorimetry – Principles of fluorescence, Instrumentation and its Applications. Turbidimetry and Nephelometry – Theory, instrumentation and its applications.

Emission spectrometry: Principle, instrumentation and interferences, determination of alkali metals and iron in non-ferrous alloys. Flame Photometry – Theory, Instrumentation and a few important applications, Emission Techniques – Theory, techniques of excitation, electrodes and their shapes, flame and plasma emission spectrometry – instrumentation and its applications. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry – Theory, instrumentation (flame and flameless atomization) and its applications.

Mossbauer spectroscopy: Introduction, principle, instrumentation, recoil energy, Doppler effect, number of MB signals, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, magnetic hyperfine splitting applications.

NMR spectroscopy: Nuclear spin states, NMR active nuclei, nuclear magnetic moment, Larmor equation. Absorption of energy and resonance, population density of nuclear spin states, saturation phenomena, relaxation mechanisms, Bloch equation (only significance and derivation, not required). Comparison of CW and FT NMR instrument. Chemical shift – Standards in NMR, Shielding and De-shielding, Spin-spin coupling, splitting origin and rules – factors affecting coupling constant.

Unit X Nano Chemistry: Basics, nanoparticles and nanomaterials, types of nanoparticles, preparation, properties and uses of nanoparticles. Carbon nanomaterials – nanotubes, nanorods and nanofibre. Porous solids – nanowires, nanomachines and quantum dots. Methods of nanomaterials synthesis.

Chemical Microscopy: Microscope – parts and optical path application and qualitative study. Electron Microscopy – Principle, Microscope and its operation, sample preparations, applications to analysis, electron probe analyzer, ion microscopy, SEM, TEM, EDS. Fluorescence microscopy – Confocal, Phase contrast SPM, AFM, STM, MFM, EFM. XPS – Electron spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Principle, Instrumentation, Auger electron spectroscopy – Theory, Principle, instrumentation and general applications – qualitative analysis and depth profiling of solid surfaces.

Green chemistry: Principles and Concepts of Green Chemistry, green solvents, super critical CO . Waste minimization techniques Green catalysis.

227

Environmental Chemistry: Scope and importance, renewable resources, solar, wind, hydrothermal and tidal energies. Polymers, plastics and its harmful environment effects. Pollution effects on human health.

Supramolecular Chemistry: Nature of supramolecular interaction, host-guest interaction, molecular recognition and its types, self assembly, cation binding hosts, cation, anion and neutral receptors, crown ethers, clathrates and its applications.

Medicinal chemistry: Drug and drug metabolism, mechanism of different types of drug actions, common disease, disorders and their treatment methods.

Blood and clinical tests – estimation of blood urea, cholestral, sugar, Fe protein, cholesterol, albumin, vitamins and minerals. Medicinally important compounds and disease caused by deficiency of vitamins.28

SUBJECT : BOTANY SYLLABUS

Unit I Algae:

General account of algology. Contributions of Indian Phycologists: (M.O. Parthasarathy, V. Desikachary, V. Krishnamurthy and V.S. Sundaralingam).

Classification of algae by F.E. Fritsch (1935-45). Algae of diverse habitats, Range of thallus organization in algae. Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual) and life cycle patterns of algae. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae).

Economic importance of algae.

Fungi:

General Characteristics, Contributions of Indian Mycologists (C.V.Subramanian).

Classification of Fungi by Alexopoulos and Mims (1979). Heterothallism and para-sexuality in fungi. Sex hormones in fungi. Reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual). Spore dispersal mechanism in fungi. Mycorrhizae. Fossil fungi, Economic importance of fungi.Mushroom cultivation.

Lichens:

Classification of lichens based on Morphology, habitat, internal structure and fungal partner. Interrelationship of phycobionts and mycobionts.Structure and reproduction in Ascolichens, Basiodiolichens and Deuterolichens. Lichens as indicators of pollution. Economic importance of lichens.

Bryophytes:

General feature, Classification of Bryophytes (Proskauer, 1957). Distribution, Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Life cycle of Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales and Polytrichales. Spore dispersal mechanisms and germination pattern. Evolutionary trends in Sporophytes and gametophytes of bryophytes. Fossil bryophytes. Economic importance of bryophytes.

Unit II Pteridophytes:

Classification of Pteridophytes (Reimer, 1954). Stelar evolution. Telome theory.

Sorus – Origin, types and sporangial development. Heterospory and seed habit – Alternation of generations. Apogamy, Apospory and parthenogenesis in Pteridophytes. Comparative morphology, anatomy, reproduction and

evolutionary studies of the following groups: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. Economic importance of Pteridophytes.29

Gymnosperms:

General character, classification of gymnosperms (Sporne, 1974). Origin and Evolution of gymnosperms. Comparative study of vegetative, anatomical and reproductive characteristics of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Gnetales.

Economic importance of gymnosperms.

Paleobotany:

Concept of Paleobotany: Geological time scale. Contributions of Birbal Sahni, Technique for paleobotanical studies. Fossilization process, Types of fossils,

the fossil records: systematic reconstruction and nomenclature of fossil plants, Determination of Age of Fossils, Fossil Pteridophytes: Rhynia, Sphenophyllum, Lepidocarpon, Botryopteris. Fossil Gymnosperms: Williamsonia and Cordaites.

Unit III Morphology:

The plant body. Root: Structure and functions. Root modification. Stem: aerial and underground stem modifications. Leaf: Types, phyllotaxy, venations and leaf modifications. Inflorescence: Types. Flower: Floral whorls, sex, symmerty, Aestivation, Fusion. Ovary position, placentation. Fruits: Types. Seeds: Parts of seeds, Types, seed dispersal.

Taxonomy and Systematics:

Objectives of plant systematics, Concepts of Taxonomic hierarchy. Species concepts. Botanical nomenclature: principle, Rules and Recommendation of ICN.

Systems of classification: Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Takhtajan, Angiosperm phylogeny Groups (APG systems). Modern Trends in Plant Taxonomy – DNA Bar coding and Molecular Systematics – Cladistic Methodology – Taxonomic keys, Botanical Gardens, BSI, Herbarium techniques and Application. Virtual/digital Herbarium. Systematic Position, salient features

and economic importance of the following families: Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Arecaceae, Orchidaceae, Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cyperaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae and Convolvulaceae.30

Economic Botany:

General account on utilization of selected crop plants: (i) Cereals and millets

(ii) Pulses (iii) Vegetables, Fruits and Nuts (iv) Cosmetics plants (v) Oil seeds

(vi) Sugar yielding plants, (vii) Spices and condiments, (viii) Fibre yielding Plants (ix) Timber yielding plants (x) Resins, gums and latex (xi) Essential oils

(xii) Beverages, (xiii) Dyes, (xiv) Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics and (xv) Energy plantation – uses of Casuarina.

Medicinal Botany:

Traditional medicinal systems in India. Importance of ethnobotany in Indian context. Active principles, biochemical properties and medicinal uses of Phyllanthus amarus, Justicia adhatoda, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa, Cannabis sativa, Glorisa superba, Cymbopogon citratus, Catharanthus roseus and Rauwolfia serpentina.

Unit IV Anatomy:

Classification of tissues. Theories of organization of shoot, root and floral meristems. Root and shoot transition. Cambium – Vascular cambium and cork cambium – origin, development and types. Anomalous thickening in dicot and monocot stems. Xylem: components, structure. Secondary elements, hard wood, soft wood, growth ring, heart wood and sap wood, Tyloses, Reaction wood and Tension wood. Patterns of secondary wall thickening. Phloem – components and structures. Tissue system: Types and characteristics – Secondary elements,

Secretory cells and tissues: Structure, classification and significance. Nodal anatomy. Leaf: Epidermal tissue, development of stomata, Stomatal types, leaf

anatomy: monocots and dicots. Plant galls: types, structure and development.

Experimental anatomy – PGR and tissue differentiation.

Embryology:

Microsporangium – Microsporogenesis, Microspores: morphology, ultrastructure, Microgametogenesis. Pollen wall development, Pollen – Stigma – Incompatibility. Methods to overcome incompatibility. Megasporangium.

Megagametogenesis: Female gametophyte, Monosporic, Bisporic and Tetrasporic, Nutrition of embryo sac and fertilization. Pollination: Types and pollination agents – Fertilization and post fertilization events: Endosperm:

Types. Endosperm haustoria. Cytology and physiology of endosperms. functions of endosperms. Embryo development in Dicot and Monocot. Polyembryony – Causes. Apomixis, Apospory and parthenocarpy – Their role in plant improvement program. Seed development.31

Microtechniques:

Microscopy – Principle and applications, Light microscope: Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast microscopy, Fluorescence Microscope, Electron microscope (TEM & SEM). Microtome: Types, Principles and operating mechanisms.

Maceration, Squashes, Smears, Whole mount and clearing techniques. Fixation and fixatives, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, Embedding, Block making and sectioning. Stains and staining techniques.

Unit V Cell Biology:

Cell structure, organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Cell theory, ultrastructure and molecular organization of cell wall, Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, protoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, plastids, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, Ribosome, vacuoles, Nucleus. Cell division and cell

cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle and control of cell cycle. Organization of nuclear genome: DNA as genetic material – prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA – chromatin – chromosomes – Gene –Transposon. Replication of DNA and types.

Molecular Biology:

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (RNA synthesis – enzymology – signaling) – mechanics of initiation, elongation, termination – post–transcriptional modifications and RNA splicing – regulation of gene expression (lac and trp operons) – RNA interference (TGS and PTGS) – Translation (genetic code – redundancy and elucidation of base composition – tRNA charging – initiation, elongation and termination) – post translational modifications. Molecular Chaperones – Heat shock proteins. Bioinformatics: Concepts, scope and applications.

Unit VI Genetics and Biostatistics:

Mendelian genetics – Mendel‘s Law of inheritance, non mendelian inheritance, Gene interactions – complementary genes, Lethal genes, Epistasis, Quantitative inheritance. Chromosomal basis of inheritance. Gene Linkage and crossing over- Kinds of linkage, types of crossing over mechanism. Sex determination in plants, theories of sex determination. Sex linked characters. Multiple alleles and pseudo alleles. Cytoplasmic inheritance, organelle heredity with reference to chloroplast and mitochondrial mutants –male sterility in plants. Population Genetics – Gene pool, Gene Frequencies, Mutation, Selection, Migration, genetic drift, Hardy – Weinberg law. Mutation: Types of Mutation. Mutagenic agents and their mode of action.

Biostatistics: principle, scope and application in biological sciences. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Test of significance: Z test, t-test and chi square test. probablity and distributuion. Correlation and regression.32

Plant Breeding:

Domestication and introduction of plants. Origin of cultivated Plants. Vavilov’s center of origin. Organic Agriculture. Conventional Plant Breeding systems: introduction, Selection – Types of selection, selection in self and cross pollinated crops. Hybridization-Hybridization techniques, male sterility, self-incompatibility, heterosis and hybrid vigor. Role of polyploidy in crop improvement. Green revolution, Applications of tissue culture and molecular techniques in plant breeding.

Unit VII Plant Physiology:

Solute transport: Properties of water, Diffusion, Osmosis and water potential, mechanism of water absorption. Translocation of water and solutes through membranes, Mechanisms of loading and unloading of photo-assimilates.

Transpiration and stomatal movements. Mineral nutrition: Role of Macro and Micro nutrients. Deficiency symptoms.

Photosynthesis:

Light harvesting complexes; photosynthetic pigments, mechanisms of electron transport; photo protective mechanisms; CO fixation – C , C and CAM 2 3 4 pathways – Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration:

Types of respiration, Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle; electron transport system and ATP synthesis; photorespiration and its significance.

Nitrogen metabolism and Secondary metabolites:

Nitrogen cycle and metabolism, Biological Nitrogen fixation. Secondary

metabolites: Biosynthesis of terpenes, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids and their physiological roles.

Plant Growth Regulators:

Physiological role and mechanisms of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, Ethylene and abscisic acid. Photobiology and photo morphogenesis: Phytochromes- history and discovery, occurrence and distribution; Cryptochromes – photochemical and biochemical properties. Vernalization. Circadian rhythm in plants. Plant Movements – nastic and tropic movements. Seed dormancy: causes and methods to break seed dormancy. Physiology of seed germination. Abscission and Senescence.

Stress physiology:

Causes, mechanisms, effects of plant responses and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses.33

Biochemistry:

Chemical bonds and their interactions. Water – structure, pH concept – buffer, Molarity, Molality and Normality. Carbohydrates: Structures and classification.

Lipids: Structure, classification and properties. Biosynthesis and biological significance of major lipids. Amino acids – classification, properties of Amino acids. Amino acid metabolism, Proteins: classification, structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary), properties of protein. Enzymes – general feature, naming and classification – Factors affecting enzyme activities. Enzyme inhibition, Mechanism of enzyme action. Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides; Types of nucleic acids.

Unit VIII Ecology:

History and scope of ecology, Autecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (R and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured population. Synecology – Characteristics of community, composition and structure, origin and development, ecotone, edge effect, ecological niche. Ecological interdependence and interaction – positive and negative interactions. Competition – inter-specific and intra-specific.

Ecological Succession: Types, mechanisms, concept of climax.

Concept and dynamics of Ecosystem:

Types of Ecosystem, components, Food chain, food webs. Concept of trophic level, Ecological pyramids, Energy flow ecosystem. Mineral cycling (C, N, P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, estuarine) ecosystems.

Environmental pollution and Management:

Types, causes, effects and control measures of air, soil, water, thermal, noise and heavy metal pollution; Bioremediation and biodegradation – Bio-mining, microbes in leaching metals. Biodiversity management; climate change and its consequences; global environmental change; greenhouse effect, Climate change conferences.- Kyoto Protocol climate agreement – Carbon trade and carbon credits. Blue carbon and IPCC. Tools to study global climate change. GIS application in Biodiversity and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).34

Biodiversity conservation:

Need for conservation – in-situ conservation – sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves; ex-situ conservation – Gene banks, seed banks, Pollen banks and Cryopreservation. Role of indigenous people in conservation of sacred species, sacred groves; Human and animal conflicts in Biodiversity conservation, Red List categories of IUCN. Forest conservation through laws – the biological diversity Act (2002) in force. National Biodiversity Authority.

Phytogeography:

Principle of plant geography – Phytogeographic regions of India, Dispersal and migration barrier hypothesis, Willis age and area hypothesis. Continuous range, cosmopolitan, circumboreal and circum austral, pantropical, Discontinuous distribution Wegner’s theory continental drift hypothesis, land bridges hypothesis, Endemism. Biogeographic classification of India, Biodiversity hotspot regions of India and the World.

Unit IX Microbiology and Plant Pathology:

Bacteria: Classification of bacteria (Bergey’s Manual of Bacteriology, 1994), structural organization and reproduction of bacteria, Motility, flagella and pili – Growth and Nutrition, growth curve, kinetics of bacterial growth. Sterilization techniques, culture media, staining techniques for bacterial identification –

Bacterial genetics: conjugation, transformation and transduction. Application: fermentor and types of fermentations – industrial products from bacteria, agricultural applications of bacteria, bacteria in Bioremediation. Structure and reproduction of Archaebacteria, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma and Actinobacteria

(Actinomycetes).

Virology:

General characteristics, Classification of plant viruses (ICTV,1970), structure and multiplication of plant viruses. Bacteriophage: Structural characteristics and multiplication. Virion, viroid, virusoids and prions. Isolation and purification of plant viruses.

Plant Pathology:

Classification of plant diseases, Symptomology. Principles of plant infection:

Inoculum, inoculum potential, Pathogenicity, Disease triangle. Epidemiology and forecasting of plant diseases – Host parasite inter relationships and interaction.

Pathogenesis: Mechanism of penetration- Disease development of pathogen35

(colonization) and dissemination of pathogens. Environment and nutrition in relation to disease development – Defence mechanism. Role of enzymes and toxins in disease development. Diseases and disease cycle – Important diseases

of crop plants in India: Sheath blight of rice, leaf spot of groundnut, Black rust of wheat, Late blight of potato, Fusarium wilt of cotton, Bacterial blight of rice, Citrus canker, Bunchy top of Banana, Root knot of Brinjal, Red rust of tea.

Disease Resistance mechanism in plants. Techniques adopted in plant breeding for disease resistance. Principles of plant disease management – Cultural practices, physical, chemical and biological methods, disease controlled by immunization. Plant quarantine and legislation. Integrated Pest Management System. Plant protection organizations in India.

Unit X Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture:

Basics of plant tissue culture – concepts in plant tissue culture. Plant tissue culture techniques. Micropropagation, organ culture, mersitem culuture, protoplast culture and haploid plant production. Callus induction, Cell suspension culture, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed technology. Conservation of Plant genetic resources. Application of cell culture systems in metabolic engineering.

Concepts and application of nanobiotechnology: Application of nano particles in Agriculure, environment and medicine. Impact of nano-science and nano- biotechnology to society.

Genetic Engineering:

Principles of rDNA technology. Molecular tools in Genetic engineering. Cloning vectors – Plasmids – types, Mechanism of plasmids, Isolation of plasmids.

Cosmids and phage vectors. Construction of Genomic library, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Molecular Markers (RAPD, RFLP and AFLP). Blotting techniques (Southern, Northern and Western blots). Sequencing methods for DNA. Genetic transformation and development of transgenic plants for insect, herbicide and viral resistances, Golden rice, Edible vaccines, Bio- farming, bioremediation and bioprospecting, salt and drought tolerant plants, enhancement of shelf life of flowers and fruits. Socio-economic and ethical aspects of biotechnology. Environmental laws; Intellectual property rights;

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) GATT, TRIPS, PBR and Farmers rights and its role. Ecological impact and biosafety issues of GM crops.36

SUBJECT : ZOOLOGY SYLLABUS Unit I ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY • Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature. Levels of structural organization – Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms.

Organization of Coelom, Symmetry and Metamerism. • Structure and life history of Protozoa – Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma gambiense and Leishmania donovani.

• Canal systems in Porifera. Polymorphism and Metagenesis in Coelentrates.

Types of Corals and Coral reefs. • Structure and life history of helminth parasites – Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium, Wuchereria bancrofti and Ascaris lumbricoides. • Adaptive Radiation in Polychaetes. Torsion in Gastropods. Invertebrate larval forms and their evolutionary significance.

• Structure, affinities and life history of Minor Phyla – Ctenophora, Rotifera, Chaetognatha, Onychophora, Siphunculida, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta and Phoronida. • Origin and outline classification of Chordata – Phylogeny, evolutionary significance and inter-relationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata and their relation with other deuterosomes. Retrogressive metamorphosis.

• Origin, Evolution and general characters of Agnatha (Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes). Early Gnathostomes (Placoderms). • General characters and classification of fishes. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes. Adaptive Radiation in Bony fishes.

• Origin, Evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia. Parental care in Amphibia. • Origin and evolution of Reptiles. Skulls of reptiles and its importance in biosystematics. Outline classification of Reptiles. Poisonous and Non- poisonous snakes.

• Origin and evolution of Birds. Origin of flight and flight adaptations in birds.

Flightless birds • Origin of mammals. Primitive mammals – Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutherian Mammals. Aquatic adaptations in Mammals. • Structure and functions of integument and its derivatives (glands, scales, feathers and hairs). Comparative account of jaw suspension, girdles and limbs. Comparative study of integument, brain, heart and urinogenital organs in Vertebrates.37 Unit II ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY • General characters and classification of Insects up to Order level with examples.

• Beneficial insects – Silkworm – common cultivable species, rearing of silkworm, diseases of silkworm, by-products of sericulture, economic importance of silk. Honeybees – common species of honeybees, rearing in modern hives, by-products of apiculture, economic importance of honey, beewax and propolis.

• Harmful insects – Insects as plant pests – pests of rice, cotton, sugarcane, coconut and stored grains. Pest control strategies – physical, mechanical, chemical and biological, IPM. • Poultry farming – Breeds of Poultry for egg and meat, common diseases of poultry.

• Dairy farming – Economically important dairy cattle breeds of India, white revolution, diseases of cattle, dairy by-products.

Unit III CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • Cellular organization – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Ultrastructure, organization and functions of cell membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Mitochondria and Ribosomes. Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in mobility.

• Organization of Genes and Chromosomes – Structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, Euchromatin and Giant chromosomes. • Cell division and cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle – Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, Significances of Mitosis and Meiosis, Mitotic Apparatus.

• Structure and function of DNA (A, B, C and Z forms) and RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA). DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms. • RNA synthesis and processing – Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing and polyadenylation. Genetic code. Translation – components of protein synthetic machinery, steps involved in translation – formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, elongation and elongation factors, termination and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post-translational modification of proteins.38 • Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level – Regulating the expression of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – lac and trp Operon, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing.

• Cellular communication – General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix and integrins. • Cell signaling – Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers and regulation of Signaling pathways.

• Cancer – Types of cancer. Characteristics of cancer cells, Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, physical and chemical carcinogenic agents, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

• Programmed cell death (Apoptosis), aging and senescence.

Unit IV GENETICS • Mendelian principles – Dominance, segregation, independent assortment. • Concept of gene – Allele, multiple alleles and pseudoalleles. • Modern concept of gene – Cistron, Muton and Recon.

• Extensions of Mendelian principles – Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, Epistasis, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.

• Sex determination in man. • Gene mapping methods – Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids. • Cytoplasmic Inheritance – Inheritance of mitochondrial genes, maternal inheritance, shell coiling in Limnaea, Milk factor in mice, extra nuclear inheritance by endosymbionts – Kappa particles in Paramecium.

• Microbial genetics – Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction and sexduction, mapping genes by interrupted mating. • Human genetics – Pedigree analysis, LOD score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders and syndromes.

• Mutation – Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis. Significance of mutation.39 • Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes – Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.

• Quantitative genetics – Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping. • Recombination – Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition. • Population genetics – Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, derivation of Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Determination of allelic frequency in a population. • Animal breeding – Inbreeding, Outbreeding and Heterosis.

Unit V ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY • System Physiology – Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids, BMR, Nutritional disorders. • Blood and Circulation – Blood and its composition, function, haemopoiesis and haemostasis, mechanism of blood clotting.

• Cardiovascular system – Structure of myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, pace maker, Pulse pressure and blood pressure, ECG. • Blood vessels – Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels. • Respiratory Physiology – Respiratory structures – Invertebrates, vertebrates- fishes, birds and mammals. Respiratory pigments, Transport of gases, exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.

• Muscle Physiology – Types of muscle cells, ultrastructure of the striated muscle fibre, physiology of muscle contraction. • Neurophysiology – Central Nervous system, Peripheral and Autonomic nervous system. Structure of Neuron, types, transmission of nerve impulses, action potential, synapse, conduction of nerve impulse across a synapse, neurotransmitters, Neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord and Reflex action. EEG.

• Sensory Physiology – Receptors – Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors and Gustatoreceptors. Echolocation. Bioluminescence, Mimicry and colouration.

Lateral line system in fishes. • Renal Physiology – Ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism process, structure of kidney and Nephron, Mechanism of urine formation, Counter- current principle, micturition, regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.40 • Thermoregulation and Stress adaptation – Thermoregulation in homeotherms, poikilotherms – acclimation and acclimatization, physical, chemical and neural regulation of body temperature, adaptation to high altitudes, deep sea adaptation.

• Endocrinology – Endocrine glands, mechanism of hormone action – peptide and steroid hormones, membrane receptors and signal transduction.

Hormones and diseases, neuroendocrine regulation. Invertebrate hormones.

Unit VI DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY • Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development – Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, types of fertilization and mechanism of fertilization, embryo sac development and zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, fate maps – presumptive organ forming areas, gastrulation and formation of germ layers and embryogenesis. Parthenogensis.

• Morphogenesis and organogenesis – Ectodermal, Mesodermal and Endodermal derivatives, formation of primary organ rudiments, involvement of genes in the development process. Organogenesis with reference to brain, eye, heart and kidney in amphibians, birds and mammals. Post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis (frog and insect).

• Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and senescence.

Stem cells – properties, types and applications. • Human Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) – Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI), In vitro fertilization

(IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types, Cryopreservation of gametes, Birth control methods. • Immunology – Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes.

• General properties, structure, types and functions of antibody molecules, generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions. • Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs – MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors.

• Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell- mediated effector functions, inflammation. • Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, acquired immune-deficiencies.

• Vaccines and immunization schedule. • Immune responses to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.41 Unit VII ENVIRONMENT, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT • The Environment – Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic and abiotic interactions. Habitat and Niche – Concept of habitat and niche, niche width and overlap, fundamental and realized niche, resource partitioning, character displacement.

• Population Ecology – Characteristics of a population, population growth curves, population regulation, life history strategies (r and K selection), concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. Species Interactions – Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.

• Community Ecology – Nature of communities, community structure and attributes, levels of species diversity and its measurement, edges and ecotones. Ecological Succession – Types, mechanisms, changes involved in succession, concept of climax.

• Ecosystem Ecology – Ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, energy flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P), primary production and decomposition, structure and function of some Indian ecosystems – terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).

• Biogeography – Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island biogeography, biogeographical zones of India. • Biodiversity – Definition, types, Hotspots, Flagship species, Keystone species, Biodiversity concerns. Biodiversity conservation – In situ and ex situ conservation, concept of protected areas, National parks, sanctuaries, Red data book, Gene bank, threatened and endangered species. Salient features of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Threats to survival and conservation strategies for Elephant, Tiger, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, White Rumped Vulture and Gangetic Dolphin.

• Environmental issues – Pollution – definition, types, sources, effects. Global warming, climate change, glacial melting and rising sea levels, floods, drought and desertification, creating buffer zones, sustainable development, carbon sequestration, carbon sink, carbon foot print, carbon credit, carbon trading and carbon budget. Environmental Exploitation – Exploitation and depletion of natural resources. Urbanisation, deforestation, habitat loss, remote sensing and GIS in conservation.

• Environmental Management – Environmental Summits – Conventions, Climate change conventions, Environmental laws and Acts. E-wastes and its eradication. Clean energy sources – solar, wind, hydel, biofuel, hydrogen as fuel. Effluent Management – Hazardous and biomedical waste management.

Emission standards – BS6, AQI, WQI. Clean potable water – Desalination, rain water harvesting, conserving water bodies.42 Unit VIII EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR • Emergence of evolutionary thoughts – Lamarck, Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection, Spontaneity of mutations, the evolutionary synthesis.

• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution – Origin of basic biological molecules, Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers, Concept of Oparin and Haldane, Urey-Miller Experiment, The first cell, Evolution of prokaryotes, Origin of eukaryotic cells.

• Paleontology and Evolutionary History – The evolutionary time scale, Major events in the evolutionary time scale, Stages in primate evolution. Evolution of Man. Human racial diversity. • Molecular Evolution – Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks, Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification, Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis, origin of new genes and proteins, Gene duplication and divergence.

• Adaptive radiation, Isolating mechanisms, Speciation, Allopatric and Sympatric, Convergent evolution, Sexual selection, Co-evolution. • Brain, Behaviour and Evolution – Approaches and methods in the study of behaviour, Proximate and ultimate causation, Altruism and evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism.

• Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal, Biological clocks. • Development of behaviour, Social communication, Social dominance, Use of space and territoriality, Mating systems, Parental investment and Reproductive success, Parental care, Aggressive behaviour, Habitat selection and optimality in foraging, Migration, orientation and navigation, Domestication and behavioural changes.

Unit IX BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY • Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. • Stabilizing interactions – Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions etc. • Principles of biophysical chemistry – pH, buffer reaction kinetics, thermodynamics and colligative properties.

• Composition, structure and functions of biomolecules – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Vitamins.43 • Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, couples reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers.

• Principle of catalysis, enzyme classification and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulators, mechanism of enzyme action, isozymes, coenzymes and cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and inhibition. Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids.

Unit X BIOSTATISTICS • Collection of Data – Primary data and Secondary data, Methods of collecting Primary data and Sources of Secondary data, Concept of Statistical Population and Sample, Census and Sampling Methods. Variable – Discrete and Continuous.

• Classification of Data – Types of classification, Characteristics of Frequency Distribution. • P resentation of Data – Tabulation – Parts and types of tables. Diagrams – One dimensional diagrams – Bar diagram, Two-dimensional diagrams – Pie Chart.

Graphs – Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve, Ogives. • Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central Tendency – Arithmetic Mean, Median and Mode (Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete and continuous data).

• Measures of Dispersion – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation (Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete and continuous data). • Correlation – types, methods for measuring correlation and computation of Karl Pearson’s coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation.

• Simple Regression – Regression coefficients, Regression equations (including computation), Regression lines. • Probability – Addition and Multiplication rule, Permutation and Combination.

Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Properties of Normal distribution. • Inferential Statistics – Hypothesis testing – Null and alternative hypothesis, Levels of Significance, Degrees of freedom, errors. Parametric and Non parametric tests – Steps in hypothesis testing.

• Student’s ‘t’ test – Population and Sample Means, Means of Independent samples, Means of Dependent samples. • Chi square test for predicted expected values and goodness of fit for pre fixed ratio. • F-test and ANOVA – One way and Two way analysis.44 Unit XI BIOTECHNOLOGY • Recombinant DNA technology – Molecular tools, host cells, Isolation and purification of nucleic acids, Cloning vectors, methods of gene transfer. Gene cloning strategies, Blotting techniques, PCR, gene libraries, screening strategies.

DNA sequencing methods, Protein sequencing methods, methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, micro array based techniques. Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques. Human Genome project.

• Biotechnology in health care – Gene therapy, DNA in the diagnosis of genetic diseases. DNA finger printing. Pharmaceutical Products of DNA Technology – Human protein replacements and therapeutic agents for human diseases.

Insulin, Recombinant vaccines, production of monoclonal antibodies. • Microbial Fermentation Technology – Production of low and high molecular weight compounds. Enzyme Technology – Commercial production of enzymes, immobilization of enzymes and cells, therapeutic applications, Biosensors, Bioreactors.

• Animal cell culture methods and Applications, Transgenic animals. • Biodegradation and Bioremediation. IPR, Patenting, Trade Mark, Copy rights. GMOs and GM foods–Pros and Cons. Microbial warfare, Microbial weapons, bioterrorism.

Unit XII TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY • Histochemical and Immuno techniques – Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immune fluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.

• Biophysical Method – Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence,

circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods.

• Radiolabeling techniques – Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in Biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.

• Microscopic techniques – Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.45

SUBJECT : HISTORY SYLLABUS Unit I HISTORY OF INDIA UPTO 10TH CENTURY A.D.

Sources of Indian History – Archaeological – Literary – Foreign Accounts – Pre and Proto History – Harappan Civilization – Early Vedic Age – Later Vedic Age – Formation of State – Urbanization – Mahajanapadas – Jainism – Buddhism – Rise of Magadha – Alexander’s Invasion and its impact – Mauryan Empire – Chandra Gupta Maurya – Bindusara – Ashoka – Mauryan Administration – Sungas – Satavahanas – Indo-Greeks – Sakas – Parthians – Kushans – Kanishka – Gandhara Art – Age of Guptas – Chandra Gupta I – Samudra Gupta – Chandra Gupta II – Administration – Art and Architecture – Literature – Education – Nalanda – Vikramasila – Valabhi – Invasion of Huns – Vardhana Dynasty – Harsha Vardhana – Hieun-Tsang’s Account – Chalukyas – Three Crowned Kingdom – Prathihara – Palas – Rashtrakutas – Second Western Chalukyas.

Unit II HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA UPTO 1565 A.D.

Arab Conquest of Sind – Mohammad-Bin-Qasim – Dahir – Impact of Arab Conquest – Turkish Invasion – Mohammad of Ghazni – Mohammad of Ghor – First and Second Battle of Tarain – The Delhi Sultanate – Slave Dynasty – Qutub-ud-din Aibak – Iltutmish – Raziya Sultana – Balban – Mongol threat – Khilji Dynasty – Jalaluddin Khilji – Alauddin Khilji – Malik Kafur Invasion – Tughlaq Dynasty – Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaq – Feroz-Shah-Tughlaq – Invasion of Timur – The Sayyid Dynasty – The Lodi Dynasty – Ibrahim Lodi – Administrative System – Socio – Economic and Religious Conditions – Art and Architecture – Vijayanagar Empire – Sangama – Harihara and Bukka – Saluva – Narashima Deva Raya – Tuluva Dynasty – Krishna Devaraya – Aravidu – Thirumala – Battle of Talikota – The Bahmani kingdom – The Bhakti Movement.

Unit III HISTORY OF MUGHAL INDIA AND THE RISE OF MARATHAS India on the eve of Babur’s Invasion – The First Battle of Panipat – Battle of Khanwa-Chanderi – The Battle of Ghaghra – Tuzuk-i-Babri – Humayun – Sur Dynasty – Shershah Suri – Administrative Reforms – Akbar the Great – The Second Battle of Panipat – Relations with Rajputs – Military Conquest – Administration – Religious Policy – Abolition of Jiziya – Ibadat Khana –46 Din-i-Ilahi – Jahangir – Influence of Nurjahan – Shah Jahan – NWF Policy – Aurangzeb – Military Exploits – Deccan Policy – Religious Policy – Socio- Economic condition under Mughals – Art and Architecture – Decline and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire – Rise of the Marathas – Early Victories of Shivaji – Administration of Marathas – The Peshwas – Balaji Viswanath – Baji Rao.

Unit IV THE COMPANY RULE IN INDIA Advent of the Europeans – The Portuguese – Vascodacama – Francisco-de- Almeida – Alphonsa – de – Albuquerque – The Dutch – The Danes – The British – The French – Anglo-French Rivalry – Carnatic Wars – Dupleix – Robert Clive – Battle of Plassey – Battle of Buxar – Dual Government in Bengal – Warren Hastings – Administrative Reforms – Lord Cornwallis – Judicial Reforms and Permanent Land Revenue Settlement – Anglo-Mysore Wars – Hyder Ali – Tipu Sultan – Anglo Maratha Wars – Lord Wellesley – Subsidiary Alliance – Hastings and Establishment of British Paramountcy – William Bentinck and his Reforms – Ranjith Singh – Anglo Sikh Wars – Dalhousie – Doctrine of Lapse and his Reforms – Deindustrialization – Peasant and Tribal Revolts.

Unit V CROWN TO INDEPENDENCE The Great Revolt of 1857 – Lord Canning – Lord Lytton – Lord Rippon – Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century India – Pre Congress Associations – Formation of Indian National Congress – Moderates – Partition of Bengal – Muslim League – Swadeshi Movement – Surat Split – Home Rule Movement – Rowlatt Act – Jallianwala Bagh massacre – Gandhian Era – Non- Cooperation Movement – Chauri Chaura – Swaraj Party – Simon Commission – Revolutionary Movements – Dandi March – Gandhi – Irwin Pact – Round Table Conferences – Trade and Labour Unions – Civil Disobedience Movement – Cripps Mission – Quit India Movement – Mountbatten Plan – Government of India Act 1858 – Queen’s Proclamation of 1858 – Indian Council Act of 1861– Indian Council Act of 1892 – Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 – Montague Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 – Government of India Act, 1935 – Indian Independence Act of 1947.

Unit VI POST-INDEPENDENT INDIA Integration of Indian States – Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Republic – Constitution of India – Salient Features – Nehruvian Era – Economic Policy –47 Five Year Plans – Social Welfare Programmes – Foundation of Foreign Policy – Indira Gandhi Regime – Domestic Policy – 20 Point Programme – Declaration of Emergency – Janata Party – Resurgence of Indira Gandhi – Administrative Reforms – Coalition Governments – Mandal Commission – India’s role in World Affairs – Economic, Diplomatic and Military role – Indo- China Border Dispute – Indo-Pak Conflict – India’s Nuclear Capabilities – India and Common Wealth – India and NAM – India and UNO – SAARC – G-20 – BRICS.

Unit VII H ISTORY OF TAMIL NADU UPTO 13TH CENTURY Geographical Features of Tamil Nadu – Sources of the History of Tamil Nadu – Pre-Historic Tamilagam – Sangam Age – Three Ancient Kingdom – Cheran Sengutuvan – Karikala Chola – Pandya Nedunchelian – Socio – Economic Condition – Five Fold Division – Trade and Commerce – Kalabharas – Pallavas of Kanchi – Simhavarman – Mahendravarman – Narasimhavarman – Rajasimha – Nandivarman II – Pallava Chalukya Conflict – Art and Architecture of the Pallavas – Imperial Cholas – Raja Raja I – Rajendra Chola I – Kulothunga I – Administration – Economy – Kudavolai System – Maritime Activities – Art and Architecture – Later Pandyas – Maravarman Sundara Pandya I – Maravarman Sundara Pandya II – Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – Kulasekara Pandya – Accounts of Marco Polo – Art and Architecture.

Unit VIII MEDIEVAL TO CONTEMPORARY TAMIL NADU Malik Kafur's invasion of Tamil Region – Sultanate of Madurai – The Vijayanagar rule in the Tamil Country – Nayaks of Madurai – Nayaks of Tanjore – Nayaks of Gingee – Sethupathis of Ramnad – Tamil Nadu under Marathas – Advent of the Europeans – British – French – Dutch – Poligar Rebellion – South Indian Rebellion – Vellore Mutiny – Tamil Nadu under British Rule – Tamil Nadu and Freedom Struggle – Early Nationalist – Radical Nationalist – Social Reform Movement – Congress – Rajaji – Kamaraj – Justice Party – Periyar and his Self Respect Movement – Anti-Hindi Agitation – Dravidian Parties – Dravida Kazhagam – DMK – C.N. Annadurai – Kalaignar M. Karunanithi – Emergence of ADMK – M.G. Ramachandran – J. Jayalalitha (AIADMK) – MDMK – PMK – Other Political Parties – Education and Empowerment of Women – Reservation Policy – Agrarian Condition – Irrigation – Industrialization – Information Technology.48 Unit IX RISE OF MODERN WEST Geographical Discoveries – Renaissance and Reformation – Enlightened Despots – Age of Revolution – American War of Independence – Industrial Revolution – Agrarian Revolution – French Revolution – Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte – Napoleonic Wars – Congress of Vienna – Metternich – Concert of Europe – Holy Alliance – Greek War of Independence – The Revolution of 1830 and 1848 in France.

Unit X HISTORY OF MODERN WORLD Unification of Italy – Mazzini – Young Italy – Garibaldi – Count Cavour – Unification of Germany – Zollverein – Bismarck – Napoleon III – Crimean War – Young Turk Revolution – Balkan Wars – Russian Revolution – First World War – League of Nations – Rise of Dictatorships – Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Second World War – UNO – Cold War – Third World Countries and Non-Alignment – UNO and Global Disputes – Formation of European Union – End of Cold War.49

SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS Unit I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Geomorphology:

The origin of Earth: Gaseous Hypothesis of Kant, Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace, The Nova Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lytleton – The Age of Earth:

Sedimentation method, Radioactivity method. The Earth’s Interior: Layers of the

earth interior: The Crust, Mantle, Core, Thickness and depth of different layers of the Earth, Distribution of continents and Oceans – Plate tectonics and continental drift – Rocks: Definition and classification: Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metomorphic rocks – Mountain Building Process: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Mountains, Plateaus and Plains, Geomorphic processes – Denudational Agencies,

Cycle of erosion: Davis and Penck, Theories and process of slope development.

Climatology:

Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Solar Radiation, Heat Budget of the Earth and Atmosphere. Distribution of Temperature: Vertical, Horizontal distribution of temperature, Temperature Inversion – Atmospheric Pressure:

factors affecting Atmospheric Pressure – Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure, Wind: Types of winds – Monsoon winds, Area of monsoon winds, the Indian monsoon, Jet stream, kinds of Humidity – Clouds: formation of clouds, classification of clouds, Precipitation: types of rainfall, Air masses:

classification of air masses, Fronts – frontal zones, major fronts, Cyclones:

Cyclones and Anticyclones, classification of thunderstorms – Climatic

classification: Koppen and Thornthwaite – Climate change: Cause and effects of climate change – Global warming, Effect of El-Nino, La Nina.

Oceanography:

Distribution of Water and Land, Relief of the Ocean: Continental shelf, Continental slope, Continental rise, Mid Oceanic Ridges, Abyssal plain Island, Guyots and seamounts, Ocean deeps and Oceanic trenches – Bottom Relief of the Ocean

floors: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Ocean temperature, Ocean salinity and density of Ocean water – Ocean deposits – Sea waves – Ocean currents: Major Ocean currents – Tides – Sea level changes – Tsunami – Coral reefs.

Unit II HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Population Geography:

Sources of population data in India – Population: Distribution, Density and Growth, world population distribution, factors affecting population distribution, density patterns – measures and determinants of fertility, mortality – World’s population growth and its trend – Theories of population growth: Malthus, Sadler and Ricardo – Migration: types of migration, causes of migration,50 consequences of migration, Population composition and characteristics:

Age, Sex, Rural-urban, Occupational structure and educational levels and literacy – Population of Tamilnadu: Population, Distribution, Density and Growth, Optimum population – Over population, Under population – Potential population, Population policies.

Settlement Geography:

Geography of settlements: Nature and Scope of Settlement Geography – Rural

Settlements: Types, Pattern and distribution of rural settlements – Problems of

Rural Settlements: Rural-Urban Migration, land use changes, Land acquisition and Transactions; Urban Settlements: Theories of origion of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford) – Characteristics and process of urbanisation in Developed and developing countries – Urban settlements:

concept and characteristics – Functional classification of urban centres – functions and characteristics of CBD – Urban morphology – Urban Classical models:

Burger, Homer Hoyth and Harris Ullmann – Rural-Urban fringe – hierarchy of urban centres – Rank size rule – Central Place Theory – Urban problems – Slums – Urban planning – Urbanisation in India and its associated problems.

Agricultural Geography:

Nature, Scope and significance of Agricultural geography – Approaches to study of Agriculture geography – Land Capability, Classification and land use planning – Determinants of Agriculture – Von Thunen’s Theory of agriculture location – Agricultural productivity – crop combination (weaver’s, Doi’s, Raffiullah’s), Crop diversification, Types of Crops: Food crops, Horticultural crops – Plantation crops, Fibre crops – Agricultural Systems of the world – Agricultural regions of India – Agricultural regions of Tamilnadu, Role of Remote sensing in Agricultural Studies.

Urban Geography:

Nature and scope of urban Geography – trends of urbanisation – size, structure and functions of urban areas – urban systems: law of primate city and rank size

rule – Center Place theories: Christaller and bosch – Internal structure of the city – Models of urban land use: Burgess, Harris, Ullman and Homer Hoyt – Concept of cities: Mega cities, Global cities, edge cities – Changing urban

form: peri-urban areas, rural – urban fringe – Sub-urban, ring and satellite towns – social segregations in the city – urban social area analysis – Urban issues: slums, in formal sectoral growth, crime and social exclusion.

Transport Geography:

Nature, scope and significance of transport Geography – Different types of transportation – Merits and demerits of transport – Terminal charges and operating charges – Tapering cost structure – Variation in freight structure on distance – Commodity – Size and elasticity of demand – Long haul advantages – Nodes and links – Connectivity – Accessibility – Centrality – Structural analysis51 of transportation network – Graph theoretic measures – Measures of nodal accessibility – Matrix measures – Detour index – Theories of spatial interaction – Gravity model – Transportation and spatial structure – Role of transport in socio-economic integration – Urban and regional transport planning – Problems of transport.

Cultural Geography:

Concept of cultural – Evolution of Human beings – Major Races of the World – Culture interaction and diffusion – Culture exchange – Measurement of Human

Development: Social, Economic and Environmental Indicators – Human Development Index.

Social Geography:

Nature and scope of social geography – Environmental and landscope ecology – Social structure (family, marriage and kinship) and processes – Rural and urban society – spatial distribution of ethnicity – Tribe – Dialect – Language – caste and religion in the world with special reference to India – welfare and social well being – Quality of life – Health – Education, Economic Status – Gender – well being of women – Spatial distribution of social groups in India – Health care planning and policies in India.

Economic Geography:

The significance of Economic Geography – Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities – Natural resources: Classification of Resources – Renewable and non – renewable resources – Distribution and associable problems conservation of resources – Industries: Agro based Industries – Mineral based Industries – Engineering – Industries – Chemical industries – Industrial regions of the world – Trade blocs – Major importing and exporting countries – World Energy crisis in developed and developing countries.

Political Geography:

Trends and development in political Geography – Geography of federation – Boundaries and frontiers of India – Electoral reforms in India – Geopolitics: climate clange, world resources and Indian Ocean – Regional organisations of co-operations: SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC and EU – Neopolitics of world natural resources – India’s Foreign Policies.

Unit III GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT Contributions of Greek, Romans, Arabs, German, French, British, America and Indian scholar in geography – Contemporary trends in Indian

geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions – Major

Geographic Traditions: Earth science, Man and Environment relationship, Area studies and spatial analysis – Dualism in Geographical studies: physical vs human, region vs systematic, qualitative vs quantitative – Paradigm shift52 in Geography – Perspectives in Geography: Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Feminism and Post modernism.

Unit IV REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING Definition of region – Evolution – Types of region – Formal and functional region – Planning region – Need and types of regional planning – Characteristics and ideal planning region – Delimitation of planning region – Regionalisation of India for planning – Theories and models of regional planning – Growth pole model of perroux, growth centre model in Indian context myrdal, rostow and Friedman – Village cluster – Changing concept of development – Concept of under development – Efficiency – Explicity – Indicators – Economic, social and environment – Global pattern of development – Inter-regional variation of human development – International – Interstate comparision of India – Geospatial technology of regional planning.

Unit V GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCE

Natural Resource: Concept, Classification and Techniques – Distribution, Utilisation of resources – Problems and Management of Land Resources and Water Resources – Distribution, Utilisation, Problems and Management of Forests and Energy Resources – Appraisal and Conservation of Natural Resources – Sustainable Resource Development – Concepts and definitions of Disaster and Natural Hazard – Disaster: Disaster Management Cycle – Basic Concepts of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – Hazards: Hazard types and hazard mapping –

Vulnerability: types and their assessment – physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerability – Disaster Risk Assessment – approaches and procedures for disaster management.

Unit VI GEOGRAPHY OF ENVIRONMENT Nature and scope of Environmental Geography – Concept of an Ecosystem – Structure and function of an Ecosystem – Ecosystem: Types of ecosystem – Forest, Grassland, Desert, Aquatic Ecosystem – Ecological succession – Energy flow in an ecosystem – Biogeochemical Cycle: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and sulphur cycle – Food Chain, Food web, Ecological pyramid –

Biomes: Major Biomes of the world: Tundra Biome, Temperate forest biome, Coniferous forest biome, Temperate Grassland biome, mediterrranean biome, Savanna biome, Tropical Evergreen Rainforest biome, Monsoon Deciduous forest biome, Desert biome – Biodiversity: Hotspots of biodiversity – Threats

to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, Man-wildlife conflicts – Endangered species of India – Conservation of biodiversity: In situ and Ex situ Conservation of biodiversity – hydrological cycle – International programmes and policies – Environment policy of India.53 Unit VII GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA Major physiographic Regions and their Characterstics – Drainge system – Indian Monsoon – Soil – Vegetation – Water – Mineral and Marine Resources – Regional variation in Agricultral Development – Population characteristics – Growth and Composition – development population – population policies in India – Development and Pattern of Transport – Internal and External Trade – Regional Development planning in India – Trade policy – Export Processing zones – India Space programme – Natural Disasters in India.

Unit VIII GEOGRAPHY OF TAMILNADU

T amil Nadu: Location – Administrative units of Tamil Nadu – Physiography:

Mountains, Plateaus, Plains – Climate: Seasons (South West, North East Monsoon, summer and winter) – Rainfall: Cyclonic Rainfall – Distribution of Rainfall – Rivers of Tamil Nadu – Soils: Types of Soil – Natural Vegetation:

Forest and its types – Flora and Fauna – Wild life sanctuaries – Bird sanctuaries – Botanical gardens. Distribution of Crops: Food Crops: Paddy, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds – Cash Crops: (Sugarcane, Cotton) – Plantation Crops (Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Spices) – Livestock (cattle, sheep and dairying) – Fisheries (inland and deep sea fishing). Distribution of Minerals and Industries: Metallic, Non-Metallic (Iron, Manganese, Bauxite, Copper, Mica, Illuminate and power resources) – Agro Based Industries – (Textile, Sugar, Paper) – Cement – Automobile – Population: Distribution – Growth, Density and Population Problems – Transportation: Roadways, Railways, Airways, Waterways Trade:

(Import and Export) – Special Economic Zones.

Unit IX CARTOGRAPHY Nature and scope of cartography – Maps: History and definition of maps – classification of maps – Scope and types of scale – Map projection: Meaning, definition, shape, distance, area and direction properties – classification of projections – Selection of projection – Map compilation and design: Base map concepts, scanning and digitization – Topographic and thematic maps – elements of maps and layouting principles – Map design: fundamental symbol, conventional signs, color theory, colors or patterns, Map lettering –

Map making: Definition of Choropleth, Isopleth maps – class interval selection and shading – flow maps – cadastral maps – Demographic and statistical mapping – Map reproduction – Map printing – Printing standard in various medium.54 Unit X TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY Definition of Remote Sensing – Advantanges and limitations in remote sensing – Remote Sensing System – Platforms and sensors – Resolutions in remote sensing – Satellite data products: Analog and digital products – Visual Image Interpretation – Digitial Image Processing: Pre-processing, post-processing,

Digital Image Interpretation: Supervised and unsupervised classification – Change deduction analysis – Basic concepts of Geographic Information System

(GIS) – Components of GIS – Data Models in GIS: Relational and entity relational model – Data structure: Raster and Vector – Data requirement – Methods of data capturing – Meta data – Raster and Vector Query – Geographic visualization – Data analysis – Geo statistical analysis.55

SUBJECT : COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY SYLLABUS Unit I BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

Business: Meaning and Characteristics – Divisions of business: Industry, Commerce and Trade – Objectives of business – Social responsibilities of a business – Business ethics and Corporate governance – Evolution of business – Forms of business organisation: Sole proprietorship, Hindu undivided family, Partnership, Limited liability partnership, Joint stock company, Co-operative organisation, Government organization – Location of a plant – Business

combinations: Meaning, types, forms, advantages and limitations – Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises – Self Help Groups.

Management: Meaning, Nature and Levels – Evolution of Management Thought – Planning – Decision making – Organising – Power and authority – Coordination – Staffing – Directing – Motivation – Leadership – Communication – Controlling.

Unit II MARKETING AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Marketing – Concepts, Approaches, Functions and Environment – Marketing mix – Market Segmentation – Market Targeting and Positioning – Product:

Meaning, Features, Attributes, Mix, Product life cycle, New product planning and development – Pricing Policies and Strategies – Promotional methods:

Personal selling, Advertising, Publicity, Sales promotion – Channels of

distribution: Functions, Types – Retail management: Agent middlemen, Wholesaler, Retailer, Consumer Behaviour – Need for consumer protection – Consumer grievance redressal mechanism under Consumer Protection Act – Services marketing – Rural and Agricultural Marketing – Recent Trends in

Marketing: Digital Marketing, Social marketing, Green marketing.

Human Resource Management: Objectives and Importance – Human resource planning – Functions of Trade Unions – Forms of Collective Bargaining – Workers’ Participation in Management – Grievance Management – Employee

Welfare: Types of Employee Welfare Measures – Remuneration.

Unit III B ANKING, INSURANCE, FINANCIAL MARKETS AND AUDITING Indian Banking System – Banking Structure in India: RBI, Public Sector Banks, Private Banks, Foreign Banks, RRB, UCB, Payment Banks and Small Finance Banks – Branch Banking – Unit Banking – Universal Banking – Central bank56 and commercial banks – Types of Accounts: Savings, Recurring, Fixed Deposit, CASA, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana – KYC norms – Digital Banking

Services: e-banking, Mobile banking – Green Banking – Electronic Mobile Wallets – ATM – Electronic Money – NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, UPI and Digital currency.

Insurance: Meaning and features – Life insurance – General Insurance – IRDAI:

Purpose, Duties, Powers and functions.

Financial Markets: Capital Markets – Money Markets – Primary Market Operations – Secondary Market Operations – Functions of Stock Exchanges – Listing – Role of SEBI – Venture Capital, Leasing and Credit Rating.

Auditing: Meaning, Objectives – Types of audit – Audit Planning and control – Internal Control-Internal Check and Internal Audit – Vouching – Verification and Valuation of Assets and Liabilities – Professional Ethics of Auditors – Auditors:

Qualification, Appointment and Removal, Duties and Liabilities – Investigation and Audit.

Unit IV BUSINESS LAW AND COMPANY LAW The Indian Contract Act, 1872: Introduction – Elements of a valid contract – Offer and Acceptance – Consideration – Capacity to contract – Free consent – Legality of object – Void agreements – Contingent contract – Performance of contract – Quasi contract – Discharge of contracts – Remedies for breach of contract.

The Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale of goods – Conditions and warranties – Transfer of property – Performance of contract of sale – Rights of an unpaid seller.

Companies Act, 2013: Characteristics of Company – Lifting or Piercing the Corporate Veil – Classification of Companies – Formation of a Company (Promoter, Prospectus, Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, Incorporation, Commencement of business) – Share capital and Debentures – Directors – Meetings – Company Secretary (Appointment, Rights, Duties and Liabilities).

Unit V E NTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Entrepreneurship: Meaning, Characteristics and types – Entrepreneur: Traits, Classification and Functions – Idea Generation – Identification of Business Opportunities – Design Thinking: Meaning and Process – MSME: Definition,57 Importance of MSME for Economic Growth – Role of banks in EDP – Role of SIDCO – SIPCOT in Tamil Nadu – Government Schemes – Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme – Problems of small Entrepreneurs –

Women Entrepreneurship in India: Incentives and Subsidies.

International Business – Meaning – Nature – Scope and Importance – Stages of Internationalisation of business – Methods of entry into foreign markets:

Licensing – Franchising – Joint Ventures – Strategic Alliances – Subsidiaries and Acquisitions – Balance of Payment – Balance of Trade –Tariffs, Quotas and Licenses – Multi-Lateral Agreements and Institutions: Economic Integration – Forms: Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market and Economic Union-Regional Blocks: Developed and Developing Countries – NAFTA – EU – SAARC, ASEAN-BRICS – OPEC – Promotional role played by IMF-World Bank and its affiliates – IFC, MIGA and ICSID – ADB-Regulatory role played by WTO and UNCTAD.

Unit VI FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Introduction to Accounting – Accounting Concepts and Conventions – Indian Accounting Standards – Accounting Equation – Double Entry System – Journal – Ledger – Cash Book – Other Subsidiary Books – Trial Balance – Rectification of Errors – Bank Reconciliation Statement – Depreciation Accounting – Capital Expenditures and Revenue Expenditures – Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – Average due date – Account current.

Bills of Exchange – Accounts from incomplete records – Accounts of Not- for-profit organisation – Partnership Accounts: Fundamentals, Final accounts, Admission, Retirement, Death of partners – Dissolution of partnership firms – Consignment accounts – Joint venture accounts.

Unit VII CORPORATE ACCOUNTING Issues of Shares – Bonus Issues – Sweat Equity Shares – Employee Stock Option Scheme and Employee Stock Purchase Scheme – Buy Back of Shares – Redemption of Preference Shares – Issue and Redemption of Debentures – Underwriting of Securities – Profit Prior to Incorporation – Valuation of Goodwill and Shares – Final Accounts of Companies – Amalgamation: Merger and Acquisition – Alteration of Capital and Internal Reconstruction – Corporate Financial Reporting – Consolidated financial statements.

Unit VIII COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Introduction to Cost Accounting – Methods and Techniques of Costing – Classification of cost – Materials – Labour – Overheads – Cost sheet – Job58 Costing – Process Costing – Joint Products and By-Products – Operating Costing – Contract Costing – Standard costing and Variance Analysis (Material and Labour only) – Activity Based Costing.

Introduction to Management Accounting – Functions and Benefits of Management accounting – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial statements:

Comparative statements, Common size statements and Trend analysis – Ratios – Funds flow statement – Cash Flow Statement as per AS 3 – Budgets and Budgetary control – Marginal Costing and Break – Even analysis.

Unit IX FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STATISTICS Introduction to Financial management – Sources of finance – Sources of (National and International) – Time value of money – Risk and return – Cost of capital – Capital structure – Leverages – Dividend policy – Working capital forecast – Cash management – Receivable management – Inventory management – Capital budgeting.

Introduction to Statistics – Sampling and sample designs – Collection of Primary and Secondary data – Measures of Central tendency – Measures of Dispersion – Simple Correlation – Regression Analysis – Chi-square Test – Probability.

Unit X TAXATION Basic concepts relating to Income Tax – Residential status and Tax Incidence – Scope of Income – Basic concepts of Income – Income exempt from tax – Income from salaries – Income from house property – Profits and Gains from Business or Profession – Capital Gains – Income from Other Sources – Clubbing of Income – Set off and Carry forward of losses – Deductions from Gross total income – Assessment of individuals – Return of income – Advance payment of tax – Deduction and Collection of Tax at Source – E-filing of Income Tax Returns.

Introduction to Goods and Services Tax – CGST – SGST – UTGST – IGST – Taxable Event – Consideration – Levy and Collection of GST – Exemptions from GST – Place and Time of Supply – Value of taxable supply – Input Tax Credit – Procedure for Registration – Goods and Services Valuation Rules – Tax Invoice – Credit and Debit Notes – Payment of tax – Interest on Delayed Payment of Tax – Furnishing of Returns – Default in Furnishing Returns – Demand and Appeals – Authority for Advance Ruling – Settlement of cases.59

SUBJECT : ECONOMICS SYLLABUS UNIT I MICRO ECONOMICS • Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Cardinal and Ordinal approaches – Revealed Preference hypothesis – Hicks Revision of demand theory – The Modern Utility analysis of Choices involving risk or uncertainty – Elasticity of demand – The concept of Consumers Surplus.

• Theory of Producer Behaviour: Production Function – Law of Variable Proportions and Return to scale – Production Function: Cobb-Douglas, CES – Technical progress – Least Cost Combination – The Theory of Costs.

• Theory of Markets: Market structure – Concept of equilibria – Perfect Competition – Monopoly and Price Discrimination – Monopolistic Competition – Oligopoly – Duopoly – Game theory – Non-cooperative games.

• Factor Pricing: Marginal Productivity Theory – Product Exhaustion Theorem – Theories of Rent, Wages, Interest and Profits – General Equilibrium Analysis – Efficiency criteria: Pareto – Hicks and Kaldor – Welfare Economics: old and new – Economics of information.

UNIT II MACRO ECONOMICS • National Income and Social Accounting: Concepts and Measurements –

Determination of Output and Employment: Classical and Keynesian, Post Keynesian. • Consumption and Investment Functions: Theories of Consumption Function – The Principles of Multiplier and Accelerator – Interaction of Multiplier and Accelerator – Theories of Investment Function – New Theories of

Investment: Financial, Jorgenson and Tobin. • M acro theories of Distribution: Ricardo, Marx, Keynes, Kalecki and Kaldor.

UNIT III MONEY BANKING • T heories of demand for and supply of money: Classical, Keynesian and Post-Keynesian approaches – Components of Money Supply – High Powered Money – The Money Multiplier – Theories of Inflation – Theories of Business Cycles – Controls of Business Cycles – Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis.60 • Functions of Central Banking and Credit Control – Instruments and Workings of Monetary Policy – Different Currency Standards – Rational Expectations Hypothesis and its critique – capital market and its regulations – Role and Functions of Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Institutions.

UNIT IV INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS • International Trade and Economic Development – Theories of International

Trade: Smith, Ricardo, Hecksher-Ohlin and Krugman. • Factor Price Equalization Theorem by Rybczynski – Balance of Payments:

Concept, Composition, Equilibrium and Disequilibrium – Terms of Trade – Trade Multiplier. • Theories of Exchange Rate – Exchange Rate Policies – Foreign exchange market – Optimum Currency Area – International Capital Movements – Free trade vs Protectionism – Qualitative and Quantitative Restrictions – Trade policy for developing countries – GATT and WTO – Regional Trade Blocks:

EU, ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA, BRICS etc. – IMF and World.

UNIT V PUBLIC ECONOMICS • Role of Public Finance – Canons of Taxation – Principles of Taxation – Taxable Capacity – Direct and Indirect Taxes – GST design – Implementation and impact of GST. • Theories of Public Expenditure: Musgrave, Wagner, Peacock and Wiseman – Public Debt: Meaning, Theories and Methods of Repayment.

• Budget: Procedures and types – Objectives and Instruments of Fiscal Policy – Deficit Financing and Methods – Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal policy. • Principles of Federal Finance – Problems of Allocation of Resources of the Centre and State – Fiscal Responsibility of the Centre and State – Finance Commission in India – Local Finance in India – Sources of Local Finance – Functions and Their Defects – Fiscal Correction and Additional Stimulus.

UNIT VI ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • Indicators of Economic Development: GDP, Per Capita Income, PQLI, HDI and GDI. • Theories of Economic Development: Smith, Ricardo, Mark, Schumpeter and Rostow – Balanced and Unbalanced, Amartya Sen – Technical Progress:

Embodied and Disembodied – Endogeneous Growth –Models of Economic

Growth: Harrod – Domar, Robinson, Kaldor, Solow and Mahalanobis. • Concepts and Measurement: Sustainable Development Goals, Poverty and Inequalities.61 UNIT VII ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND DEMOGRAPHY • Environment as a public good – Market failures – Coase Theorem – Cost Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria – Validation of Environmental Goals.

• Theories of Population – Concept, Measures and Features: Population Pyramid, Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality, Aging, Demographic dividend, Life Table, Migration, Urbanization.

UNIT VIII INDIAN ECONOMY-I • Features of Indian Economy – National Income in India: Measurement, Growth and Structure – Economic reformation in India: Fiscal, Financial and Trade – Challenges facing in chain Economy: Human capital formation, Unbalanced regional development, Unemployment, Poverty and Inequality.

• Agriculture in India – Land reforms – Green revolution – Agricultural credit and marketing – Food Security – Reformation in agriculture – Major Issues in

Agriculture: Agrarian crisis, farm subsidies, food security, doubling farmers income and farmers’ suicide – WTO and agriculture. • Industries in India – Industrialization: Role, Growth, Pattern, Features and Performance – Industrial Policies in the post independence era – Performance of Public Sector – Disinvestment policy – Large Scale Industries and MSMEs in the transformative era (2014-15) – Make in India, Startup India, Skill India – Special Economic Zones – Industrial Labour reforms in India – Impact of GST and Demonetization on Unorganized and Informal industries.

• Services in India: Foreign Trade: Composition, Direction, Balance of Payment Problems and Policies – Financial Services in India: Commercial Banks, Money and Capital Markets – Infrastructure: Transport, Energy, Telecommunication, Health and Education – Fiscal System in India.

UNIT IX INDIAN ECONOMY-II • New Economic Policy: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – critical appraisal of pre and post liberalisation. • Planning Commission in India: Five Year Plans, Strategies, Achievements and performance – Planning Commission vs NITI Aayog.

• Rural Economy in India: Features, Problems and Challenges – Rural

Development: Meaning, Need and Policies – Rural poverty and

unemployment: causes and remedies – Rural indebtedness: features, causes and remedies – Rural infrastructure. • Tamil Nadu Economy: Features, Growth, Structure, Performance and Models of development – Major Challenges in Tamil Nadu Economy – Dravidian Model of development.62 UNIT X QUANTITATIVE METHODS • Collection of Data – Sampling methods – Organisation and Presentation of Data – Measures: Central tendency, Dispersion and Distribution – Correlation – Regression – Index Numbers – Time series and Analysis – Sampling distributions – Theories of estimation – Testing of hypothesis–

Linear Regression models: Simple and Multiple – Violations of assumptions

of Linear Regression model: Autocorrelation, Heteroscedasticity, Multicollinearity and Misspecification. • Mathematical Economics: Sets – Functions and Continuity, Sequence, Series – Differential Calculus and its applications – Integral calculus (Basic Techniques) – Differential and difference equations with applications – Linear Algebra – Matrices and their application in Economics – Input-Output Model – Linear Programming Problems.63

SUBJECT : PHYSICAL EDUCATION SYLLABUS Unit I PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Meaning of Motor Development, Motor Learning, Motor Control, Physical Growth, Maturation & Aging – Theoretical perspectives in Motor Development – Newell’s Model of Motor Development – Principles of motion and stability – Motor Milestones – Development of motor skills across the lifespan – Motor

Skills: Locomotor, nonlocomotor and manipulative skills – Movement concepts:

Body, Space, Effort & Relationship – Sensory perceptual development: Visual, Kinesthetic, Auditory and Intermodal perception – Functional constraints in Motor Development.

Unit II S KILLS, RULES AND REGULATIONS OF SPORTS AND GAMES (WITH REFERENCE TO RDG/BDG AND RD/BD COMPETITIONS OF TN GOVT.) Skills (Fundamental and Advanced Skills) – Physical, Technical and Tactical preparation – Rules and regulations – Duties of Officials – Methods of officiating – Official Signals – Scoring – Playfield dimensions, layout and marking – Equipment specifications- Organizational Set-up – Qualification and Qualities of Coach.

Unit III RULES AND REGULATIONS OF ATHLETICS (WITH REFERENCE TO BDS OF TN GOVT.) AND CHESS

Athletics: Techniques – Physical, Technical and Tactical preparation – Rules and regulations – Duties of Officials – FOP preparation – Equipment and implement specifications, layout and marking of track (400m Oval and Short track) and field events – Organizational Set-up.

Chess: Chessboard – Chessman – Values of Chessmen – Capturing – Attack – Checkmate – Technical and Tactical preparation – Rules and regulations – Duties of Officials.

Unit IV TOURNAMENTS, SCHEMES AND AWARDS Tournaments at School, College & University level – Federation/Association tournaments at District, State, Regional, National, Asian and International Level – Sports schemes of State and Central Government including SDAT and SAI – State and National awards in Sports – Sports Hostel – Centre of Excellence – Incentives for sportsperson at state and National Level – Significant sports tournaments / trophies / sportspersons – CM Trophy – National Games – Asian Games – Olympic Games/World Cup – Organisational setup and functions of DSE, SCERT & DIET – Role of CIPE & DIPE.64 Unit V HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Concept of Tests and Measurements – Purpose of Tests, Measurements and Evaluation – Domain of Human Performance – Criteria for Tests Selection – Norm referenced & Criterion referenced reliability and validity – Developing knowledge based tests and Survey – Components of Physical Fitness – Assessment of Physical Fitness in Youth and Adults – Sports Skills Assessment – psychomotor tests – psychological measurements – Sports Analytics.

Unit VI GENERAL THEORY AND METHODS OF SPORTS TRAINING Principles of Sports Training – Training load components – Periodization in Sports Training – Individualization and Adaptation in Training Programs – Multilateral physical development – Sports Specific Physical development – Skill acquisition and Technique Development – Tactical and Psychological preparation – Recovery and Regeneration Techniques – Strength and Conditioning Methods – Endurance Training Strategies – Speed, Agility and coordination Training – Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation in Sports Training.

Unit VII EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND SPORTS NUTRITION

Exercise Physiology: Development and aging of body systems – Energy systems and metabolism – fatigue and recovery – Body temperature regulation – Endocrine Responses to Exercise – Cardiovascular Physiology – Respiratory Physiology – Neuromuscular Physiology.

Sports Nutrition: Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats –

Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals – Fluids and Hydration Strategies – Pre- Exercise Nutrition – During-Exercise Nutrition – Post-Exercise Nutrition and Recovery – Nutrition for Athletes – Supplements in Sports Nutrition –Nutrition Strategies for Weight Management and Body Composition – Ergogenic aids – Doping.

Unit VIII RESEARCH PROCESS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Meaning and Definition of Research – Need, Nature and importance of research in Physical Education – Types of Research: (i) Basic, Applied & Action research,

(ii) Analytical Research (Philosophical, Historical, Meta Analysis), Descriptive Research, Experimental Research, Qualitative Research – Steps in research process – Formulation of hypothesis – Purpose of the literatures – Variables and its types – Data collection tools in Research – Research Design – Mechanism of writing thesis / dissertation – Method of Writing Research proposal, Research Synopsis, Research Paper & Abstract – APA format in Bibliography writing – Research ethics.65 Unit IX STATISTICS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Definition of Statistics – Types of Statistics – Data and its types (Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio) – Variables and attributes – Parametric and non-parametric statistics – Measures of Central Tendency & Measures of Variability – Principles of Normal Probability Curve – Skewness and Kurtosis – Type I & II Error- Level of significance – Population & Sample – Types of Sampling: Probability and Non-Probability sampling – Concept of t-test, F-test & Correlation – Graphical Representation in Statistics.

Unit X MODERN TRENDS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Biomechanical Analysis – Stress Management Techniques – Wearable Fitness Trackers – Virtual Reality Training – Data Analytics for Performance Enhancement – Technological innovation in equipment, surfaces/play fields and coaching – Sports and Games for Children with Special Needs (CWSN) – Interdisciplinary Approaches – Early Childhood Physical Literacy – Thirumoolar Astanga Yoga – Sport tourism.66

SUBJECT : POLITICAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS Unit I POLITICAL THEORY AND IDEOLOGIES

Concepts: State, Sovereignty, Political Obligation, Law, Power, Citizenship, Human Rights, Liberty, Equality, Property, Justice, Common Good, Democracy and Development.

Approaches: Traditional, Behavioural, Post Behavioural, Structural-Functional, Communication and Decision Making.

Ideologies: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, Realism, Conservatism, Post – Colonialism – Marxism – Neo-Marxism – Socialism – Fascism – Anarchism – Feminism – Ecologism – Multi-Culturalism –Environmentalism.

Unit II WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Ancient: Socrates – Plato – Aristotle.

Medieval: St Augustine – St Thomas Aquinas – Niccole Machiavelli.

Modern / Post Modern: Hobbes-Locke – Rousseau – John Stuart Mill – Karl Marx – Gramsci – John Rawls.

Unit III INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT Evolution & Characteristics: Vedic Polity – Concept of Dharma / Artha / Kama.

Ancient Thinkers: Manu – Kautilya – Thiruvalluvar – Mohammad Iqbal – E.V. Ramasamy Periyar.

Modern Thinkers: Swami Vivekananda – Aurobindo – M.K. Gandhi – M.N. Roy – Ambedkar – Jayaprakash Narayan, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Unit IV INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Introduction: Meaning / Origin and Evolution – Theories: Idealism – Realism – Liberalism – Marxism – Constructivism – Global Justice.

Role of Modern State/ Nation & the concept of Nationalism: Security – War Impacts (First-World War & Second-World War / Cold War & Post-Cold War / Nuclear Weapons) – Dynamics of Diplomacy (Types – Mechanism – Institutions – Modern Trends) – UN & its Agencies – Regional Organisations (European Union / African Union / Shanghai Corporation Organisation / SAARC, ASEAN & BRICS).

Contemporary Issues in Foreign Policy of India during the 21st Century:

Relations with Neighourhood (Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan) Russia, USA and European Union.67 Unit V POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA

Introduction: Making of the Indian Constitution – Constituent Assembly – Philosophy of the Constitution, Constitutionalism and Constitutional Amendment.

Features and Structure: Executive (President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) – Legislature (Union Parliament – Parliamentary Committees) – Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform).

Various Institutions and Challenges: Electoral Process and Election Commission of India – Local Government Institutions (Functioning and Reforms) – Constitutional and Statutory Bodies (Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities).

Unit VI POLITICAL PROCESS IN INDIA

Introduction: State Economy and Development / Planning and Development / Policies for Growth & Development.

Political Processes in Indian Politics: Reorganization of Indian State – Identity Politics (Religion / Tribe / Caste / Region / Language) – Ideology and Party Politics (National & State Parties).

Globalization and its Dynamics: Gender & Politics (Issues of Equality and Representation) / Electoral Politics (Participation & Representation and Emerging Challenges) / Role of Civil Society.

Unit VII PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Origin and growth: Concepts, principles and theories (Classical – Bureaucratic – Scientific Management – Human Relations – Ecological).

Features of Administration: Accountability and control (Legislature, Executive and Judiciary) – Human Resource Management (structure of bureaucracy, civil service at central, state and district level) – Budgetary process – Committees – Tribunals.

Issues and Challenges in Public Administration: Ethics and Integrity – New Public Management – Issues challenges and changing trends in Public Administration.68 Unit VIII GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF TAMILNADU

Establishment of Madras Presidency and Dravidian Nationalism: Non- Brahmanism, rise of Justice Party, growth of Dravidian identities and parties, Self-respect Movement, Formation of Dravida Kazhagam.

Role of government and its rise and decline: Congress Regime – Rajaji – State Reorganization – K. Kamaraj – M. Bhakthavatsalam – DMK Regime:

1967 elections – Formation of DMK – Anti-Hindi agitations – C.N. Annadurai – M. Karunanidhi – M.K. Stalin – AIADMK Regime: M. G. Ramachandran – J. Jayalalitha – O. Pannerselvam – Edapadi Palanisamy – Other Political Parties

and Issues: PMK–MDMK–DMDK–VCK–CPI–BJP–IUML – role and impact of Language, Cinema, Caste and Social media.

Policies and Politics from 1947 till date: Welfare schemes, Social Justice programmes, Committees and Commissions, Sectoral policies and issues concerning the State & its relation with the Central Government.

Unit IX MODERN GOVERNMENTS: (UK, USA & SWITZERLAND)

Introduction: Establishment of modern constitutions and their characteristics.

Introduction to the State and the Government – State and its Nature – State and Government – Sovereignty – Division of powers – Unitary state – Federal State- Constitution and its classifications – Written and Unwritten – Flexible and Rigid – Parliamentary and Non-Parliamentary forms of Government.

Types of governments: Presidential, Parliamentary, Quasi-Presidential and Direct Democracy in the UK, USA and Switzerland (structure and function of Executive, Legislature and Judiciary).

Nature of Political Parties & Electoral process: UK, USA and Switzerland.

Unit X PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Introduction: Concepts (public interest, public sector, output, development, economic growth, equity, government and governance) – Theories (elite theory, group theory, political systems theory and institutionalism, policy output, incremental theory, rational choice theory) – Features of Public policy in India.

Institutions and Policy Making in India: Governance Structure (Right to Information / Consumer Protection Act / Citizen Charter / Grievance Redressal System / Lokpal / Lokayukta – Panchayat Raj Institutions – System & functions)

Policy Governance in India: Instrument of Socio–Economic Development – Centre and State Organizations and their Schemes/ Programmes/ Policies (Housing, Health, Drinking Water, Education, Food Security, Science & Technology etc).69

SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE SYLLABUS Unit I COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Number Systems: Introduction, Conversion from One Number System to another, Digital Codes, Introduction – Weighted Binary Code, Non-Weighted Binary Code, Alphanumeric Code, Error Detection and Error Correction Codes.

Boolean Algebra: Introduction, Boolean Logic, Boolean Operations, Operator Precedence, Laws of Boolean Algebra, Representation of Boolean Function, Simplification methods in Boolean algebra.

Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits, Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit.

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and Instruction Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt.

Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler, Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.

Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.

Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.

Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.

Unit II DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas and Instances, Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence, Database Languages and Interfaces, Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS.

Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Diagrams, Relational Model, Constraints, Languages, Design and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus, Codd Rules.70

Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization, Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization, Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and Object-Relational Databases, Database Security and Authorization.

Constraints and Views: Constraints and its types, Integrity constraints, Check constraints, Referential constraints, Introduction to views, updates on views, comparison between tables and views.

Transaction management and Concurrency control: Transaction management, ACID properties, serializability and concurrency control, Lock based concurrency control (2PL, Deadlocks), Time stamping methods, optimistic methods, database recovery management.

Unit III SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEM

System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages, Compilers and Interpreters, Loading, Linking and Relocation, Macros, Debuggers.

Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services, System Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation, System Boot.

Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations, Inter-process Communication, Communication in Client-Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization.

Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues.

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms, Thread Scheduling, Multiple Processor Scheduling, Real-Time Scheduling.

Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and Detection, Recovery from Deadlock.

Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files.

Unit IV DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

Data Structures: Abstract data types, Arrays and their Applications, Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Linked Lists.

Trees and Graphs: Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Graphs, Sorting and Searching Algorithms, Hashing.71

Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences: Time and Space Complexities, Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations.

Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms, Backtracking, Branch and Bound.

Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees.

Advanced Algorithms: Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging, Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.

Unit V DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKS

Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication, Analog and Digital Signals, Noiseless and Noisy Channels, Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency, Digital and Analog Transmission, Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques, Broadband and Baseband Transmission, Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.

Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.

Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses, Switching Techniques.

Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction, Flow and Error Control, Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.

World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service (DNS), Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names, Electronic Mail Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP, TELNET and FTP.

Unit VI PROGRAMMING WITH C++

Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts, Paradigms and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal Transition Models.

Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects, Scalar and Composite Data Types.72

Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Abstract Class, Polymorphism.

Basics of C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants, Data types, Operators, Control statements.

Functions: User-defined Functions, Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions.

Class and Objects: Constructors and Destructors, Overloading, Inheritance, Templates.

Files and Event Handling: Streams and Files, Multi-file Programs, Exception and Event Handling.

Unit VII PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Basics: Python interpreter and interactive mode, debugging, values and types: int, float, Boolean, string and list, variables, expressions, statements, tuple assignment, precedence of operators, comments.

Python libraries: Numpy, Pandas and Matplotlib, SciPy.

Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional statements, Iteration: statement, while, for, break, continue.

Functions: Functions types, return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition, recursion.

Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module, Lists as arrays.

Lists: list operations, list slices, list methods, list loop, mutability, aliasing, cloning lists, list parameters.

Tuples: tuple assignment, tuple as return value, Dictionaries: operations and methods, advanced list processing – Iterator and generator.

Unit VIII WEB DEVELOPMENT

HTML: Introduction – Basic Tags-formatting and fonts, Working with colour.

Elements of HTML: Working with Tables, Working with Images, Working with Links, List and Tables, Frame and Frameset, Forms and Controls.

CSS: Introduction to Cascading Style Sheet, using CSS background images, colour and properties, Manipulating texts using fonts, border and boxes margins, padding lists, positioning using CSS.

M enu and Division: Types of Style Sheets, Class and ID, selector, Inline Menu, DIV and CSS layout.73

JavaScript: Introduction to JavaScript, Understanding Variables, Loops and Arrays, Functions, Working with alert, confirm and prompt boxes, Creating Rollover image, Working with Operators, Events.

Unit IX PHP AND MYSQL

Basics of PHP: Evaluation of PHP, Basic Syntax, Defining variable and constant, PHP Data type, Operator and Expression, Making Decisions, Doing Repetitive task with looping, Mixing Decisions and looping with HTML.

Functions: Defining a function, Call by value and Call by reference, Recursive function.

String Handling: Creating and accessing, String Searching and Replacing String, Formatting String, String Related Library functions.

Array: Anatomy of an Array, Index based and Associative array, Accessing array, Element Looping with Index based array, Looping with associative array.

Working with file and Directories: Understanding file and directory, Opening and closing a file, Copying, renaming and deleting a file, working with directories, Creating and deleting folder, File uploading and downloading.

MySQL: MySQL database connection, Creating a table with key constraints, dropping a table, adding, retrieving, updating data, deleting data, Performing additional queries (Joins and subqueries), Connecting to MySQL, Accessing MySQL using PHP, Querying MySQL database with PHP.

Unit X CYBER SECURITY

Cyber Crime: Introduction to Cyber Crime, Malware type, Kinds of Cyber Crime.

Cyber Security Techniques: Authentication, Encryption, Digital Signatures, Antivirus, Firewall, Steganography.

Password Management: Guidelines for Secure Password, Two Step verification, Generating Secure password, Using Password Manager, Enabling Two-step verification, Securing Computer using antivirus.

Cryptography: Symmetric cipher model, cryptographic system, substitution techniques, Caesar cipher, mono alphabetic ciphers, Hill ciphers, Transposition techniques, steganography, Data encryption standard, The strength of DES.

Attacks: Investigating DoS Attacks, Types of DoS Attacks, Classification of DoS Attacks, Techniques to Detect, DoS Attacks.74

SUBJECT : TELUGU SYLLABUS                                                      I                                                               II                                     III                         75   IV              V         .

  ;                                               VI                                                VII                                                   VIII                            76   IX                                                        X                             77

SUBJECT : MALAYALAM SYLLABUS

SUBJECT: MALAYALAM SYLLABUS Unit 1 മലയാളസാഹിത്യം പ്രാരംഭം മലയാളസാഹിത്യത്തിന്റെ പ്രാചീനകാലഘട്ടം മുത്ൽ പത്ിനഞ്ാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടുവന്റരയുള്ള സാഹിത്യപാരമ്പരയമാണ് പ്രാചീനസാഹിത്യം എന്ന ഭാഗത്ത് ഉൾന്റെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്്. വാന്റമാഴിൊട്ട്, പാട്ട്-മണിപ്രവാളസാഹിത്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവന്റയ മുൻനിർത്തി പൂർവ്വസാഹിത്യന്റത്ത മനസിലാക്കുക എന്നത്ാണ് ഈ ഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം. കർത്താവ്, കാലം, പ്രസ്ഥാനരീത്ി, സാഹിത്യപരമായും സാംസ് ാരികമായും ഉള്ള പ്രസ്ി എന്നിവ മന്ിലാക്കുക എന്ന ലക്ഷ്യും ം ഈ ഭാഗത്തിനുണ്ട്.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 1 വാന്റമാഴിസാഹിത്യം നാടടാടിൊട്ടുകൾ, നിർവ്വചനങ്ങൾ, പ്രടമയം, ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകൾ, ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകളിന്റല കീഴാളജീവിത്ം, വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകൾ, ഇവയുന്റട രൂപപരും ം സാമൂഹികും മായ പ്രടത്യകത്കൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ. അനുഷ് ഠാനഗാനസാഹിത്യും ം ടേവീടതാത്രങ്ങളം, വരവിളിടത്താറ്റങ്ങൾ, ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകളന്റട ചരിത്രം, അനുഷ്ഠാനപരമായ ധർമ്മങ്ങൾ, സാമൂഹിക - ചരിത്രപരാമർശങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ വിശകലനം ന്റചയ്യുക.

ജനകീയഗാനങ്ങൾ, വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകളന്റട ചരിത്രം, വിഭജനങ്ങൾ, വീരകഥാഗാനങ്ങൾ, സാമൂഹികപ്രസ്ി, കഥാസംഗ്രഹം, എന്നിവയിലൂന്റട വാന്റമാഴിപാരമ്പരയത്തിന്റല വടക്കൻപാട്ടുശാഖ പരിചയന്റെടുക. ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 2 പാട്ടും മണിപ്രവാള സാഹിത്യും ം രാമചരിത്ം, ത്ിരുനിഴൽമാല എന്നിവയുൾന്റെടുന്ന രണ്ടാം ഭാഗത്തിലൂന്റട പാട്ടുപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ഉത്ഭവവികാസപരിണാമങ്ങന്റള മന്ിലാക്കുക. വിശാലമായുള്ള പഠനമാണ് ലക്ഷ്യമാക്കുന്നത്്.

മലയാളത്തിന്റല ഏറ്റും ം പ്രാചീനകാവയമായ രാമചരിത്ത്തിന്റെ കർത്താവ്, കാലം, ചർച്ചകൾ, ഘടന, പ്രത്ിപാേയവിഷയത്തിന്റെ സാമൂഹികപ്രസ്ി, ഉൾന്റെടുന്ന പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം അത്ിന്റെ സവിടശഷത്കളം ,,ഭാഷാപരമായ പ്രടത്യകത്കൾ, എന്നിവ.78 കണ്ണശ്ശരാമായണം: പാട്ടുപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വികാസപരിണാമങ്ങൾ, ഭ്ിപ്രസ്ഥാനം, നിരണം കവികൾ, കാലം, കൃത്ികൾ, ഭാഷ, ഭാഷാ സാഹിത്യവികാസപദ്ധത്ിയിൽ നിരണം കവികളന്റട സംഭാവന, കാവയസംഗ്രഹം എന്നിവ.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 3 മണിപ്രവാളും ം മലയാളും ം ലീലാത്ിലകം, കണ്ണശ്ശരാമായണം, ഉണ്ണുനീലിസടേശം, എന്നിവയുന്റട ഏത്ാനം Cഭാhഗ ങ്ങ]ൾc nNbs¸SpഉIൾhന്റgപ്പn ടുത്തaWിയn{ ]hmfkmഭlാഷnXാyൈs¯നഷ¡ധpdചn¨�pw aebmന്റfമ`ാmഡ്യjൂbൾps S cമqണ]oിIപ്രcവWാളsസ¯ാഹ¡ിpത്dnയ¨ന്റത്തpw ക്കു െ[ിച്ചmcം Wbമpല≠യmാ¡ളഭpാ¶ഷpയു. ന്റടa Wn{രൂ]hപmീfക¯രണnsന്റâത്ത ക്കുkെzmി[ച്ചoം\ w aധ\ാÊരണneയുm¡ണ്ടpാIക്കു. വാന്‍ സഹായിക്കും. മണിപ്രവാള. ത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം മന്ിലാക്കുക.

െഫെന്‍സ് Unit 2

1. ന്റത്ക്കൻ കഥാഗാനങ്ങൾ : ത്ിക്കുെിശ്ശി ഗംഗാധരൻ ഇരുപത്ാംനുറ്റാണ്ട് മുത്ലുള്ള മലയാള കവിത്

2. ഉത്തരടകരളത്തിന്റല ടത്ാറ്റം പാട്ടുകൾ : എം.വി.വിഷ് ണുനമ്പുത്ിരി ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 1 വിലാപകാവയം - ഖണ്ഡകാവയങ്ങൾ - കാല്പനികത്യും മലയാള കവിത്യും -

3. ത്ിരുവർക്കാട്ടു ഭഗവത്ിടത്താറ്റം എം.വി.വിഷ്ണുനമ്പുത്ിരി അന്തസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പ്രണയും ം വിരഹും ം ആശാൻ കവിത്കളിൽ - ചങ്ങ�ഴയുന്റട കാവയൈശലി - ആധുനികപൂർവ കവിത് - എൻ. വി.കൃഷ്ണവാരയരുന്റട കവിത്കള്‍ -

4. വടക്കൻ പാട്ടുകൾ : (എഡ്യി.) രാഘവൻ പയ്യനാട് ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2

5. വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകളന്റട പണിയാല : എം.ആർ.രാഘവവാരിയർ ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം മലയാളകവിത്യും - കുരുടക്ഷ്ത്രം - അയ്യപ്പപ്പണിക്കർ - ആറ്റൂർ രവിവർമ്മ - ന്റക.ജി. ശങ്കരപ്പിള്ള - ബാലാമണിയമ്മ - സുഗത്കുമാരി - സച്ചിോനേൻ -

6. ഭാഷാച�ക്കൾ : ഉ�ർ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് - ഡ്യി.വിനയചന്ദ്രൻ - രാജലക്ഷ്മി പുതുകവിത്യും ഭാും കത്വും ം - പി.പി. രാമചന്ദ്രൻ - െഫീഖ് അഹമ്മേ് - എസ്. ടജാസഫ്-

7. ടകരളഭാഷയുന്റട വികാസപരിണാമങ്ങൾ: ഇളംകുളം കുഞ്ഞൻപിള്ള പി.രാമൻ - ആശാലത് - വി.എം. ഗിരിജ - അൻവർ അലി - അനിത് ത്മ്പി - എം.ബി. മടനാജ്

8. മഹിളാളി മഹാസ് പേം : ന്റവളത്താട്ട് ടകശവൻ ആധുനിടകാത്തര കവിത് - േലിത്് - ടഗാത്രകവിത് - കടൽക്കവിത് - ൈസബർ കവിത് -

9. നമ്പയാർത്മിഴ്: പി.ന്റക സുമത്ികുട്ടി ന്റപായട്രി ഇൻസ്റ്റടലഷൻ - എസ്. കടലഷ് - എം.ആർ. വിഷ്ണുപ്രസാേ് - വിജില - ആർ. സംഗീത് - സുകുമാരൻ ചാലിഗദ്ധ - അടശാകൻ മെയൂർ - സുധീഷ് ടകാടട്ടമ്പ്രം - ഒ . അരുൺ കുമാർ - കളത്തെ ടഗാപൻ - ബി.എസ്. രാജീവ് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കള്‍ സമകാലിക കവിത്കളന്റട ഉോഹരണമായി സവീകരിക്കാം.

Unit 3 കഥാസാഹിത്യം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 ന്റചറുകഥ - ആേയകാലും ം നടവാത്ഥാനും ം - നാടടാടി കഥാപാരമ്പരയം - ടവേകഥകൾ - ജാത്കകഥകൾ - പഞ്ത്ന്ത്രം - പാശ്ചാത്യന്റചറുകഥകളന്റട സവാധീനം - ആേയകാല മലയാള ന്റചറുകഥകൾ - ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട സുവർണേശ - കാൽപ്പനികത്യും െിയലിസും ം മാർക്സിസും ം മലയാളന്റചറുകഥയും - പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2 ന്റചറുകഥയും ആധുനികത്യും - വയ്ിയും മനസും - ടബാധധാര പ്രസ്ഥാനം - നാഗരികത് – – – - പ്രവാസം - അതിത്വവയഥ ആധുനികത്ാവാേം ഏകാന്തത് നായകസങ്കല്‍പ്പ്പം.Unit 2 ഇരുപത്ാംനുറ്റാണ്ട് മുത്ലുള്ള മലയാള കവിത് ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 1 വിലാപകാവയം - ഖണ്ഡകാവയങ്ങൾ - കാല്പനികത്യും മലയാള കവിത്യും - അന്തസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പ്രണയും ം വിരഹും ം ആശാൻ കവിത്കളിൽ - ചങ്ങ�ഴയുന്റട കാവയനശലി - ആധുനികപൂർവ കവിത് - എൻ. വി.കൃഷ്ണവാരയരുന്റട കവിത്കള്‍ - ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2 ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം മലയാളകവിത്യും - കുരുടക്ഷ്ത്രം - അയ്യെെണിക്കർ - ആറ്റൂർ രവിവർമ്മ - ന്റക.ജി. ശങ്കരെിള്ള - ബാലാമണിയമ്മ - സുഗത്കുമാരി - സച്ചിോനേൻ - ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് - ഡ്യി.വിനയചന്ദ്രൻ - രാജലക്ഷ്മി പുതുകവിത്യും ഭാും കത്വും ം - പി.പി. രാമചന്ദ്രൻ - െഫീഖ് അഹമ്മേ് - എസ്. ടജാസഫ്- പി.രാമൻ - ആശാലത് - വി.എം. ഗിരിജ - അൻവർ അലി - അനിത് ത്മ്പി - എം.ബി.

മടനാജ് ആധുനിടകാത്തര കവിത് - േലിത്് - ടഗാത്രകവിത് - കടൽക്കവിത് - നസബർ കവിത് - ന്റപായട്രി ഇൻസ്റ്റടലഷൻ - എസ്. കടലഷ് - എം.ആർ. വിഷ്ണുപ്രസാേ് - വിജില - ആർ. സംഗീത് - സുകുമാരൻ ചാലിഗദ്ധ - അടശാകൻ മെയൂർ - സുധീഷ് ടകാടട്ടമ്പ്രം - ഒ .

അരുൺ കുമാർ - കളത്തെ ടഗാപൻ - ബി.എസ്. രാജീവ് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കള്‍ സമകാലിക കവിത്കളന്റട ഉോഹരണമായി 7സ9വീകരിക്കാം.

Unit 3 കഥാസാഹിത്യം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 ന്റചറുകഥ - ആേയകാലും ം നടവാത്ഥാനും ം - നാടടാടി കഥാപാരമ്പരയം - ടവേകഥകൾ - ജാത്കകഥകൾ - പഞ്ത്ന്ത്രം - പാശ്ചാത്യന്റചറുകഥകളന്റട സവാധീനം - ആേയകാല മലയാള ന്റചറുകഥകൾ - ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട സുവർണേശ - കാൽെനികത്യും െിയലിസും ം മാർക്സിസും ം മലയാളന്റചറുകഥയും - പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2 ന്റചറുകഥയും ആധുനികത്യും - വയ്ിയും മനസും - ടബാധധാര പ്രസ്ഥാനം - നാഗരികത് – – – - പ്രവാസം - അതിത്വവയഥ ആധുനികത്ാവാേം ഏകാന്തത് നായകസങ്കല്‍പ്െം. ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3 ന്റചറുകഥ: ആധുനികത്യും ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും രാഷ്ട്രീയാധുനികത് - പരീക്ഷ്ണസവഭാവം - ത്ീവ്രഇടതുപക്ഷ്ം - പരിസ്ഥിത്ി - സ്ത്രീ ആഖയാനങ്ങൾ ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 4 ആധുനിടകാത്തരകഥകളം സമകാലികത്യും - മാധയമസവാധീനം - ശരീരരാഷ്ട്രീയം - സത്യാനന്തരകാല സങ്കല്പങ്ങളം ന്റചറുകഥയും - നസബർ സവാധീനം - ടസാഷയൽ – മീഡ്യിയ ആഖയാനങ്ങളം ന്റചറുകഥയും ടൊഡ്യ് മൂവി ആഖയാനങ്ങള്‍ - വിഷവല്‍പ് ആഖയാനങ്ങള്‍.

െഫെൻസ് ന്റചറുകഥ ഇന്നന്റല ഇന്ന് - എം. അച്ചത്ൻ കഥ ആഖയാനും ം അനുഭവസത്തയും - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട ചേസ് : വി. രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ കഥാന്തരം- വി.ആർ. സുധീഷ് കഥയും ഭാും കത്വപരിണാമും ം - ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ ന്റചറുകഥാ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - എം.പി.ടപാൾ കഥയും പരിസ്ഥിത്ിയും - ജി. മധുസൂേനൻ ആേയകാല കഥകൾ - ( എഡ്യി) ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ കഥാന്തരങ്ങൾ - പി.ന്റക. രാജടശഖരൻ കഥയും ഫാെസിയും - വൽസലൻ വാതുടശ്ശരി കഥ കാലം ടപാന്റല - എൻ. ശശിധരൻ ആഖയാനത്തിന്റെ അടരുകൾ - ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ80 Unit 4 ദൃശയകലയും സാഹിത്യും ം ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 1.

ടകരളത്തിന്റെ നാടടാടിനാടകപാരമ്പരയന്റത്തയും അത്ിന്റെ സാഹിത്യന്റത്തയും അനുഷ്ഠാനപരമായ വിവിധ കലാരൂപങ്ങന്റളയും പരിചയന്റെടു�കയാണ് ഇവിന്റട ലക്ഷ്യം. പടടനി പുലിക്കളി, പൂരക്കളി, ന്റത്യ്യം, മുടിടയറ്റ്, ന്റപാട്ടനാടകം ന്റപാൊട്ട്, koX¡fn, സീത്കളി, ചവിട്ടുനാടകം, ഒെന തുടങ്ങിയവയുന്റട സാമാനയപരിടശാധന ഇവിന്റട ഉണ്ടാവണം.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 2 കൂടിയാട്ടം, കഥകളി, ഓട്ടൻതുള്ളൽ തുടങ്ങിയ കലാരൂപങ്ങളന്റടയും അവയുന്റട സാഹിത്യത്തിന്റെയും സവിടശഷത്കൾ ഇവിന്റട പരിചയന്റെടുത്തണം. ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 3 മലയാളനാടകത്തിന്റെ ആവിർഭാവും ം വികാസും ം പരിചയന്റെടു�ന്ന യൂണിറ്റാണിത്്.

ആേയകാല പരിഭാഷകൾ, ത്മിഴ് സംഗീത്നാടകങ്ങൾ, പ്രഹസനങ്ങൾ, പ്രശ്നനാടകങ്ങൾ, ന്റക. പി. Fഎ.സkിn എന്നിവയുന്റടയും മറ്റം സാമൂഹികരാഷ്ട്രീയ നാടകങ്ങൾ. ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 4 മലയാളത്തിന്റല രംഗകലാമണ്ഡലത്തിലുണ്ടായ ശ്മായ പരിവർത്തനനങ്ങളന്റടയും അവയുന്റട സാഹിത്യന്റത്തയും പരിചയന്റെടു�ന്ന യൂണിറ്റ് ആണിത്്. പരീക്ഷ്ണ നാടകങ്ങൾ , സ്ത്രീപക്ഷ് നാടകനങ്ങൾ, ഏകാങ്ക നാടകങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ , ,81 , Unit 6 മലയാളനിരൂപണം Unit 6 ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 മലയാളനിരൂപണം ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം - ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം - നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം - വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട – ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ.

നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം - – ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ. ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2 പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2 ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം - പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം - ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി - എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം.

ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി - കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം. ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3 ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം - ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3 ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം - – മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ - ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട – ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ – മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ - ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ.

– ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ. ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4 ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4 വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ - ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ -Unit 6 മലയാളനിരൂപണം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം - വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം - – ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ.

ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2 പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം - എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി - 82 കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം.

ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3 ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം - ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട – മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ - – ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4 ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ -83 Unit 8 വയാകരണും ം ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രും ം ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 1 വാകയം- കര്‍ത്തരിപ്രടയാഗം- കര്‍മണിപ്രടയാഗം- വയാടക്ഷ്പകം- ഈണം- നാമം- നാമവര്‍ഗീകരണം- നാമവിടശഷണം- സര്‍വനാമം- സര്‍വനാമവര്‍ഗീകരണം- ക്രിയ- ക്രിയാവര്‍ഗീകരണം- ടകവലം- പ്രടയാജകം- അകര്‍മകം- സകര്‍മകം- പൂര്‍ണക്രിയ- അപൂര്‍ണക്രിയ- കാരിത്ം- അകാരിത്ം- വിനന്റയച്ചം- മുന്‍-പിന്‍-നടു-ത്ന്‍-പാക്ഷ്ികവിന ന്റയച്ചരൂപങ്ങള്‍. ടപരച്ചം- പ്രകാരം- പ്രകാരവര്‍ഗീകരണം- സംടയാജികക്രിയ- സഹായ – ക്രിയ- നിടഷധക്രിയാരൂപവത്ക്ക്കരണം സമാസം.

ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 2 സവനവിജ്ഞാനം- സവനിമവിജ്ഞാനം- രൂപിമവിജ്ഞാനം- അര്‍ഥവിചാരം- വാകയഘടന- ടചാംസ്ക ിയന്‍ വാകയവിചാരം- പ്രയു്ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- നധഷണിക ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- സാമൂഹികഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- ഹരിത്ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- വിമര്‍ശനാത്മകവയവഹാരപഗ്രഥനം.

Unit 9 െഫെന്‍സ് സാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തും ം സൗേരയശാസ്ത്രും ം

1. ടകാും ണ്ണി ന്റനടുങ്ങാടി - ടകരളകൗമുേി 2ന്റ.മ ന്റാഡ്യഹൂർള്‍മൻ 1 ഗു ണ്ടർട്ട് - മലയാളഭാഷാവയാകരണം, ഡ്യി.സി.ബുക്സ ് പൗരതയകാവയസിദ്ധാന്തം- കാവയം- കവി- കാവയപ്രടയാജനം- കാവയടഹതുക്കള്‍-

3. ശബ്ദസൗഭഗം - ടജാൺ കുന്നെിള്ളി അലങ്കാരം- രീത്ിേര്‍ശനം- ധവനിസിദ്ധാന്തം- രസസിദ്ധാന്തം. ത്ിണസിദ്ധാന്തം.

4. പാച്ചമൂത്തത്് - ടകരളഭാഷാവയാകരണം ന്റമാഡ്യൂള്‍ 2 പാശ്ചാത്യസിദ്ധാന്തം- പ്ലാടറ്റാ-അരിസ് ടറ്റാട്ടില്‍പ്- ടലാംഗനീസ്- ടവര്‍ഡ്യ് സവവര്‍ത്തി-

5. ടജാർജ് മാത്തൻ മലയാഴ് മയുന്റട വയാകരണം ടകാള്‍െിഡ്ജ്- മാത്ു ആര്‍ടനാള്‍ഡ്യ്- ടടാള്‍സ് ടറ്റായി- ടി. എസ്. എലിയറ്റ്- ഐ. എ. െിച്ചാര്‍ഡ്യ് സ്. –

6. എ.ആർ.രാജരാജവർമ്മ ടകരളപാണിനീയം 7ന്റ.മ ടാശഡ്യഷൂള്‍ഗ ി3ര ിപ്രഭു - വയാകരണമിത്രം നശലീവിജ്ഞാനം- ഘടനാവാേം- അപനിര്‍മാണം- പരിസ്ഥിത്ിസൗേരയശാസ്ത്രം

8. നകരളിശബ്ദാനുശാസനം - ന്റക.സുകുമാരപിള്ള

9. സി.എൽ.ആെണി - ടകരളപാണിനീയഭാഷയം െഫെന്‍സ്

1. ഭാരത്ീയസാഹിത്യേർശനം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി

2. സാഹിത്യമീമാംസ ത്ാരത്മയപരിടപ്രക്ഷ്യം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി

3. രീത്ിേർശനം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി

4. ഭാരത്ീയകാവയശാസ്ത്രം - ടി. ഭാസ് രൻ

5. ഭാരത്ീയസാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ - ന്റനേിക്കൽ മുരളീധരൻ

6. ഇന്തയൻ സാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ - അയ്യെെണിക്കർ

7. ത്ിണസിദ്ധാന്തം ചരിത്രും ം വർത്തമാനും ം - ശ്രീധരൻ അഷ്ടമൂർത്തി

8. സംസ്കൃത്സാഹിത്യവിമർശനം - എൻ.പി.പി.ഉണിത്തിരി

9. ഭാഷാഭൂഷണം - എ.ആർ.രാജരാജവർമ്മ

10. സാഹിത്യഭൂഷണം - എ. ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മ84 Unit 10 ടകരളസംസ്ാരം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1 ടകരളചരിത്രപഠനം - ടകരളചരിത്രവിജ്ഞാനീയം - ബഹുജന ചരിത്രത്തിന്റെ വഴികൾ - ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രും ം kസംwസ്ക്കkാvIരmരൂccപq]ീകoIരണcWും hം p-w സംഘകാലം - കൃഷി - സമ്പേ് വയവസ്ഥ - ആചാരാനുഷ്ഠാനങ്ങൾ - സാഹിത്യം - ഐന്തിണകൾ- ദ്രാവിഡ്യമത്ം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2 വിവിധ മത്ങ്ങളം വിശവാസധാരകളം - ബുദ്ധമത്ം - നജനമത്ം - ഹിന്ദുമത്ം- ക്രിസ്തുമത്ം - ഇസ്ാംമത്ം - ഭ്ിപ്രസ്ഥാനം - മത്ങ്ങളം സാഹിത്യും ം - കലയും വയത്യത മത്ങ്ങളം - ടക്ഷ്ത്രങ്ങൾ - പള്ളികൾ - ബുദ്ധവിഹാരങ്ങൾ - കലയും വാസ്തുവിേയയും - മത്സൗഹാർദ്ദത്തിന്റെ സൂചനകൾ - സംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - ഉേയംടപരൂർ സൂനഹടോസ് - കൂനൻ കുരിശു സത്യം – _ബuൗ²ദ്ധkസwംkസ്ക്കvIാരmത്തc¯ിന്റnെsâ ആടേശും ം sനslഹµേhവkസwംkസ്ക്കIvാരmcും hം pw- - വയത്യതങ്ങളായ ോർശനികവഴികൾ - ചാർവാകം- നശവം - നവഷ്ണവം - അനേവത്ും ം പിൽക്കാല സംവാേങ്ങളം ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3 രാജവംശങ്ങളം അധികാരും ം - ടചര -ടചാള- പാണ്ഡയസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പി.ന്റക.

ബാലകൃഷ്ണന്റെ ചരിത്ര വീക്ഷ്ണം - ന്റകാേവർഷം - ന്റപരുമാൾ വാഴ്ച - ശാസനങ്ങൾ - ന്റചടെട് എന്നിവയിന്റല സംസ്ക്കാര വീക്ഷ്ണം - ടക്ഷ്ത്രടകന്ദ്രിത് അധികാരും ം kwkvImc – ആരയവൽക്കരണും ം ജന്മിത്തത്തിന്റെ ഉേയം - ടേവസവം - ബ്രഹ്മസവം - കച്ചങ്ങൾ - സാമൂത്ിരി - ന്റകാച്ചിരാജവംശം - മാമാങ്കം - ടരവത്ി പട്ടത്താനം - സംഗീത്- ോർശനിക - സാഹിത്യ ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ - ലാസിക്കൽ കലകളന്റട വികാസം - രാമനാട്ടം - കൃഷ്ണനാട്ടം - കഥകളി - തുള്ളൽ - ഇവയുന്റട സാഹിത്യരൂപങ്ങൾ - ടഫാക് കലകളന്റട നവവിധയങ്ങൾ - ന്റത്യ്യം - പടയണി - ന്റപാൊട്ട് നാടകം - കാക്കാരശ്ശി നാടകം - നാടടാടിൊട്ടുകൾ85 ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 4 നവടേശികാധിപത്യും ം അധികാര ബന്ധങ്ങളം - ടപാർച്ചഗീസ് - ഫ്രഞ്് - ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് അധിനിടവശങ്ങൾ - ആേയകാല കച്ചവടടകന്ദ്രങ്ങൾ - തുെമുഖങ്ങൾ - കെൽസഞ്ാരം - മത്പരിവർത്തനം - അടിമത്തം - അടിമവയാപാരം - നാട്ടുരാജയങ്ങൾ ത്മ്മിലുള്ള സംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - നികുത്ിവയവസ്ഥ - ആധുനികരണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ സൂചനകൾ - അച്ചടിയും ആധുനികത്യും - ഗേയസാഹിത്യത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വികാസം - ശാസ്ത്രം -യു്ി - മാധയമവയാപനം - ജാത്ിയും സാമൂഹികരൂപീകരണും ം - നവടേശികടമധാവിത്വത്തിന്റനത്ിന്റരയുള്ള പ്രത്ിടഷധങ്ങൾ - കീഴാളസമുോയങ്ങളന്റട നിലപാടുകൾ - ടഹാർത്തുസ് മലബാെിക്കസ് - മിഷണെി ആധുനികത് ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 5 സാമൂഹികപരിവർത്തങ്ങളം ജനാധിപത്യടകരളും ം - ടകരളീയനടവാത്ഥാനം - സാമൂഹയ ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡Ä പരിഷ്ക്കർത്താക്കൾ - നവകുണ് ഠ സവാമികളം സമത്വസമാജും ം - ശ്രീനാരായണഗുരു- അയ്യൻകാളി - ന്റപായ്കയിൽ അെച്ചൻ - ബ്രഹ്മാനേ ശിവടയാഗി - ചട്ടമ്പിസവാമികൾ - വി.ടി.ഭട്ടത്ിരിൊട് - പണ്ഡിറ്റ് ന്റക.പി. കറുെൻ - സടഹാേരൻ അയ്യെൻ - ന്റക.പി.

വടള്ളാൻ - നവക്കം സത്യാഗ്രഹം - ഗുരുവായൂർ സത്യാഗ്രഹം - ടക്ഷ്ത്രപ്രടവശന വിളംബരം - ഐകയടകരളന്റമന്ന ആശയം ടകരളെിെവി - സാഹിത്യ- സാമൂഹിക പ്രസ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ - ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ സംഘം- നലബ്രെി പ്രസ്ഥാനം - പത്ര - മാസികകളന്റട വികാസം - സാംസ്ാരികസ്ഥാപനങ്ങൾ - ഭാഷാടപാഷിണി സഭ - സമതടകരള സാഹിത്യപരിഷത്ത് - ജനാധിപത്യടകരളും ം സാംസ്ക്കാരിക പരിവർത്തനങ്ങളം - kmwkvImcnI ആേയകാല സർക്കാറുകൾ - ബില്ലുകളം സാമൂഹയ പ്രത്യാഘാത്ങ്ങളം െഫെൻസ് ടകരളത്തിന്റെ ഇന്നന്റലകൾ - ന്റക.എൻ. ഗടണഷ് ടകരള സംസ്ാരം - എ. ശ്രീധരടമടനാൻ ടകരളത്തിന്റെ സാംസ്ാരികചരിത്രം - പി.ന്റക. ടഗാപാലകൃഷ്ണൻ അടിമടകരളത്തിന്റെ അദൃശയചരിത്രം - വിനിൽ ടപാൾ86 Syllabus for the Competetive W ritten Examination for

SUBJECT : URDU Recruitement of Post Graduate Teacher in Tamil Nadu SchooSl YEdLuLcAaBtiUonS

SUBJECT: URDU (PG Level) UNIT-1 Forms of Urdu Poetry 1 2 � � 3 187 UNIT-2 Urdu Nazm 1 2 3 UNIT-3 UrduGhazal 1 2 3 2UUNNIITT--22 UUrrdduuNNaazzmm 11 22 33 UUNNIITT--33 UUrrdduuGGhhaazzaall 11 22 33 88 UNIT-4 Dastan aur Drama 1 22 2 3 4 5 6 UNIT-5 Urdu Non-fiction Literature 1 2 - 3 4 389 UNIT-6 Tareekh-e-Adab-e-Urdu 1 2 3 4 � � سا روا � � سا روا � � سا روا UNIT-7 Urdu Essay Writing 1 2 :

3 4 - 490 - UNIT -8 Urdu Novel 1 2 3 UNIT -9 Urdu Short Stories 1 2 3 (لفا) (ب) (ج) (د) (ھ) 591 UNIT -10 Urdu Literature of Tamilnadu 1 2 3 692

SUBJECT : ARABIC SYLLABUS93949596 S. MADUMATHI, Secretary to Government.

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