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© [Regd. No. TN/CCN/467/2012-14.
GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU [R. Dis. No. 197/2009.
2024 [Price: Rs. 38.40 Paise.
TAMIL NADU
GOVERNMENT GAZETTE
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
No. 42A] CHENNAI, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2024
Aippasi 6, Kurothi, Thiruvalluvar Aandu–2055
Part II—Section 2
(Supplement)
NOTIFICATIONS BY GOVERNMENT
பள்ளிக் கல்வித் ்துறை
No. II(2)/SE/1030/2024.
[பள்ளிக்கல்வி –ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு வாரியம் – முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர்
நிறை-1 பணியிடஙகளுக்கு ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு வாரியம் மூைம் தநரடி நியமன தபாட்டித் தேர்வு நடத்ே மாறறியறமக்கபபட்ட
முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் பாடஙகளுக்கான பாடத்திட்டத்றே (Syllabus) அரசிேழில் வவளியிடுேல் ஆறை வவளிடயிடபபடுகிைது.]
கீழக்கணட அரசாறை வவளியிடபபடுகிைது:-
[அரசாறை (நிறை) எண.219, பள்ளிக் கல்வி (ஆதேவா)த் துறை, 3 அக்தடாபர் 2024,
புரட்டாசி 17, குதராதி, திருவள்ளுவர் ஆணடு-2055.]
படிக்கபபட்டது:-
பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநரின் ந.க எண.074007/டபிள்யு3/இ3/2023, நாள்: 20.08.2024
ஆறை: எண, 219, பள்ளிக் கல்வி (ஆதேவா)த் துறை, நாள்: 3 அக்தடாபர் 2024.
தமதை படிக்கபபட்ட கடிேத்தில், பள்ளிக் கல்வி இயக்குநர், முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர்
நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1 பணியிடஙகளுக்கான தநரடி நியமனம் வசயய தபாட்டித் தேர்வு
நடத்துவேறகு அரசிேழில் வவளியிடபபட்ட பாட வாரியான புதிய பாடத்திட்டஙகள் அனுபபுமாறு ஆசிரியர் தேர்வு
வாரிய ேறைவர் தகாரியுள்்ளோகவும், அேனடிபபறடயில் மாநிை ஆசிரியர் கல்வியியல் ஆராயச்சி மறறும் பயிறசி
நிறுவனத்தின் மூைம் பாட வல்லுநர்கற்ளக் வகாணடு உருவாக்கபபட்ட முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர்
நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus), தபாட்டித் தேர்வுக்கான சிறுபான்றம
வமாழிக்ளான உருது, அராபிக், வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப பாடத்திட்டம் (Language
Syllabus) ேமிழநாடு மாநிை வபாதுபபள்ளி கல்வி வாரியத்தின் ஒபபுேலுடன் வபைபபட்டுள்்ளது எனத் வேரிவித்துள்்ளார்.
2 எனதவ, முதுகறை ஆசிரியர் உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர்
நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus), தபாட்டி தேர்வுக்கான சிறுபான்றம வமாழிக்ளான உருது அராபிக்,
வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப பாடத்திட்டத்திறன (Language Syllabus)
அரசிேழில் வவளியிடுமாறு பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநர் தகாரியுள்்ளார். (பாடத்திட்டத்திறன இறைபபில் காைைாம்.
3. பள்ளிக்கல்வி இயக்குநரின் கருத்துருவிறன நன்கு பரிசீைறன வசயே அரசு, அேறன ஏறறு, முதுகறை
ஆசிரியர் / உடறகல்வி இயக்குநர் நிறை-1 மறறும் கணினி பயிறறுநர் நிறை-1க்கான பாடத்திட்டம் (Syllabus)
மறறும் சிறுபான்றம வமாழிக்ளான உருது, அராபிக், வேலுஙகு மறறும் மறையா்ளம் ஆகிய பாடஙகளுக்கான வமாழிப
பாடத்திட்டத்திறன (Language Syllabus) இவவரசாறையின் இறைபபில் காணும் ேமிழநாடு மாநிை வபாதுபபள்ளி
கல்வி வாரியத்தின் ஒபபுேல் வபைபபட்ட பாடத்திட்டத்திறன அரசிேழில் வவளியிட அனுமதி அளித்து ஆறையிடுகிைது.
(ஆளுநரின் ஆறைபபடி)
D.T.P.—II-2—Sup. (42A)—1 [ 1 ]2
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
DIRECT RECRUITMENT FOR THE
POST OF POST GRADUATE ASSISTANTS /
PHYSICAL EDUCATION DIRECTORS – GRADE-I
SYLLABUS
2024-2025
State Council of Educational Research and Training
pTohssee wssis eall Chennai - 600 006.3
CONTENTS
S.No. Subjects Page No.
1. Tamil 4
2. English 6
3. Mathematics 11
4. Physics 15
5. Chemistry 19
6. Botany 28
7. Zoology 36
8. History 45
9. Geography 49
10. Commerce & Accountancy 55
11. Economics 59
12. Physical Education 63
13. Political Science 66
14. Computer Science 69
15. Telugu 74
16. Malayalam 77
17. Urdu 86
18. Arabic 924
SUBJECT :
தமிழ்
SYLLABUS
அலகு 1 மொ�ொழி வரலொறு
திராவிட மொ�ாழிகள், தமிழமொ�ாழியின் மொதான்்ம�, தமிழமொ�ாழியின்
தனித்தன்்ம�, தமிழின் கி்மைமொ�ாழிகள், தமிழும் உலகச்
மொெம்மொ�ாழிகளும், பு்மதமொ�ாருள் ஆய்வு, �ண்�ாட்டுப் �ரவல்.
அலகு 2 சங்்க இலக்கியமும், சங்்கம் �ருவிய ்கொல இலக்கியமும்
எட்டுத்மொதா்மக, �த்துப்�ாட்டு, �திமொெண்கீழ்க்கண்க்கு நூல்கள்,
இவற்றின் காலம், மொதாகுப்புமு்மை, �ாடுமொ�ாருள், அகநூல்கள்,
புைநூல்கள், அகப்புை நூல்கள், அை நூல்களின் சிைப்புகள்.
அலகு 3 ்கொப்பியங்்கள்
ஐம்மொ�ருங்காப்பியங்கள், ஐஞ்சிறுகாப்பியங்கள், புராணங்கள்,
பிற்கால்க் காப்பியங்கள், கம்�ரா�ாயணம், மொ�ரியபுராணம்,
நைமொவண்�ா, ததம்�ாவணி, இரட்ெணிய யாத்திரிகம், சீைாப்புராணம், இதயசு
காவியம். இவற்றின் காலம், ஆசிரியர் வரலாறு, நூலின் ்ம�யப் மொ�ாருள்,
�திப்புகள், உ்மரகள்.
அலகு 4 பக்தி இலக்கியம்
�ன்னிரு திருமு்மைகள், நாலாயிர திவ்விய பிர�ந்தம், இவற்றின்
அ்ம�ப்பு, ஆசிரியர்கள் வரலாறு, �திப்புகள், உ்மரகள்.
சித்தர் பொடல்்கள்:
தாயு�ாெவர், �ட்டிெத்தார், அருணகிரிநாதர், வள்ைலார் ஆகிதயார்
�்மடப்புகள்.
அலகு 5 சிற்றிலக்கியம்
96 வக்கச் சிற்றிலக்கியங்்கள் அறிமு்கம்:
கலம்�கம், உலா, தூது, பிள்்மைத்தமிழ, குைவஞ்சி, �ரணி, �ள்ளு
இவற்றின் அ்ம�ப்பு, ஆசிரியர் வரலாறு, காலம், சிைப்பு்க் கூறுகள்.
தனிப் பொடல்்கள்:
காைத�கப் புலவர், ஒை்மவயார், கம்�ர், இரா�ச்ெந்திர்க் கவிராயர்,
�ல�ட்ட்மட மொொ்க்கநாதப் புலவர்.
அலகு 6 இக்்கொல இலக்கியம்
்கவிகத:
�ாரதியார், கவி�ணி ததசிக விநாயகொர், �ாரதிதாென், முடியரென்,
சுரதா, நா�்க்கல் கவிஞர் மொவ.இரா�லிங்கொர், �ட்டு்க்தகாட்்மட
கல்யாணசுந்தரம், உடு�்மல நாராயணகவி, கண்ணதாென்,
�ருதகாசி, வாலி, அப்துல் ரகு�ான், ஈதராடு தமிழன்�ன், மு.த�த்தா,
்மவரமுத்து, சிற்பி, மீரா, பிரமிள், இன்குலாப், இரா.மீொட்சி –
�்மடப்புகள்.
சிறு்ககத:
வ.தவ.சு.ஐயர், புது்ம�ப்பித்தன், மொ�ைனி, பி.எஸ்.ரா்ம�யா,
கு.அழகிரிொமி, வல்லி்க்கண்ணன், கு.�.ராெதகா�ாலன், அகிலன்,
வண்ணதாென், ஆர்.சூடா�ணி, அம்்ம� – �்மடப்புகள்.5
புதினம்:
�ாயூரம் தவதநாயகம் பிள்்மை, இராஜம் ஐயர், அ.�ாத்மவயா,
கல்கி, மு.வரதராெொர், மொஜயகாந்தன், தி.ஜாெகிரா�ன்,
கி.ராஜநாராயணன், இராஜம் கிருஷ்ணன், இந்திரா �ார்த்தொரதி,
�ா�ா – �்மடப்புகள்.
நொட்கம்:
�தொன்�ணீயம் சுந்தரொர், ெங்கரதாஸ் சுவாமிகள், �ம்�ல் ெம்�ந்த
முதலியார், சி.என்.அண்ணாது்மர, க்மலஞர் மு.கருணாநிதி,
பி.எஸ்.இரா்ம�யா, ஆர்.எஸ்.�தொகர் �்மடப்புகள் – நவீெ நாடக
முயற்சிகள்.
விருது்கள்:
தமிழக அரசு, ஞாெபீடம் �ற்றும் ொகித்ய அகாமொதமி விருது மொ�ற்ை
�்மடப்புகள்.
அலகு 7 இலக்்கணம்
ஐந்தில்க்கணம் – எழுத்து, மொொல், மொ�ாருள் (அகப்மொ�ாருள்,
புைப்மொ�ாருள்), யாப்பு, அணி – �ாட்டியல் – புல்ம� இல்க்கணம் –
மொதால்காப்பியம், நன்னூல், யாப்�ருங்கலம், யாப்�ருங்கல்க்காரி்மக,
நம்பியகப் மொ�ாருள், புைப்மொ�ாருள் மொவண்�ா�ா்மல, தண்டியலங்காரம்.
அலகு 8 திறனொய்வு
திைொய்வு – விை்க்கம், வ்மரய்மை, �யன்கள், புதிய த�ா்க்குகள்.
வக்க்கள்:
�குப்பு மு்மை, விை்க்க மு்மை, �திப்பீட்டு மு்மை, ஒப்பீட்டு மு்மை,
�ாராட்டு மு்மை.
அணுகுமுகற்கள்:
அைவியல், ெமூகவியல், வரலாற்றியல், உைவியல், �ானிடவியல்,
தலித்தியம், மொ�ண்ணியம், அ்ம�ப்பியல்.
அலகு 9 நொட்டுப்புறவியல்
�ாடல்கள், க்மதகள், க்மதப்�ாடல்கள், �ழமொ�ாழிகள், விடுக்மதகள்,
வி்மையாட்டுகள், ெடங்குகள், நம்பி்க்்மககள், திருவிழா்க்கள்,
வழி�ாட்டு மு்மைகள்.
அலகு 10 தமிழோ�ொடு மொதொடர்புகடய பிற துகற்கள்
இதழகள், வாமொொலி, மொதா்மல்க்காட்சி, தி்மரப்�டங்கள்,
இ்மணயத்தமிழ, கணினித் தமிழ, அறிவியல் தமிழ, மொதால்லியல்.6
SUBJECT : ENGLISH
SYLLABUS
Unit I ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1400-1600
Poetry
Geoffrey Chaucer Prologue to the Canterbury Tales
(The Book of the Duchess Chapter only)
Edmund Spenser Prothalamion and Epithalamion
Sir Thomas Wyatt Remembrance
Prose
Bacon - Essays Of Truth, Of Friendship, Of Studies, Of Adversity,
Of Revenge and Of Ambition
Sir Philip Sydney An Apologie for Poetrie
The Bible The Book of Job
Drama
Christopher Marlowe Dr. Faustus
Thomas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy
Ben Jonson Every Man in His Humour
Unit II ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1601-1798
Poetry
John Milton Paradise Lost, Book – 1X
Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
John Donne The Canonization
Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock
John Dryden Absalom and Achitophel
Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Prose and Fiction
Samuel Johnson Life of Milton
Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels
John Bunyan The Pilgrim’s Progress
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe
Drama
John Dryden All for Love
Richard B. Sheridan The School for Scandal
William Congreve The Way of the World
Oliver Goldsmith She Stoops to Conquer7
Unit III ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM 1798-1850
Poetry
William Wordsworth Immortality, Tintern Abbey, The Prelude - Book-I
Samuel Coleridge Ode to Dejection, Kubla Khan
John Keats Ode to a Nightingale
Percy Bysshe Shelley Ozymandias, Adonais
Prose and Fiction
Charles Lamb Essays of Elia Christ’s Hospital,
The South Sea House,
Dream Children, New Year’s Eve
William Hazlitt My First Acquaintance with Poets
William Wordsworth Preface to Lyrical Ballads
Jane Austen Sense and Sensibility
Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights
Lyrical Drama
Percy Bysshe Shelley Prometheus Unbound
Unit IV LITERATURE FROM 1851 TO THE PRESENT DAY
Poetry
Mathew Arnold Dover Beach, The Scholar Gypsy
Robert Browning Andrea Del Sarto
Alfred Lord Tennyson Ulysses
W.B. Yeats Byzantium
T.S. Eliot The Waste Land
G.M. Hopkins God’s Grandeur
W.H. Auden The Unknown Citizen
Ted Hughes The Thought Fox
Prose and Fiction
Thomas Carlyle On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the
Heroic in History Lecture III- Shakespeare
Mathew Arnold The Study of Poetry
George Orwell You and the Atom Bomb
Charles Dickens Hard Times
George Eliot The Mill on the Floss
Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge
Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway8
Drama
John Osborne Look Back in Anger
Bertolt Brecht Mother Courage and Her Children
J.M. Synge Riders to the Sea
Caryl Churchill Top Girls
Unit V PLAYS AND SONNETS BY SHAKESPEARE
Drama
Othello, King Lear, The Tempest, Measure for Measure
Sonnets
18, 29,65, 104,106, 116, 129,130
Unit VI AMERICAN LITERATURE
Poetry
Walt Whitman Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
Anne Bradstreet Prologue
R.W. Emerson Brahma
Robert Frost Birches, Mending Wall
Paul Lawrence Dunbar The Sparrow
Maya Angelou I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
E.E. Cummings The Cambridge Ladies
Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Anti-Suffragists
Prose and Fiction
H.D. Thoreau Where I Lived and What I Lived For
R.W. Emerson The American Scholar
William Faulkner Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech
Toni Morrison Beloved
Jhumpa Lahiri The Namesake
Drama
Arthur Miller The Death of a Salesman
Eugene O’ Neil Emperor Jones
Tennessee Williams A Street Car Named Desire
Unit VII (A) INDIAN WRITING IN ENGLISH
Poetry
Rabindranath Tagore Gitanjali
Nissim Ezeikel Goodbye Party to Miss Pushpa
Toru Dutt Our Casuarina Tree
Kamala Das An Introduction
Sujatha Bhatt A Different History9
Prose and Fiction
Jawaharlal Nehru An Autobiography
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Annihilation of Caste
Mulk Raj Anand Coolie
Kamala Markandeya A Handful of Rice
Arundathi Roy The God of Small Things
Drama
Girish Karnad Hayavadana
Vijay Tendulkar Silence! The Court is in Session
Mahasweta Devi Rudali
Mahesh Dattani Dance like a Man
(B) COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE
Poetry
Kath Walker A Song of Hope
Banjo Patterson Waltzing Mathilda
Wole Soyinka The Telephone Conversation
E.J. Pratt The Dying Eagle
Judith Wright At Cooloolah
Abioseh Nicol The Meaning of Africa
A.D. Hope Australia
Prose and Fiction
Thomas King Godzilla Vs Post-Colonial
Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart
Alan Paton Cry, the Beloved Country
Patrick White Voss
Drama
Wole Soyinka The Lion and the Jewel
George Ryga The Ecstasy of Rita Joe
Jane Harrison Stolen
Unit VIII LITERARY CRITICISM
1. Aristotle Poetics
2. Dryden Essay of Dramatic Poesy
3. Coleridge Biographia Literaria Ch. XIV and Ch XVII
4. T. S. Eliot Metaphysical Poets
5. I. A. Richards Four Kinds of Meaning
6. William Empson The Seven Types of Ambiguity
7. Northrop Frye The Archetypes of Literature
8. Cleanth Brooks Irony as a Principle of Structure
9. Allen Tate Tension in Poetry
10. Elaine Showalter Towards a Feminist Poetics
11. Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex10
Unit IX LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS AND PEDAGOGY
History of English Language and its Growth
Indo – European Family and the Place of English language
Old, Middle and Modern English
Growth of Vocabulary from various Foreign Languages, Change in Meaning,
Influence of The Bible, Shakespeare, Milton and Dr. Johnson
Characteristics of Modern English, Spelling Reform and the English Lexicon
Linguistics
English Phonetics and Phonology (Vowels, Consonants and Diphthongs)
Morphology, Word formation and its different types
Semantics
Dialect & Idiolect
Grammar – Traditional, Transformational Generative
Grammar and Deep Structure
Applied Linguistics
English Language Teaching (ELT)
History of ELT
Second Language Acquisition
Designing Syllabus
Materials Production
Language Testing and Evaluation
UNIT X APPLICATION OF LANGUAGE SKILLS
Phrases, Synonyms, Antonyms, Prefix and Suffix, Tenses, Voice,
Parts of Speech, Homophones, Articles and Determiners, Identifying Sentence
Patterns, Compound Words, Figures of Speech, Identifying and Correcting
Errors, British and American English11
SUBJECT : MATHEMATICS
SYLLABUS
Unit I ALGEBRA
Groups – Examples – Cyclic Groups – Permutation Groups – Lagrange’s theorem –
Normal subgroups – Homomorphism – Cayley’s theorem – Cauchy’s theorem –
Sylow’s theorems – Finite Abelian Groups.
Rings – Integral Domain – Field – Ring Homomorphism – Ideals and Quotient
Rings – Field of Quotients of Integral domains – Euclidean Rings – Polynomial
Rings – Unique factorization domain.
Fields – Extension fields – Elements of Galois theory – Finite fields.
Vector Spaces – Linear independence of Bases – Dual spaces – Inner product
spaces – Linear transformations – Rank – Characteristic roots – Matrices –
Canonical forms – Diagonal forms – Triangular forms – Nilpotent transformations
– Jordan form – Quadratic forms and Classification – Hermitian, Unitary and
Normal transformations.
Unit II REAL ANALYSIS
Elementary set theory – Finite, countable and uncountable sets – Real number
system as a complete ordered field – Archimedean Property – Supremum,
infimum, Sequences and Series – Convergence – limit supremum – limit infimum
– The Bolzano – Weierstrass theorem – The Heine – Borel Covering theorem –
Continuity, Uniform Continuity, Differentiability – The Mean Value theorem for
derivatives – Sequences and Series of functions – Uniform convergence.
Riemann – Stieltjes integral: Definition and existence of the integral –
properties of the integral – Integral and Differentaition – Integration of vector
valued functions – Sequences and Series of functions: Uniform convergence –
Continuity, Integration and Differentiation.
Power series – Fourier series.
Functions of several variables – Directional derivative – Partial derivative –
derivative as a linear transformation – The Inverse function theorem and
The Implicit function theorem.12
Unit III TOPOLOGY
Topological spaces – Basis – The order Topology – The product Topology –
The subspace Topology – Closed sets and limit points.
Continuous functions – The box and product Topologies – The matrix Topology.
Connected spaces – Connected subspaces of the real line – Components and
local connectedness – compact spaces – Compact subspaces of the real line –
Limit point compactness – Local compactness.
Countability and separation Axioms – Normal spaces – The Urysohn Lemma –
The Urysohn metrization theorem – The Tietze extension theorem.
Unit IV COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Introduction to the concept of analytic function: Limits and continuity –
Analytic functions – Polynomials and rational functions – Elementary theory
of power series – Maclaurin’s series – Uniform convergence – Power series and
Abel’s limit theorem – Analytic functions as mapping – Conformality arcs and
Closed curves – Analytical functions in regions – Conformal mapping – Linear
transformations – the linear group, the cross ratio and symmetry.
Complex integration – Fundamental theorems – line integrals – rectifiable arcs –
line integrals as functions of arcs – Cauchy’s theorem for a rectangle – Cauchy’s
theorem in a Circular disc – Cauchy’s integral formula: The index of a point with
respect to a closed curve – The integral formula – Higher derivatives – Local
properties of Analytic functions and removable singularities – Taylor’s theorem
– Zeros and Poles – The local mapping – The maximum modulus Principle.
Unit V FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Banach Spaces – Definition and examples – Holder’s inequality and Minkowski’s
inequality – Continuous linear transformations – The Hahn-Banach theorem –
Natural imbedding of X in X** – The Open mapping and The Closed graph
theorem – Properties of conjugate of an operator.
Hilbert spaces – Orthonormal bases – Conjugate space H* – Adjoint of an
operator – Projections – Matrices – Basic operations of matrices – Determinant
of a matrix – Determinant and Spectrum of an operator – Spectral theorem for
operators on a finite dimensional Hilbert space – Regular and Singular elements
in a Banach Algebra – Topological divisor of zero – Spectrum of an element in a
Banach algebra – The formula for the spectral radius – Radical and semi-simplicity.13
Unit VI DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY
Curves in spaces – Serret – Frenet formulae – Locus of centers of curvature
– Spherical curvature – Intrinsic equations – Helices – Spherical Indicatrix
Surfaces – Curves on a surface – Surface of revolution – Helicoids – Gaussian
curvature – First and Second fundamental forms – Isometry – Meusnier’s theorem
– Euler’s theorem- lines of curvature – Dupin’s Indicatrix – Asymptotic lines –
Edge of regression – Developable surfaces associated to a curve – Geodesics –
Conjugate points on Geodesics.
Unit VII DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Ordinary Differential Equations
Linear differential equation with constant and variable co-efficients – Linear
dependence and independence – Wronskian – Non homogeneous equations of
order two and n – Initial value problems for nth order equations – Second order
equations with ordinary point and regular singular points – Legendre Equations
– Bessel’s equation – Hermite’s equation and their properties – Existence and
Uniqueness of solutions to first order equations – Exact equation – Lipschitz
condition – Non local existence of Solution – Approximation to Uniqueness of
solutions.
Partial Differential Equations
Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order Partial Differential
equations – Classification of Second order partial differential equations – General
solution of higher order partial differential equation with constant co-efficients
– Method of separation of variables for Laplace, Heat and Wave equations (upto
two dimensions only).
Unit VIII CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Classical Mechanics
Generalised Co-ordinates – Lagrange’s equations – Hamilton’s Canonical
equations – Hamilton’s principle – Principle of least action – Canonical
transformations – Differential forms and Generating functions – Lagrange and
Poisson brackets.
Numerical Analysis
Numerical solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations – Method of
iteration – Newton Raphson method – Rate of convergence – Solution of Linear
algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss – Seidel methods.
Finite differences – Lagrange, Hermite and Spline Interpolation, Numerical
differentiation and integration – Numerical solutions of Ordinary differential
equations using Picard, Euler, Modified Euler and Runge- Kutta methods.14
Unit IX OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Linear programming problem – Simplex Methods – Duality – Dual Simplex
Method – Revised Simplex Method – Integer Programming Problem – Dynamic
Programming – Non linear programming – Network Analysis – Directed Network
– Max Flow Min Cut theorem – Queuing theory – Steady State solutions of
M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting
space, M/G/1 models – Inventory models – Deterministic models with and
without shortages – Single Price break models.
Unit X PROBABILITY THEORY
Sample space – Discrete Probability – Independent events – Baye’s theorem –
Random variables and Distribution functions (Univariate and Multivariate) –
Expectation and Moments – Moment Generating function – Characteristic
functions and Cumulants – Independent Random variables – Marginal and
conditional distributions – Probability inequalities (Tchebyshev, Markov, Jensen) –
Modes of convergence, Weak and Strong laws of large numbers – Central limit
theorem (i.i.d case).
Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Normal, Exponential,
Gamma, Beta, Cauchy distributions – Standard Errors – Sampling distributions
of t, F and Chi square and their uses in tests of significance – ANOVA – Large
sample tests for mean and proportions.15
SUBJECT : PHYSICS
SYLLABUS
Unit I MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
Dimensional analysis: Differential equation (ordinary and partial) – order of
equation – Expressions for gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian – vector algebra
and vector calculus – Gauss divergence theorem – Green’s theorem – Stokes’
theorem. Matrix: Cayley – Hamilton theorem, inverse of matrix – Eigen values
and Eigen vectors. Polynomials: Hermite, Bessel and Legendre Functions. Special
function: Beta and Gamma functions. Probability: Elementary probability theory
– Random variables – Binomial – Poisson and Normal distribution. Complex
variables: Analytic functions – Singular points – Cauchy’s integral theorem and
formula -Taylor’s and Laurent’s expansions, poles, Calculus of residues and
evaluation of integrals. Integral transforms: Fourier series and Fourier transform
and their properties.
Unit II CLASSICAL MECHANICS
Mechanics of particles and systems of particles: Constraints and Generalized
coordinates, Law of conservation of Energy, Linear and Angular momentum,
Conservative and Non-Conservative systems, Degrees of freedom, Holonomic
– Nonholonomic – Scleronomic systems. Lagrangian Formalism: Lagrange
equations of motion – D’Alembert’s principle – Applications (Simple pendulum,
Atwood’s machine, Harmonic Oscillator, Electrical circuit). Hamiltonian
Formalism: Hamilton’s equation of motion – Cyclic co-ordinates – Hamilton’s
equation from variational principle, Principle of least action, Canonical
transformation, Liouville’s theorem. Rigid body Dynamics: Euler’s angles –
Moment of inertia tensor, Euler’s equation of motion – Symmetrical top, Special
theory of Relativity: Inertial and Non- inertial frames, Lorentz transformation,
Lorentz inverse transformation, Length contraction, Time dilation, Mass
invariance, Einstein’s mass-energy relation.
Unit III ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law – Gauss’s law and its application. Laplace and
Poisson’s equations. Magnetostatics: Biot Savart’s law – Ampere’s law – Magnetic
scalar and vector potentials – magnetic susceptibility – Equation of continuity
– Displacement current – Maxwell’s equations (free space and linear isotropic
media) – Electromagnetic waves – Poynting’s theorem – Dielectrics: Retarded
potentials – Polarization – Radiation from a linear antenna – Transmission lines
and Wave guides.16
Unit IV QUANTUM MECHANICS
Failures of Classical mechanics – Black body radiation – Wave and particle duality
– Postulates of Quantum mechanics – Wave function and properties – Expectation
values – Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – Schrodinger equations (time –
dependent and time- independent). Eigen value problems: Particle in a box (1D and
3D), Particle in a finite potential well & barrier, Tunnelling, Harmonic oscillator.
Operators: Ladder operators, Angular momentum operator, Hydrogen atom, spin
– Stern Gerlach experiment. Approximation methods: Variational principle, Time
independent (1st and 2nd order ) degenerate and non-degenerate perturbation theory
– Time-Dependent perturbation theory – Fermi’s golden rule, Identical particles.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanism: Pauli’s spin Matrices, Dirac and Klein Gordon
equation. Commutators. Scattering theory: Scattering cross-section, Scattering by a
central potential, Partial wave analysis, Breit-Wigner formula.
Unit V THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences – thermodynamic system
(closed and open) – thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric,
isobaric, isotropic) – cyclic process – thermodynamic potentials (U, S, G, H) –
relation between them. Specific heat – equation of state – intensive and extensive
variables – The P-V diagram – Carnot cycle and its efficiency – Entropy –
reversible and irreversible – T-S diagram – Equipartition theorem. Phase space
– micro and macrostates – Liouville’s theorem – ensembles – partition function
– classical (MB distribution) – Maxwell’s distribution of velocities – Kinetic
Theory of gases – Pressure exerted by gas – Mean free path – Mean – RMS
and most probable speed – and quantum (BE & FD distribution) statistics –
applications to black body radiation – Bose Einstein condensation.
Unit VI ATOMIC PHYSICS AND SPECTROSCOPY
Quantum states of an electron in an atom – Hydrogen atom spectrum – Electron
spin -Spin orbit coupling – Fine structure – Relativistic correction – Spectroscopic
terms and selection rules – Hyperfine structure – Exchange symmetry of wave
functions – Pauli’s exclusion principle – Hund’s rule – Periodic table – Alkali
type spectra – LS and JJ Coupling – Zeeman, Paschen – Back and Stark effects.
Principles of ESR, NMR, Chemical shift – Frank Condon principle – Born
Oppenheimer approximation – Electronic, rotational and vibrational spectra of
diatomic molecules, Selection rules.17
Unit VII SOLID STATE PHYSICS
Crystal Physics: Lattice, Crystal structures – Bravais lattices – Miller indices
– Reciprocal lattices – Lattice Dynamics: Monoatomic, diatomic lattices –
Theories of specific heat – Einstein’s and Debye’s model for lattice specific
heat. Classical free electron theory: Drude model – Thermal conductivity
– Wiedemann Franz law. Energy bands in solids: Energy bands in metals,
insulators and semiconductors, E-k diagram – Density of states – Brillouin zones
– Wave equation of electron in a Periodic potential. Semiconductor Physics:
Types of semiconductors – Mobility – Carrier concentration of charge carriers –
Bloch’s theorem – Kronig – Penney model. Dielectrics: Polarization Mechanism
– Clausius – Mossotti Equation – Piezo, Pyro and Ferroelectricity. Magnetism:
Dia, Para, Ferro, Anti-Ferro and Ferri magnetism. Superconductivity: Meissner
effect – Type I and Type II superconductivity – BCS theory – Josephson effect.
Unit VIII NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Nuclear properties (size, shape, charge distribution, spin and parity) – Binding
energy, Nuclear force – Liquid drop model – semi – empirical mass formula, Shell
model and Collective model – Deuteron, Ground state of deuteron – exicted state of
deuteron – Meson theory of nuclear force – Yukawa potentials – Elementary ideas
of alpha, beta and gamma decays – Radioactive decay – Fission, Fusion – Chain
reaction – Nuclear reactor. Elementary particles: Classification of elementary
particles, Fundamental interactions (EM, Strong, Weak, Gravitational) and their
quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.) – Gell-Mann-
Nishijima formula. Elementary particles – Classifications – Quark model, Baryons
and Mesons, Parity non-conservation in weak interaction.
Unit IX ELECTRONICS
Semiconducting devices: Diodes – Junction diode – Rectification – Zener diode
– Light Emitting Diode. Junction Transistors: common base, common emitter
and common collector configurations – Static characteristics – Transistors as
amplifier and oscillators – FET, JFET, MOSFET. IC: Fabrication technology,
Monolithic IC Processing. 555 Timer, Phase shift, Wien bridge oscillators.
Operational Amplifier (IC 741): Op-Amp characteristics, Inverting and
Non-inverting Amplifiers, Adder, Subtractor, Differentiator and Integrator. Digital
techniques and applications: Flip Flops, Registers – Counters. Digital integrated
circuits: Logic gates, NAND and NOR – Universal building blocks – Half and
Full adder. Communication Electronics: Modulation and Demodulation (AM, FM,
Phase), Transmitter and Receiver, Satellite and Fiber optic communication.18
Unit X EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Units and dimension of physical quantities – significant figures. Data interpretation
and analysis, precision and accuracy, error analysis, propagation of errors, Least
square fitting. Measurement of fundamental constants – e, h, c – Detection of
X-rays, gamma rays, Charged particles, neutrons. Ionization chamber –
proportional counter – Measurement of e/m ratio – Measurement of Hall
voltage, mobility and charge carrier concentration – measurement of resistance
and capacitance in series and parallel.19
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
SYLLABUS
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit I Chemical Periodicity: Modern periodic law – Periodicity in properties, the trend
in the atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential and electron affinity along the
period. Effective nuclear charge – Slater rules and its uses.
Structure and bonding in homo – and hetero-nuclear molecules, including
shapes of molecules. (VSEPR Theory): Linear combination of AOs in
hybridization, Stereochemistry of the hybrid orbitals, Calculation of s & p
characters of equivalence and non-equivalence of hybrid orbitals.
MO theory: MO diagram for the homo-nuclear diatomic molecules, hetero-
nuclear diatomic molecules and triatomic molecules.
Concepts of acids and bases: HSAB concept – theory, classification,
characteristics of hard and soft species – symbiosis. Bronsted-Lowry concept –
conjugate acid-base theory – relative strength of acids and bases, applications.
Lewis concept-characteristic features of the Lewis theory.
Non-Aqueous Solvents: Classification of solvents –characteristics of a solvent/
ionizing solvent. Advantages and disadvantages of the following non-aqueous
solvents: NH , HF, HCN, acetic acid, H SO . Molten salts as solvents and ionic
3 2 4
liquids, supercritical fluids in inorganic chemistry.
Nature of bonding of Main group elements: Alkali and alkaline earth metal
complexes: ligands – alkylamines, alkoxides, b-diketones and crown ethers.
Electron rich and electron deficient compound of main group elements. Allotropes
of carbon.
Transition elements and coordination compounds: Structure, bonding theories,
spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms. Transition Elements –
General group trends, Stability of various oxidation states. Difference between
the first, second and third transition series. Types of transitions, selection rules
for electronic transitions, ground states, correlation diagrams, Orgel and Tanabe
Sugano diagrams.
Coordination compounds: Crystal field theory – splitting of d orbitals under
different geometries – CFSE – Spectrochemical series – Jahn Teller distortion –
Limitations of CFT – MO theory – sigma and pi-bonding in complexes.
Inner transition elements: Spectral, magnetic, redox properties and its
applications.20
Unit II Organometallic Compounds: synthesis, structure of bonding and important
types of reactions of organometallic compounds – oxidative addition, reductive
elimination. Catalysis – Hydrogenation, Hydroformylation, Monsanto and
Wacker processes, alkene polymerization.
Cages and clusters: Chemistry and molecularity of metal clusters such as
binuclear and trinuclear metal clusters, metal carbonyl, halide type clusters,
Borazines and phosphazenes.
Bioinorganic Chemistry: Structures and biological importance of porphyrin
ring system, metalloporphyrin, haemoglobin, myoglobin and chlorophyll.
Iron-sulphur proteins, Metalloenzymes, Photosynthesis – photosystem-I and
photosystem-II. Metal storage and transport – Fe, Cu and Zn storage and
transport.
Nuclear chemistry: Nuclear fission and fusion reactions, radio-analytical
techniques and activation analysis. Decay modes, types of nuclear reaction –
threshold energy, energy barrier, Q-value, nuclear cross section, photonuclear
reaction, nuclear fission, spallation, fragmentation and fusion. Fission as a chain
reaction – nuclear fuels: fertile and fissile isotopes, radiation hazards – nuclear
reactors in India.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Unit III Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Planck’s quantum hypothesis and
black body radiation; photoelectric effect – classical theory and Einstein’s
quantum theory. Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom; failure of Bohr’s model.
Postulate of quantum chemistry; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Davison
and Germer experiment. Operator algebra; linear, differential and Hermitian
operator; Hamiltonian operator; angular momentum; eigen values and eigen
functions. Wave equation – time-independent and time-dependent Schrodinger’s
wave equation. Particle–in–a–box (1D & 3D); rigid rotator; harmonic oscillator
and hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin-angular
momenta; tunnelling.
Approximation method of quantum mechanics: Variational principle and
its application to hydrogen molecule. Perturbation theory up to second order in
energy and its applications.
Atomic structure and Spectroscopy: Term symbols, RS and jj coupling, spectra
of hydrogen, many electron systems and anti-symmetry principle.
Chemical bonding in diatomic: Elementary concepts of MO and VB
theories, Huckel theory conjugated pi electron system (ethylene, butadiene
and benzene).21
Chemical applications group theory: Symmetry elements, symmetry
operations, point groups, their symbols, character tables (C2v, C2h, C3v and
C4v), reducible and irreducible representation, great orthogonality theorem
and its consequences. Applications of group theory in vibrational spectroscopy,
symmetry aspects of molecular vibrations, symmetry selection rules for IR
and Raman spectra. Determining symmetries of normal modes of vibration.
Symmetry applied to MO theory and orbital hybridization.
Molecular spectroscopy: Spectrum, electromagnetic radiation and its
properties, regions of electromagnetic spectrum and their uses, rotational and
vibrational spectra of diatomic, Born-Oppenheimer approximation. UV-Visible
spectroscopy – principle, Beer-Lambert’s law, instrumentation, types of electronic
transitions, chromophore and auxochromes. Absorption bands and intensity,
factors governing absorption maximum and intensity. UV-VIS spectra of simple
organic compounds such as alkenes, phenols, anilines, carbonyl compounds and
1,3-diketones.
IR spectroscopy: Principle, regions of IR, selection rule of IR, modes of
vibration of diatomic, triatomic linear (CO ) and nonlinear molecules (H O);
2 2
types of molecular vibration, application of IR spectroscopy, overtones, IR
regions of alcohols, aldehyde, ketones. Raman spectroscopy – Principle, types
of stokes and anti–stokes lines. Raman shift – difference between Raman and
IR spectroscopy, mutual exclusion principle, vibrations of CO molecule, dipole
2
moment and polarizability.
Electronic spectra: Theory of ESR spectra, position of ESR absorption, g
and A factor, hyperfine structure, ESR spectra of simple carbon centered free
radicals – CH , CD electronic spectra of diatomic molecule – Morse function
3 3
and Frank Condon principle and basic principles of magnetic resonance
spectroscopy.
Chemical thermodynamics: Scope and limitations of thermodynamic system,
surroundings and boundary – types of system, extensive and intensive properties;
thermodynamic processes – state functions, enthalpy, entropy and internal
energy; concept of work and heat, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, first law
of thermodynamics and its mathematical expressions. Hess’s law of constant
heat summation – enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
Reversible and irreversible process: Spontaneity of processes, criteria for
spontaneity with respect to ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system. Second law
of thermodynamics, Clausius’s statement and Kelvin – Planck’s statement. Third
law of thermodynamics and zeroth law of thermodynamics. Joule – Thomson22
effect, Inversion temperature, Maxwell’s relations, Carnot theorem, Gibbs free
energy and Helmholtz work function and Nernst heat theorem.
Unit IV Classical thermodynamics: Partial molar properties, chemical potential,
Gibb’s-Duhem equation. Determination of partial molar quantities,
Thermodynamics of real gases, fugacity – determination of fugacity by
graphical and equation of state methods, dependence of temperature, pressure
and composition, Thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal mixtures. Activity
and activity coefficients.
Statistical thermodynamics: Concepts of statistical thermodynamics,
distinguishable and non-distinguishable particles. Assemblies, ensembles,
canonical particles. Boltzmann distribution, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac
statistics, comparison and application; kinetic theory of gases, partition function
and their relation to thermodynamic quantities, calculation for model systems.
Phase Rule: Phase, degree of freedom, component, One component system,
water system – triple point – two components system, reduced phase rule – eutectic
temperature – lead & silver system – congruent and incongruent melting point
– Zn & Mg system – NaCl & Water system – CST – Phenol & water system.
Henry’s law – Raoult’s law – Nernst distribution law – solvent extraction – steam
distillation – fractional crystallization – Parke’s process.
Colloids and Surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids, gold number, types
of adsorption, Freundlich’s and Langmuir’s adsorption isotherms and surface
area; heterogeneous catalysis.
Unit V Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence, Rate
of reaction, order of a reaction, examples and rate equations for zero order,
first order, second order and third order reaction. Molecularity of a reaction –
unimolecular and bimolecular reaction, half-life period. Theories of reaction
rates – collision theory, kinetics of collision theory, failure of collision theory,
modification of collision theory, Lindeman theory, Hinshelwood theory and
transition state theory/absolute reaction rate theory (ARRT). Potential energy
surfaces and reaction coordinates. Study of complex reactions – kinetics of
reversible, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions, photochemical reactions
(H -Br ), steady-state approximation, Stern-Volmer equation. Reactions in
2 2
solutions – cage effect, primary and secondary salt effects, kinetic isotropic effect,
linear free energy relationships, Hammett and Traft equation. Kinetic methods of
analysis – flow techniques, stopped-flow and continuous-flow techniques, pulse23
methods, flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis. Relaxation theory and relaxation
technique – kinetic of relaxation methods (T-jump and P-jump). Ionic liquids
and its applications. Catalysis – homogeneous catalysis, acid-base catalysis,
protolytic and prototropic mechanism, acidity function. enzyme catalysis –
Michaelis-Menten kinetics, types of inhibitor in enzyme catalysis.
Electrochemistry: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; specific, equivalent and
molar conductance, measurement of conductance. Variation of conductance
with dilution for strong and weak electrolytes. Kohlrausch law and its
applications. Ostwald’s dilution law, transport number and its determination
by Hittorf method and moving boundary method. Debye-Huckel theory.
Electrochemical cells – cells types, galvanic cells, reversible and irreversible
cells, electrode potential, oxidation potential, reduction potential, Nernst
equation, redox systems.
Ion-ion interaction and activity coefficient – concept of ionic atmosphere,
derivation of Debye-Huckel limiting law, verification and experimental validity.
Ion-transport in solution – electrolytic conductance, derivation of Debye-
Huckel-onsagar equation and experimental validity, first and second Wien effect.
Ion-association – Bjerrum treatment of ion association, factors influencing ion
association, effect of ion association on conductivity and activity coefficient of
electrolytes in solution and triple ion formation.
Electrodics – electrode-electrolyte interface, electrical double layer – Helmoltz-
Perrin, Gouy-Chapman and stern models and its comparison. Electrocapillary
phenomena and electrocapillary curves, Lippmann equation, electrocapillary
maximum, electrokinetic phenomena, Zeta potential and its applications.
Electrode kinetics Bulter-Volmer equation for one-step electron transfer, high
field approximation, Tafel equation, high and low over potential limits, ionic
equilibria, conductometric and potentiometric titrations. Electrochemical energy
systems – primary and secondary cells, fuel cells, types of fuel cells, batteries
– primary and secondary batteries, lead acid storage battery, liquid lithium-ion
batteries, solid-state sodium-ion batteries.
Solid state: Classification of solids, isotropic and anisotropic crystals, unit cell
and space lattice, Miller indices for lattice planes, crystal structures, diffraction
of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law and its applications. Defects of crystals and
band structure of solids.
Polymer chemistry: Polymerization – types of polymerization, mechanism of
free radical, anionic and cationic polymerization. Polymers molecular weight24
determination. Preparation, properties, uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting
polymers. Elastomers, vulcanization and molding methods of polymers.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit VI IUPAC nomenclature: Organic molecules including regio and stereoisomers.
Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational
isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds, stereogenicity, stereoselectivity,
enantioselectivity, diastereo selectivity and asymmetric induction.
Geometrical isomerism resulting from double bonds – E, Z system of
nomenclature, monocyclic compounds and fused ring systems, stereo specific
and stereo selective reactions with examples.
Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, generation and
reactions.
Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of
carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. Organic
reaction mechanisms involving the addition, elimination and substitution
reactions with the electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Reaction
pathways determination.
Common named reactions and rearrangements – Still Coupling, Heck
reaction, Pusond-Kahn Reaction, Suzuki Coupling, Mitsunobu reaction, Baylis-
Hillman reaction, Mukiayama’s reaction, Metathesis reaction. Nef reaction,
Henry reaction, Ritter reaction. Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein,
Demjanov, dienone-phenol, Favorskii, Baeyer-Villiger, Wolff, Wittig, Neber,
Stevens, Hofmann, Lossen, Curtius, Beckmann, Benzidine and Von Richter
rearrangements. Applications in organic synthesis.
Polarimetry: Circular dichroism, Optical Rotatory Dispersion, principles and
applications.
Unit VII Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group inter-conversion
including oxidations and reductions. Common catalysts and reagents (organic,
inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic), organic transformations in Chemo,
regio and stereo selective reactions.
Concepts in organic synthesis: Retro-synthesis, disconnection, synthons,
linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.
Regioselectivity and chemoselectivity. Alkene synthesis-uses of acetylenes. Two25
group C-C disconnections in 1,2; 1,3; 1,4; 1,5 difunctional substituents, Diels-
Alder reactions, Regio and stereo control in carbonyl condensation, Michael
addition and Robinson annulations.
Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction,
substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions, determination of enantiomeric
and diastereomeric excess. Enantiomeric discrimination, resolution, kinetics and
optical studies.
Pericyclic reactions: Electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic
rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications
of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.
Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing
one or two heteroatoms: Furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline,
isoquinoline, indole, flavins and anthocyanins. Chemistry of natural products
– Carbohydrates (Maltose, Starch, Cellulose) proteins and peptides, fatty
acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids (Chloesterol, Oestrone, Progresterone)
and alkaloids (Reticulene, Reserpine, Morphine). Biogenesis of terpenoids
(Zingiberene, Squalene, Lanosteroal).
Biopolymers: Structure and functions of proteins and Nucleic acids. Mechanism
of Enzyme action on DNA and RNA.
Theory and spectral interpretations – Structure determination of organic
compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1H & 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Unit VIII D ata analysis: Nature of quantitative measurements and treatment of data.
Mean, median, precision and accuracy, standard deviation, significant figures,
Gaussian distribution curves, Null Hypothesis, Confidence interval of mean,
Rejection of data (Q test), Student’s t, F tests. Errors – absolute and relative
errors, linear regression, covariance and correlation coefficient.
Sampling: Principles of sampling methods for solid, liquids and gases. Gross
sampling, Sampler’s responsibility and pitfalls, hazards of sampling.
Separation Techniques: Classical forms of chromatography – Introduction,
principle and applications of column, thin layer chromatography and paper
chromatography, Gas and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.
Thermo analytical techniques: Principles and applications of TGA, DTA and
DSC.26
Unit IX Instrumental Analysis: Fluorimetry – Principles of fluorescence, Instrumentation
and its Applications. Turbidimetry and Nephelometry – Theory, instrumentation
and its applications.
Emission spectrometry: Principle, instrumentation and interferences,
determination of alkali metals and iron in non-ferrous alloys. Flame Photometry –
Theory, Instrumentation and a few important applications, Emission Techniques
– Theory, techniques of excitation, electrodes and their shapes, flame and plasma
emission spectrometry – instrumentation and its applications. Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry – Theory, instrumentation (flame and flameless atomization) and
its applications.
Mossbauer spectroscopy: Introduction, principle, instrumentation, recoil
energy, Doppler effect, number of MB signals, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting,
magnetic hyperfine splitting applications.
NMR spectroscopy: Nuclear spin states, NMR active nuclei, nuclear magnetic
moment, Larmor equation. Absorption of energy and resonance, population
density of nuclear spin states, saturation phenomena, relaxation mechanisms,
Bloch equation (only significance and derivation, not required). Comparison of
CW and FT NMR instrument. Chemical shift – Standards in NMR, Shielding and
De-shielding, Spin-spin coupling, splitting origin and rules – factors affecting
coupling constant.
Unit X Nano Chemistry: Basics, nanoparticles and nanomaterials, types of nanoparticles,
preparation, properties and uses of nanoparticles. Carbon nanomaterials –
nanotubes, nanorods and nanofibre. Porous solids – nanowires, nanomachines
and quantum dots. Methods of nanomaterials synthesis.
Chemical Microscopy: Microscope – parts and optical path application
and qualitative study. Electron Microscopy – Principle, Microscope and its
operation, sample preparations, applications to analysis, electron probe analyzer,
ion microscopy, SEM, TEM, EDS. Fluorescence microscopy – Confocal,
Phase contrast SPM, AFM, STM, MFM, EFM. XPS – Electron spectroscopy
for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Principle, Instrumentation, Auger electron
spectroscopy – Theory, Principle, instrumentation and general applications –
qualitative analysis and depth profiling of solid surfaces.
Green chemistry: Principles and Concepts of Green Chemistry, green solvents,
super critical CO . Waste minimization techniques Green catalysis.
227
Environmental Chemistry: Scope and importance, renewable resources,
solar, wind, hydrothermal and tidal energies. Polymers, plastics and its harmful
environment effects. Pollution effects on human health.
Supramolecular Chemistry: Nature of supramolecular interaction, host-guest
interaction, molecular recognition and its types, self assembly, cation binding
hosts, cation, anion and neutral receptors, crown ethers, clathrates and its
applications.
Medicinal chemistry: Drug and drug metabolism, mechanism of different
types of drug actions, common disease, disorders and their treatment methods.
Blood and clinical tests – estimation of blood urea, cholestral, sugar, Fe protein,
cholesterol, albumin, vitamins and minerals. Medicinally important compounds
and disease caused by deficiency of vitamins.28
SUBJECT : BOTANY
SYLLABUS
Unit I Algae:
General account of algology. Contributions of Indian Phycologists:
(M.O. Parthasarathy, V. Desikachary, V. Krishnamurthy and V.S. Sundaralingam).
Classification of algae by F.E. Fritsch (1935-45). Algae of diverse habitats,
Range of thallus organization in algae. Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and
sexual) and life cycle patterns of algae. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae).
Economic importance of algae.
Fungi:
General Characteristics, Contributions of Indian Mycologists (C.V.Subramanian).
Classification of Fungi by Alexopoulos and Mims (1979). Heterothallism and
para-sexuality in fungi. Sex hormones in fungi. Reproduction in fungi (asexual
and sexual). Spore dispersal mechanism in fungi. Mycorrhizae. Fossil fungi,
Economic importance of fungi.Mushroom cultivation.
Lichens:
Classification of lichens based on Morphology, habitat, internal structure and
fungal partner. Interrelationship of phycobionts and mycobionts.Structure and
reproduction in Ascolichens, Basiodiolichens and Deuterolichens. Lichens as
indicators of pollution. Economic importance of lichens.
Bryophytes:
General feature, Classification of Bryophytes (Proskauer, 1957). Distribution,
Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Life cycle of Marchantiales,
Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales and Polytrichales. Spore dispersal mechanisms
and germination pattern. Evolutionary trends in Sporophytes and gametophytes
of bryophytes. Fossil bryophytes. Economic importance of bryophytes.
Unit II Pteridophytes:
Classification of Pteridophytes (Reimer, 1954). Stelar evolution. Telome theory.
Sorus – Origin, types and sporangial development. Heterospory and seed
habit – Alternation of generations. Apogamy, Apospory and parthenogenesis
in Pteridophytes. Comparative morphology, anatomy, reproduction and
evolutionary studies of the following groups: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida
and Pteropsida. Economic importance of Pteridophytes.29
Gymnosperms:
General character, classification of gymnosperms (Sporne, 1974). Origin and
Evolution of gymnosperms. Comparative study of vegetative, anatomical and
reproductive characteristics of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Gnetales.
Economic importance of gymnosperms.
Paleobotany:
Concept of Paleobotany: Geological time scale. Contributions of Birbal Sahni,
Technique for paleobotanical studies. Fossilization process, Types of fossils,
the fossil records: systematic reconstruction and nomenclature of fossil plants,
Determination of Age of Fossils, Fossil Pteridophytes: Rhynia, Sphenophyllum,
Lepidocarpon, Botryopteris. Fossil Gymnosperms: Williamsonia and Cordaites.
Unit III Morphology:
The plant body. Root: Structure and functions. Root modification. Stem: aerial
and underground stem modifications. Leaf: Types, phyllotaxy, venations and
leaf modifications. Inflorescence: Types. Flower: Floral whorls, sex, symmerty,
Aestivation, Fusion. Ovary position, placentation. Fruits: Types. Seeds: Parts of
seeds, Types, seed dispersal.
Taxonomy and Systematics:
Objectives of plant systematics, Concepts of Taxonomic hierarchy. Species
concepts. Botanical nomenclature: principle, Rules and Recommendation of ICN.
Systems of classification: Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl,
Takhtajan, Angiosperm phylogeny Groups (APG systems). Modern Trends
in Plant Taxonomy – DNA Bar coding and Molecular Systematics – Cladistic
Methodology – Taxonomic keys, Botanical Gardens, BSI, Herbarium techniques
and Application. Virtual/digital Herbarium. Systematic Position, salient features
and economic importance of the following families: Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae,
Aristolochiaceae, Arecaceae, Orchidaceae, Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae,
Cyperaceae, Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae,
Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae,
Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Pedaliaceae and Convolvulaceae.30
Economic Botany:
General account on utilization of selected crop plants: (i) Cereals and millets
(ii) Pulses (iii) Vegetables, Fruits and Nuts (iv) Cosmetics plants (v) Oil seeds
(vi) Sugar yielding plants, (vii) Spices and condiments, (viii) Fibre yielding
Plants (ix) Timber yielding plants (x) Resins, gums and latex (xi) Essential oils
(xii) Beverages, (xiii) Dyes, (xiv) Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution
control and aesthetics and (xv) Energy plantation – uses of Casuarina.
Medicinal Botany:
Traditional medicinal systems in India. Importance of ethnobotany in Indian
context. Active principles, biochemical properties and medicinal uses of
Phyllanthus amarus, Justicia adhatoda, Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma
longa, Cannabis sativa, Glorisa superba, Cymbopogon citratus, Catharanthus
roseus and Rauwolfia serpentina.
Unit IV Anatomy:
Classification of tissues. Theories of organization of shoot, root and floral
meristems. Root and shoot transition. Cambium – Vascular cambium and cork
cambium – origin, development and types. Anomalous thickening in dicot and
monocot stems. Xylem: components, structure. Secondary elements, hard wood,
soft wood, growth ring, heart wood and sap wood, Tyloses, Reaction wood and
Tension wood. Patterns of secondary wall thickening. Phloem – components
and structures. Tissue system: Types and characteristics – Secondary elements,
Secretory cells and tissues: Structure, classification and significance. Nodal
anatomy. Leaf: Epidermal tissue, development of stomata, Stomatal types, leaf
anatomy: monocots and dicots. Plant galls: types, structure and development.
Experimental anatomy – PGR and tissue differentiation.
Embryology:
Microsporangium – Microsporogenesis, Microspores: morphology,
ultrastructure, Microgametogenesis. Pollen wall development, Pollen – Stigma
– Incompatibility. Methods to overcome incompatibility. Megasporangium.
Megagametogenesis: Female gametophyte, Monosporic, Bisporic and
Tetrasporic, Nutrition of embryo sac and fertilization. Pollination: Types and
pollination agents – Fertilization and post fertilization events: Endosperm:
Types. Endosperm haustoria. Cytology and physiology of endosperms. functions
of endosperms. Embryo development in Dicot and Monocot. Polyembryony –
Causes. Apomixis, Apospory and parthenocarpy – Their role in plant improvement
program. Seed development.31
Microtechniques:
Microscopy – Principle and applications, Light microscope: Bright field, Dark
field, Phase contrast microscopy, Fluorescence Microscope, Electron microscope
(TEM & SEM). Microtome: Types, Principles and operating mechanisms.
Maceration, Squashes, Smears, Whole mount and clearing techniques. Fixation
and fixatives, dehydration, clearing, infiltration, Embedding, Block making and
sectioning. Stains and staining techniques.
Unit V Cell Biology:
Cell structure, organization of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Cell theory,
ultrastructure and molecular organization of cell wall, Plasma membrane, cytoplasm,
protoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, plastids, mitochondria,
chloroplast, lysosomes, Ribosome, vacuoles, Nucleus. Cell division and cell
cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle and control of cell
cycle. Organization of nuclear genome: DNA as genetic material – prokaryotic and
eukaryotic DNA – chromatin – chromosomes – Gene –Transposon. Replication of
DNA and types.
Molecular Biology:
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (RNA synthesis – enzymology –
signaling) – mechanics of initiation, elongation, termination – post–transcriptional
modifications and RNA splicing – regulation of gene expression (lac and trp operons)
– RNA interference (TGS and PTGS) – Translation (genetic code – redundancy
and elucidation of base composition – tRNA charging – initiation, elongation and
termination) – post translational modifications. Molecular Chaperones – Heat
shock proteins. Bioinformatics: Concepts, scope and applications.
Unit VI Genetics and Biostatistics:
Mendelian genetics – Mendel‘s Law of inheritance, non mendelian inheritance,
Gene interactions – complementary genes, Lethal genes, Epistasis, Quantitative
inheritance. Chromosomal basis of inheritance. Gene Linkage and crossing over-
Kinds of linkage, types of crossing over mechanism. Sex determination in plants,
theories of sex determination. Sex linked characters. Multiple alleles and pseudo
alleles. Cytoplasmic inheritance, organelle heredity with reference to chloroplast
and mitochondrial mutants –male sterility in plants. Population Genetics – Gene
pool, Gene Frequencies, Mutation, Selection, Migration, genetic drift, Hardy –
Weinberg law. Mutation: Types of Mutation. Mutagenic agents and their mode
of action.
Biostatistics: principle, scope and application in biological sciences. Standard
deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Test of significance: Z test, t-test
and chi square test. probablity and distributuion. Correlation and regression.32
Plant Breeding:
Domestication and introduction of plants. Origin of cultivated Plants. Vavilov’s
center of origin. Organic Agriculture. Conventional Plant Breeding systems:
introduction, Selection – Types of selection, selection in self and cross pollinated
crops. Hybridization-Hybridization techniques, male sterility, self-incompatibility,
heterosis and hybrid vigor. Role of polyploidy in crop improvement. Green revolution,
Applications of tissue culture and molecular techniques in plant breeding.
Unit VII Plant Physiology:
Solute transport: Properties of water, Diffusion, Osmosis and water potential,
mechanism of water absorption. Translocation of water and solutes through
membranes, Mechanisms of loading and unloading of photo-assimilates.
Transpiration and stomatal movements. Mineral nutrition: Role of Macro and
Micro nutrients. Deficiency symptoms.
Photosynthesis:
Light harvesting complexes; photosynthetic pigments, mechanisms of electron
transport; photo protective mechanisms; CO fixation – C , C and CAM
2 3 4
pathways – Factors affecting photosynthesis.
Respiration:
Types of respiration, Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle; electron transport system and
ATP synthesis; photorespiration and its significance.
Nitrogen metabolism and Secondary metabolites:
Nitrogen cycle and metabolism, Biological Nitrogen fixation. Secondary
metabolites: Biosynthesis of terpenes, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids and
their physiological roles.
Plant Growth Regulators:
Physiological role and mechanisms of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,
Ethylene and abscisic acid. Photobiology and photo morphogenesis: Phytochromes-
history and discovery, occurrence and distribution; Cryptochromes – photochemical
and biochemical properties. Vernalization. Circadian rhythm in plants. Plant
Movements – nastic and tropic movements. Seed dormancy: causes and methods to
break seed dormancy. Physiology of seed germination. Abscission and Senescence.
Stress physiology:
Causes, mechanisms, effects of plant responses and adaptation to biotic and
abiotic stresses.33
Biochemistry:
Chemical bonds and their interactions. Water – structure, pH concept – buffer,
Molarity, Molality and Normality. Carbohydrates: Structures and classification.
Lipids: Structure, classification and properties. Biosynthesis and biological
significance of major lipids. Amino acids – classification, properties of Amino
acids. Amino acid metabolism, Proteins: classification, structure (primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary), properties of protein. Enzymes – general
feature, naming and classification – Factors affecting enzyme activities. Enzyme
inhibition, Mechanism of enzyme action. Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous
bases; Structure and function of nucleotides; Types of nucleic acids.
Unit VIII Ecology:
History and scope of ecology, Autecology: Characteristics of a population;
population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (R and
K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic
extinctions, age structured population. Synecology – Characteristics of
community, composition and structure, origin and development, ecotone, edge
effect, ecological niche. Ecological interdependence and interaction – positive
and negative interactions. Competition – inter-specific and intra-specific.
Ecological Succession: Types, mechanisms, concept of climax.
Concept and dynamics of Ecosystem:
Types of Ecosystem, components, Food chain, food webs. Concept of trophic
level, Ecological pyramids, Energy flow ecosystem. Mineral cycling (C, N, P);
primary production and decomposition; structure and function of terrestrial
(forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, estuarine) ecosystems.
Environmental pollution and Management:
Types, causes, effects and control measures of air, soil, water, thermal, noise
and heavy metal pollution; Bioremediation and biodegradation – Bio-mining,
microbes in leaching metals. Biodiversity management; climate change and its
consequences; global environmental change; greenhouse effect, Climate change
conferences.- Kyoto Protocol climate agreement – Carbon trade and carbon
credits. Blue carbon and IPCC. Tools to study global climate change. GIS
application in Biodiversity and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).34
Biodiversity conservation:
Need for conservation – in-situ conservation – sanctuaries, national parks,
biosphere reserves; ex-situ conservation – Gene banks, seed banks, Pollen banks
and Cryopreservation. Role of indigenous people in conservation of sacred
species, sacred groves; Human and animal conflicts in Biodiversity conservation,
Red List categories of IUCN. Forest conservation through laws – the biological
diversity Act (2002) in force. National Biodiversity Authority.
Phytogeography:
Principle of plant geography – Phytogeographic regions of India, Dispersal and
migration barrier hypothesis, Willis age and area hypothesis. Continuous range,
cosmopolitan, circumboreal and circum austral, pantropical, Discontinuous
distribution Wegner’s theory continental drift hypothesis, land bridges hypothesis,
Endemism. Biogeographic classification of India, Biodiversity hotspot regions
of India and the World.
Unit IX Microbiology and Plant Pathology:
Bacteria: Classification of bacteria (Bergey’s Manual of Bacteriology, 1994),
structural organization and reproduction of bacteria, Motility, flagella and pili –
Growth and Nutrition, growth curve, kinetics of bacterial growth. Sterilization
techniques, culture media, staining techniques for bacterial identification –
Bacterial genetics: conjugation, transformation and transduction. Application:
fermentor and types of fermentations – industrial products from bacteria,
agricultural applications of bacteria, bacteria in Bioremediation. Structure and
reproduction of Archaebacteria, Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma and Actinobacteria
(Actinomycetes).
Virology:
General characteristics, Classification of plant viruses (ICTV,1970), structure
and multiplication of plant viruses. Bacteriophage: Structural characteristics and
multiplication. Virion, viroid, virusoids and prions. Isolation and purification of
plant viruses.
Plant Pathology:
Classification of plant diseases, Symptomology. Principles of plant infection:
Inoculum, inoculum potential, Pathogenicity, Disease triangle. Epidemiology and
forecasting of plant diseases – Host parasite inter relationships and interaction.
Pathogenesis: Mechanism of penetration- Disease development of pathogen35
(colonization) and dissemination of pathogens. Environment and nutrition in
relation to disease development – Defence mechanism. Role of enzymes and
toxins in disease development. Diseases and disease cycle – Important diseases
of crop plants in India: Sheath blight of rice, leaf spot of groundnut, Black rust
of wheat, Late blight of potato, Fusarium wilt of cotton, Bacterial blight of rice,
Citrus canker, Bunchy top of Banana, Root knot of Brinjal, Red rust of tea.
Disease Resistance mechanism in plants. Techniques adopted in plant breeding
for disease resistance. Principles of plant disease management – Cultural
practices, physical, chemical and biological methods, disease controlled by
immunization. Plant quarantine and legislation. Integrated Pest Management
System. Plant protection organizations in India.
Unit X Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture:
Basics of plant tissue culture – concepts in plant tissue culture. Plant tissue culture
techniques. Micropropagation, organ culture, mersitem culuture, protoplast
culture and haploid plant production. Callus induction, Cell suspension culture,
somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed technology. Conservation of Plant
genetic resources. Application of cell culture systems in metabolic engineering.
Concepts and application of nanobiotechnology: Application of nano particles
in Agriculure, environment and medicine. Impact of nano-science and nano-
biotechnology to society.
Genetic Engineering:
Principles of rDNA technology. Molecular tools in Genetic engineering. Cloning
vectors – Plasmids – types, Mechanism of plasmids, Isolation of plasmids.
Cosmids and phage vectors. Construction of Genomic library, polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), Molecular Markers (RAPD, RFLP and AFLP). Blotting
techniques (Southern, Northern and Western blots). Sequencing methods
for DNA. Genetic transformation and development of transgenic plants for
insect, herbicide and viral resistances, Golden rice, Edible vaccines, Bio-
farming, bioremediation and bioprospecting, salt and drought tolerant plants,
enhancement of shelf life of flowers and fruits. Socio-economic and ethical
aspects of biotechnology. Environmental laws; Intellectual property rights;
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) GATT, TRIPS, PBR and
Farmers rights and its role. Ecological impact and biosafety issues of GM crops.36
SUBJECT : ZOOLOGY
SYLLABUS
Unit I ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY
• Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature. Levels
of structural organization – Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms.
Organization of Coelom, Symmetry and Metamerism.
• Structure and life history of Protozoa – Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium
vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum,
Trypanosoma gambiense and Leishmania donovani.
• Canal systems in Porifera. Polymorphism and Metagenesis in Coelentrates.
Types of Corals and Coral reefs.
• Structure and life history of helminth parasites – Fasciola hepatica, Taenia
solium, Wuchereria bancrofti and Ascaris lumbricoides.
• Adaptive Radiation in Polychaetes. Torsion in Gastropods. Invertebrate
larval forms and their evolutionary significance.
• Structure, affinities and life history of Minor Phyla – Ctenophora, Rotifera,
Chaetognatha, Onychophora, Siphunculida, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta and
Phoronida.
• Origin and outline classification of Chordata – Phylogeny, evolutionary
significance and inter-relationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and
Cephalochordata and their relation with other deuterosomes. Retrogressive
metamorphosis.
• Origin, Evolution and general characters of Agnatha (Ostracoderms and
Cyclostomes). Early Gnathostomes (Placoderms).
• General characters and classification of fishes. Accessory respiratory organs
in fishes. Adaptive Radiation in Bony fishes.
• Origin, Evolution and adaptive radiation of Amphibia. Parental care in
Amphibia.
• Origin and evolution of Reptiles. Skulls of reptiles and its importance in
biosystematics. Outline classification of Reptiles. Poisonous and Non-
poisonous snakes.
• Origin and evolution of Birds. Origin of flight and flight adaptations in birds.
Flightless birds
• Origin of mammals. Primitive mammals – Prototheria, Metatheria and
Eutherian Mammals. Aquatic adaptations in Mammals.
• Structure and functions of integument and its derivatives (glands, scales,
feathers and hairs). Comparative account of jaw suspension, girdles and
limbs. Comparative study of integument, brain, heart and urinogenital organs
in Vertebrates.37
Unit II ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
• General characters and classification of Insects up to Order level with
examples.
• Beneficial insects – Silkworm – common cultivable species, rearing of
silkworm, diseases of silkworm, by-products of sericulture, economic
importance of silk. Honeybees – common species of honeybees, rearing in
modern hives, by-products of apiculture, economic importance of honey,
beewax and propolis.
• Harmful insects – Insects as plant pests – pests of rice, cotton, sugarcane,
coconut and stored grains. Pest control strategies – physical, mechanical,
chemical and biological, IPM.
• Poultry farming – Breeds of Poultry for egg and meat, common diseases of
poultry.
• Dairy farming – Economically important dairy cattle breeds of India, white
revolution, diseases of cattle, dairy by-products.
Unit III CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• Cellular organization – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Ultrastructure,
organization and functions of cell membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Mitochondria and Ribosomes. Structure
and function of cytoskeleton and its role in mobility.
• Organization of Genes and Chromosomes – Structure of chromatin and
chromosomes, heterochromatin, Euchromatin and Giant chromosomes.
• Cell division and cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle – Mitosis
and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, Significances of Mitosis and
Meiosis, Mitotic Apparatus.
• Structure and function of DNA (A, B, C and Z forms) and RNA (tRNA,
mRNA and rRNA). DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms.
• RNA synthesis and processing – Transcription factors and machinery,
formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA
polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA
editing, splicing and polyadenylation. Genetic code. Translation – components
of protein synthetic machinery, steps involved in translation – formation of
initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, aminoacylation of
tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, elongation and elongation
factors, termination and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors,
Post-translational modification of proteins.38
• Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level – Regulating
the expression of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes – lac and trp Operon, role
of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing.
• Cellular communication – General principles of cell communication,
cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions,
extracellular matrix and integrins.
• Cell signaling – Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling
through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second
messengers and regulation of Signaling pathways.
• Cancer – Types of cancer. Characteristics of cancer cells, Genetic
rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer
and cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, physical and chemical carcinogenic
agents, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, therapeutic
interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
• Programmed cell death (Apoptosis), aging and senescence.
Unit IV GENETICS
• Mendelian principles – Dominance, segregation, independent assortment.
• Concept of gene – Allele, multiple alleles and pseudoalleles.
• Modern concept of gene – Cistron, Muton and Recon.
• Extensions of Mendelian principles – Codominance, incomplete dominance,
gene interactions, Epistasis, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and
expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited
and sex influenced characters.
• Sex determination in man.
• Gene mapping methods – Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with
molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids.
• Cytoplasmic Inheritance – Inheritance of mitochondrial genes, maternal
inheritance, shell coiling in Limnaea, Milk factor in mice, extra nuclear
inheritance by endosymbionts – Kappa particles in Paramecium.
• Microbial genetics – Methods of genetic transfers – transformation,
conjugation, transduction and sexduction, mapping genes by interrupted
mating.
• Human genetics – Pedigree analysis, LOD score for linkage testing,
karyotypes, genetic disorders and syndromes.
• Mutation – Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional,
biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic
mutants, insertional mutagenesis. Significance of mutation.39
• Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes – Deletion, duplication,
inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.
• Quantitative genetics – Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its
measurements, QTL mapping.
• Recombination – Homologous and non-homologous recombination including
transposition.
• Population genetics – Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, derivation of Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium, factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Determination of allelic frequency in a population.
• Animal breeding – Inbreeding, Outbreeding and Heterosis.
Unit V ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
• System Physiology – Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins
and Lipids, BMR, Nutritional disorders.
• Blood and Circulation – Blood and its composition, function, haemopoiesis
and haemostasis, mechanism of blood clotting.
• Cardiovascular system – Structure of myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, pace
maker, Pulse pressure and blood pressure, ECG.
• Blood vessels – Arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.
• Respiratory Physiology – Respiratory structures – Invertebrates, vertebrates-
fishes, birds and mammals. Respiratory pigments, Transport of gases,
exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.
• Muscle Physiology – Types of muscle cells, ultrastructure of the striated
muscle fibre, physiology of muscle contraction.
• Neurophysiology – Central Nervous system, Peripheral and Autonomic
nervous system. Structure of Neuron, types, transmission of nerve impulses,
action potential, synapse, conduction of nerve impulse across a synapse,
neurotransmitters, Neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord and Reflex
action. EEG.
• Sensory Physiology – Receptors – Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors and
Gustatoreceptors. Echolocation. Bioluminescence, Mimicry and colouration.
Lateral line system in fishes.
• Renal Physiology – Ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism process,
structure of kidney and Nephron, Mechanism of urine formation, Counter-
current principle, micturition, regulation of water balance, electrolyte balance
and acid-base balance.40
• Thermoregulation and Stress adaptation – Thermoregulation in homeotherms,
poikilotherms – acclimation and acclimatization, physical, chemical and
neural regulation of body temperature, adaptation to high altitudes, deep sea
adaptation.
• Endocrinology – Endocrine glands, mechanism of hormone action –
peptide and steroid hormones, membrane receptors and signal transduction.
Hormones and diseases, neuroendocrine regulation. Invertebrate hormones.
Unit VI DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
• Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development – Production of
gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, types
of fertilization and mechanism of fertilization, embryo sac development
and zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, fate
maps – presumptive organ forming areas, gastrulation and formation of germ
layers and embryogenesis. Parthenogensis.
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis – Ectodermal, Mesodermal and
Endodermal derivatives, formation of primary organ rudiments, involvement
of genes in the development process. Organogenesis with reference to brain,
eye, heart and kidney in amphibians, birds and mammals. Post embryonic
development- larval formation, metamorphosis (frog and insect).
• Regeneration – hydra, flatworms and salamanders. Aging and senescence.
Stem cells – properties, types and applications.
• Human Reproduction – Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human
Fertilisation process, reasons for infertility and assisted reproductive
technology (ART) – Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI), In vitro fertilization
(IVF) and types – GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI and ET, Twins – types, Cryopreservation
of gametes, Birth control methods.
• Immunology – Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity,
antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes.
• General properties, structure, types and functions of antibody molecules,
generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody
engineering, antigen-antibody interactions.
• Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs – MHC molecules, antigen
processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells,
B and T cell receptors.
• Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary
immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-
mediated effector functions, inflammation.
• Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, acquired immune-deficiencies.
• Vaccines and immunization schedule.
• Immune responses to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.41
Unit VII ENVIRONMENT, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
• The Environment – Physical environment, biotic environment, biotic and
abiotic interactions. Habitat and Niche – Concept of habitat and niche, niche
width and overlap, fundamental and realized niche, resource partitioning,
character displacement.
• Population Ecology – Characteristics of a population, population growth
curves, population regulation, life history strategies (r and K selection),
concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions,
age structured populations. Species Interactions – Types of interactions,
interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.
• Community Ecology – Nature of communities, community structure
and attributes, levels of species diversity and its measurement, edges and
ecotones. Ecological Succession – Types, mechanisms, changes involved in
succession, concept of climax.
• Ecosystem Ecology – Ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, energy
flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P), primary production and decomposition,
structure and function of some Indian ecosystems – terrestrial (forest,
grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).
• Biogeography – Major terrestrial biomes, theory of island biogeography,
biogeographical zones of India.
• Biodiversity – Definition, types, Hotspots, Flagship species, Keystone
species, Biodiversity concerns. Biodiversity conservation – In situ and ex situ
conservation, concept of protected areas, National parks, sanctuaries, Red
data book, Gene bank, threatened and endangered species. Salient features
of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Biological Diversity Act, 2002. Threats
to survival and conservation strategies for Elephant, Tiger, Olive Ridley Sea
Turtle, White Rumped Vulture and Gangetic Dolphin.
• Environmental issues – Pollution – definition, types, sources, effects. Global
warming, climate change, glacial melting and rising sea levels, floods, drought
and desertification, creating buffer zones, sustainable development, carbon
sequestration, carbon sink, carbon foot print, carbon credit, carbon trading
and carbon budget. Environmental Exploitation – Exploitation and depletion
of natural resources. Urbanisation, deforestation, habitat loss, remote sensing
and GIS in conservation.
• Environmental Management – Environmental Summits – Conventions,
Climate change conventions, Environmental laws and Acts. E-wastes and its
eradication. Clean energy sources – solar, wind, hydel, biofuel, hydrogen as
fuel. Effluent Management – Hazardous and biomedical waste management.
Emission standards – BS6, AQI, WQI. Clean potable water – Desalination,
rain water harvesting, conserving water bodies.42
Unit VIII EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
• Emergence of evolutionary thoughts – Lamarck, Darwin–concepts of
variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection, Spontaneity of
mutations, the evolutionary synthesis.
• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution – Origin of basic biological
molecules, Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers, Concept
of Oparin and Haldane, Urey-Miller Experiment, The first cell, Evolution of
prokaryotes, Origin of eukaryotic cells.
• Paleontology and Evolutionary History – The evolutionary time scale, Major
events in the evolutionary time scale, Stages in primate evolution. Evolution
of Man. Human racial diversity.
• Molecular Evolution – Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence
and molecular clocks, Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and
identification, Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis, origin of new genes
and proteins, Gene duplication and divergence.
• Adaptive radiation, Isolating mechanisms, Speciation, Allopatric and
Sympatric, Convergent evolution, Sexual selection, Co-evolution.
• Brain, Behaviour and Evolution – Approaches and methods in the study of
behaviour, Proximate and ultimate causation, Altruism and evolution-Group
selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism.
• Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal, Biological
clocks.
• Development of behaviour, Social communication, Social dominance,
Use of space and territoriality, Mating systems, Parental investment
and Reproductive success, Parental care, Aggressive behaviour, Habitat
selection and optimality in foraging, Migration, orientation and navigation,
Domestication and behavioural changes.
Unit IX BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY
• Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.
• Stabilizing interactions – Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding,
hydrophobic interactions etc.
• Principles of biophysical chemistry – pH, buffer reaction kinetics,
thermodynamics and colligative properties.
• Composition, structure and functions of biomolecules – Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Vitamins.43
• Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, couples reaction, group
transfer, biological energy transducers.
• Principle of catalysis, enzyme classification and enzyme kinetics, enzyme
regulators, mechanism of enzyme action, isozymes, coenzymes and cofactors,
enzyme inhibitors and inhibition. Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Proteins
and Lipids.
Unit X BIOSTATISTICS
• Collection of Data – Primary data and Secondary data, Methods of collecting
Primary data and Sources of Secondary data, Concept of Statistical
Population and Sample, Census and Sampling Methods. Variable – Discrete
and Continuous.
• Classification of Data – Types of classification, Characteristics of Frequency
Distribution.
• P resentation of Data – Tabulation – Parts and types of tables. Diagrams – One
dimensional diagrams – Bar diagram, Two-dimensional diagrams – Pie Chart.
Graphs – Histogram, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve, Ogives.
• Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central Tendency – Arithmetic Mean,
Median and Mode (Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete and
continuous data).
• Measures of Dispersion – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and
Standard Deviation (Properties and Computation for unclassified, discrete
and continuous data).
• Correlation – types, methods for measuring correlation and computation of
Karl Pearson’s coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation.
• Simple Regression – Regression coefficients, Regression equations (including
computation), Regression lines.
• Probability – Addition and Multiplication rule, Permutation and Combination.
Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions,
Properties of Normal distribution.
• Inferential Statistics – Hypothesis testing – Null and alternative hypothesis,
Levels of Significance, Degrees of freedom, errors. Parametric and Non
parametric tests – Steps in hypothesis testing.
• Student’s ‘t’ test – Population and Sample Means, Means of Independent
samples, Means of Dependent samples.
• Chi square test for predicted expected values and goodness of fit for pre
fixed ratio.
• F-test and ANOVA – One way and Two way analysis.44
Unit XI BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Recombinant DNA technology – Molecular tools, host cells, Isolation and
purification of nucleic acids, Cloning vectors, methods of gene transfer. Gene
cloning strategies, Blotting techniques, PCR, gene libraries, screening strategies.
DNA sequencing methods, Protein sequencing methods, methods for analysis
of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, micro
array based techniques. Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and
lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques. Human Genome project.
• Biotechnology in health care – Gene therapy, DNA in the diagnosis of genetic
diseases. DNA finger printing. Pharmaceutical Products of DNA Technology
– Human protein replacements and therapeutic agents for human diseases.
Insulin, Recombinant vaccines, production of monoclonal antibodies.
• Microbial Fermentation Technology – Production of low and high molecular
weight compounds. Enzyme Technology – Commercial production of enzymes,
immobilization of enzymes and cells, therapeutic applications, Biosensors,
Bioreactors.
• Animal cell culture methods and Applications, Transgenic animals.
• Biodegradation and Bioremediation. IPR, Patenting, Trade Mark, Copy
rights. GMOs and GM foods–Pros and Cons. Microbial warfare, Microbial
weapons, bioterrorism.
Unit XII TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
• Histochemical and Immuno techniques – Antibody generation, Detection
of molecules using ELISA, RIA, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and
immune fluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in
situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.
• Biophysical Method – Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence,
circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure
determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using
light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma
resonance methods.
• Radiolabeling techniques – Detection and measurement of different types
of radioisotopes normally used in Biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in
biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety
guidelines.
• Microscopic techniques – Visualization of cells and subcellular components
by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy
of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and
staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM,
image processing methods in microscopy.45
SUBJECT : HISTORY
SYLLABUS
Unit I HISTORY OF INDIA UPTO 10TH CENTURY A.D.
Sources of Indian History – Archaeological – Literary – Foreign Accounts
– Pre and Proto History – Harappan Civilization – Early Vedic Age – Later
Vedic Age – Formation of State – Urbanization – Mahajanapadas – Jainism
– Buddhism – Rise of Magadha – Alexander’s Invasion and its impact –
Mauryan Empire – Chandra Gupta Maurya – Bindusara – Ashoka – Mauryan
Administration – Sungas – Satavahanas – Indo-Greeks – Sakas – Parthians
– Kushans – Kanishka – Gandhara Art – Age of Guptas – Chandra Gupta I –
Samudra Gupta – Chandra Gupta II – Administration – Art and Architecture –
Literature – Education – Nalanda – Vikramasila – Valabhi – Invasion of Huns
– Vardhana Dynasty – Harsha Vardhana – Hieun-Tsang’s Account – Chalukyas
– Three Crowned Kingdom – Prathihara – Palas – Rashtrakutas – Second
Western Chalukyas.
Unit II HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA UPTO 1565 A.D.
Arab Conquest of Sind – Mohammad-Bin-Qasim – Dahir – Impact of Arab
Conquest – Turkish Invasion – Mohammad of Ghazni – Mohammad of Ghor
– First and Second Battle of Tarain – The Delhi Sultanate – Slave Dynasty –
Qutub-ud-din Aibak – Iltutmish – Raziya Sultana – Balban – Mongol threat
– Khilji Dynasty – Jalaluddin Khilji – Alauddin Khilji – Malik Kafur Invasion
– Tughlaq Dynasty – Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaq – Feroz-Shah-Tughlaq –
Invasion of Timur – The Sayyid Dynasty – The Lodi Dynasty – Ibrahim Lodi –
Administrative System – Socio – Economic and Religious Conditions – Art
and Architecture – Vijayanagar Empire – Sangama – Harihara and Bukka –
Saluva – Narashima Deva Raya – Tuluva Dynasty – Krishna Devaraya –
Aravidu – Thirumala – Battle of Talikota – The Bahmani kingdom – The
Bhakti Movement.
Unit III HISTORY OF MUGHAL INDIA AND
THE RISE OF MARATHAS
India on the eve of Babur’s Invasion – The First Battle of Panipat – Battle of
Khanwa-Chanderi – The Battle of Ghaghra – Tuzuk-i-Babri – Humayun – Sur
Dynasty – Shershah Suri – Administrative Reforms – Akbar the Great – The
Second Battle of Panipat – Relations with Rajputs – Military Conquest –
Administration – Religious Policy – Abolition of Jiziya – Ibadat Khana –46
Din-i-Ilahi – Jahangir – Influence of Nurjahan – Shah Jahan – NWF Policy
– Aurangzeb – Military Exploits – Deccan Policy – Religious Policy – Socio-
Economic condition under Mughals – Art and Architecture – Decline and
Disintegration of the Mughal Empire – Rise of the Marathas – Early Victories
of Shivaji – Administration of Marathas – The Peshwas – Balaji Viswanath –
Baji Rao.
Unit IV THE COMPANY RULE IN INDIA
Advent of the Europeans – The Portuguese – Vascodacama – Francisco-de-
Almeida – Alphonsa – de – Albuquerque – The Dutch – The Danes – The British –
The French – Anglo-French Rivalry – Carnatic Wars – Dupleix – Robert Clive
– Battle of Plassey – Battle of Buxar – Dual Government in Bengal – Warren
Hastings – Administrative Reforms – Lord Cornwallis – Judicial Reforms and
Permanent Land Revenue Settlement – Anglo-Mysore Wars – Hyder Ali – Tipu
Sultan – Anglo Maratha Wars – Lord Wellesley – Subsidiary Alliance – Hastings
and Establishment of British Paramountcy – William Bentinck and his Reforms
– Ranjith Singh – Anglo Sikh Wars – Dalhousie – Doctrine of Lapse and his
Reforms – Deindustrialization – Peasant and Tribal Revolts.
Unit V CROWN TO INDEPENDENCE
The Great Revolt of 1857 – Lord Canning – Lord Lytton – Lord Rippon –
Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century India – Pre Congress
Associations – Formation of Indian National Congress – Moderates – Partition
of Bengal – Muslim League – Swadeshi Movement – Surat Split – Home Rule
Movement – Rowlatt Act – Jallianwala Bagh massacre – Gandhian Era – Non-
Cooperation Movement – Chauri Chaura – Swaraj Party – Simon Commission
– Revolutionary Movements – Dandi March – Gandhi – Irwin Pact – Round
Table Conferences – Trade and Labour Unions – Civil Disobedience Movement
– Cripps Mission – Quit India Movement – Mountbatten Plan – Government of
India Act 1858 – Queen’s Proclamation of 1858 – Indian Council Act of 1861–
Indian Council Act of 1892 – Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909 – Montague
Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 – Government of India Act, 1935 – Indian
Independence Act of 1947.
Unit VI POST-INDEPENDENT INDIA
Integration of Indian States – Role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Republic –
Constitution of India – Salient Features – Nehruvian Era – Economic Policy –47
Five Year Plans – Social Welfare Programmes – Foundation of Foreign
Policy – Indira Gandhi Regime – Domestic Policy – 20 Point Programme
– Declaration of Emergency – Janata Party – Resurgence of Indira Gandhi
– Administrative Reforms – Coalition Governments – Mandal Commission
– India’s role in World Affairs – Economic, Diplomatic and Military role – Indo-
China Border Dispute – Indo-Pak Conflict – India’s Nuclear Capabilities – India
and Common Wealth – India and NAM – India and UNO – SAARC – G-20 –
BRICS.
Unit VII H ISTORY OF TAMIL NADU UPTO 13TH CENTURY
Geographical Features of Tamil Nadu – Sources of the History of Tamil Nadu
– Pre-Historic Tamilagam – Sangam Age – Three Ancient Kingdom – Cheran
Sengutuvan – Karikala Chola – Pandya Nedunchelian – Socio – Economic
Condition – Five Fold Division – Trade and Commerce – Kalabharas – Pallavas
of Kanchi – Simhavarman – Mahendravarman – Narasimhavarman – Rajasimha
– Nandivarman II – Pallava Chalukya Conflict – Art and Architecture of the
Pallavas – Imperial Cholas – Raja Raja I – Rajendra Chola I – Kulothunga I –
Administration – Economy – Kudavolai System – Maritime Activities – Art and
Architecture – Later Pandyas – Maravarman Sundara Pandya I – Maravarman
Sundara Pandya II – Jatavarman Sundara Pandya – Kulasekara Pandya –
Accounts of Marco Polo – Art and Architecture.
Unit VIII MEDIEVAL TO CONTEMPORARY TAMIL NADU
Malik Kafur's invasion of Tamil Region – Sultanate of Madurai – The
Vijayanagar rule in the Tamil Country – Nayaks of Madurai – Nayaks of Tanjore
– Nayaks of Gingee – Sethupathis of Ramnad – Tamil Nadu under Marathas –
Advent of the Europeans – British – French – Dutch – Poligar Rebellion – South
Indian Rebellion – Vellore Mutiny – Tamil Nadu under British Rule – Tamil
Nadu and Freedom Struggle – Early Nationalist – Radical Nationalist – Social
Reform Movement – Congress – Rajaji – Kamaraj – Justice Party – Periyar and
his Self Respect Movement – Anti-Hindi Agitation – Dravidian Parties – Dravida
Kazhagam – DMK – C.N. Annadurai – Kalaignar M. Karunanithi – Emergence
of ADMK – M.G. Ramachandran – J. Jayalalitha (AIADMK) – MDMK – PMK
– Other Political Parties – Education and Empowerment of Women – Reservation
Policy – Agrarian Condition – Irrigation – Industrialization – Information
Technology.48
Unit IX RISE OF MODERN WEST
Geographical Discoveries – Renaissance and Reformation – Enlightened
Despots – Age of Revolution – American War of Independence – Industrial
Revolution – Agrarian Revolution – French Revolution – Rise of Napoleon
Bonaparte – Napoleonic Wars – Congress of Vienna – Metternich – Concert
of Europe – Holy Alliance – Greek War of Independence – The Revolution of
1830 and 1848 in France.
Unit X HISTORY OF MODERN WORLD
Unification of Italy – Mazzini – Young Italy – Garibaldi – Count Cavour –
Unification of Germany – Zollverein – Bismarck – Napoleon III – Crimean
War – Young Turk Revolution – Balkan Wars – Russian Revolution – First
World War – League of Nations – Rise of Dictatorships – Adolf Hitler, Benito
Mussolini and Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Second World War – UNO – Cold War
– Third World Countries and Non-Alignment – UNO and Global Disputes –
Formation of European Union – End of Cold War.49
SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY
SYLLABUS
Unit I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Geomorphology:
The origin of Earth: Gaseous Hypothesis of Kant, Nebular Hypothesis of
Laplace, The Nova Hypothesis of Hoyle and Lytleton – The Age of Earth:
Sedimentation method, Radioactivity method. The Earth’s Interior: Layers of the
earth interior: The Crust, Mantle, Core, Thickness and depth of different layers of
the Earth, Distribution of continents and Oceans – Plate tectonics and continental
drift – Rocks: Definition and classification: Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary rocks,
Metomorphic rocks – Mountain Building Process: Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Mountains, Plateaus and Plains, Geomorphic processes – Denudational Agencies,
Cycle of erosion: Davis and Penck, Theories and process of slope development.
Climatology:
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Solar Radiation, Heat Budget of
the Earth and Atmosphere. Distribution of Temperature: Vertical, Horizontal
distribution of temperature, Temperature Inversion – Atmospheric Pressure:
factors affecting Atmospheric Pressure – Distribution of Atmospheric
Pressure, Wind: Types of winds – Monsoon winds, Area of monsoon winds,
the Indian monsoon, Jet stream, kinds of Humidity – Clouds: formation of
clouds, classification of clouds, Precipitation: types of rainfall, Air masses:
classification of air masses, Fronts – frontal zones, major fronts, Cyclones:
Cyclones and Anticyclones, classification of thunderstorms – Climatic
classification: Koppen and Thornthwaite – Climate change: Cause and effects
of climate change – Global warming, Effect of El-Nino, La Nina.
Oceanography:
Distribution of Water and Land, Relief of the Ocean: Continental shelf, Continental
slope, Continental rise, Mid Oceanic Ridges, Abyssal plain Island, Guyots and
seamounts, Ocean deeps and Oceanic trenches – Bottom Relief of the Ocean
floors: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Ocean temperature, Ocean salinity and
density of Ocean water – Ocean deposits – Sea waves – Ocean currents: Major
Ocean currents – Tides – Sea level changes – Tsunami – Coral reefs.
Unit II HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Population Geography:
Sources of population data in India – Population: Distribution, Density and
Growth, world population distribution, factors affecting population distribution,
density patterns – measures and determinants of fertility, mortality – World’s
population growth and its trend – Theories of population growth: Malthus,
Sadler and Ricardo – Migration: types of migration, causes of migration,50
consequences of migration, Population composition and characteristics:
Age, Sex, Rural-urban, Occupational structure and educational levels and
literacy – Population of Tamilnadu: Population, Distribution, Density and
Growth, Optimum population – Over population, Under population – Potential
population, Population policies.
Settlement Geography:
Geography of settlements: Nature and Scope of Settlement Geography – Rural
Settlements: Types, Pattern and distribution of rural settlements – Problems of
Rural Settlements: Rural-Urban Migration, land use changes, Land acquisition
and Transactions; Urban Settlements: Theories of origion of Towns (Gordon
Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford) – Characteristics and process of
urbanisation in Developed and developing countries – Urban settlements:
concept and characteristics – Functional classification of urban centres – functions
and characteristics of CBD – Urban morphology – Urban Classical models:
Burger, Homer Hoyth and Harris Ullmann – Rural-Urban fringe – hierarchy of
urban centres – Rank size rule – Central Place Theory – Urban problems – Slums
– Urban planning – Urbanisation in India and its associated problems.
Agricultural Geography:
Nature, Scope and significance of Agricultural geography – Approaches to study
of Agriculture geography – Land Capability, Classification and land use planning
– Determinants of Agriculture – Von Thunen’s Theory of agriculture location
– Agricultural productivity – crop combination (weaver’s, Doi’s, Raffiullah’s),
Crop diversification, Types of Crops: Food crops, Horticultural crops –
Plantation crops, Fibre crops – Agricultural Systems of the world – Agricultural
regions of India – Agricultural regions of Tamilnadu, Role of Remote sensing in
Agricultural Studies.
Urban Geography:
Nature and scope of urban Geography – trends of urbanisation – size, structure
and functions of urban areas – urban systems: law of primate city and rank size
rule – Center Place theories: Christaller and bosch – Internal structure of the
city – Models of urban land use: Burgess, Harris, Ullman and Homer Hoyt
– Concept of cities: Mega cities, Global cities, edge cities – Changing urban
form: peri-urban areas, rural – urban fringe – Sub-urban, ring and satellite towns
– social segregations in the city – urban social area analysis – Urban issues:
slums, in formal sectoral growth, crime and social exclusion.
Transport Geography:
Nature, scope and significance of transport Geography – Different types of
transportation – Merits and demerits of transport – Terminal charges and
operating charges – Tapering cost structure – Variation in freight structure on
distance – Commodity – Size and elasticity of demand – Long haul advantages –
Nodes and links – Connectivity – Accessibility – Centrality – Structural analysis51
of transportation network – Graph theoretic measures – Measures of nodal
accessibility – Matrix measures – Detour index – Theories of spatial interaction
– Gravity model – Transportation and spatial structure – Role of transport in
socio-economic integration – Urban and regional transport planning – Problems
of transport.
Cultural Geography:
Concept of cultural – Evolution of Human beings – Major Races of the World –
Culture interaction and diffusion – Culture exchange – Measurement of Human
Development: Social, Economic and Environmental Indicators – Human
Development Index.
Social Geography:
Nature and scope of social geography – Environmental and landscope ecology –
Social structure (family, marriage and kinship) and processes – Rural and urban
society – spatial distribution of ethnicity – Tribe – Dialect – Language – caste
and religion in the world with special reference to India – welfare and social well
being – Quality of life – Health – Education, Economic Status – Gender – well
being of women – Spatial distribution of social groups in India – Health care
planning and policies in India.
Economic Geography:
The significance of Economic Geography – Factors affecting spatial organisation
of economic activities – Natural resources: Classification of Resources –
Renewable and non – renewable resources – Distribution and associable problems
conservation of resources – Industries: Agro based Industries – Mineral based
Industries – Engineering – Industries – Chemical industries – Industrial regions
of the world – Trade blocs – Major importing and exporting countries – World
Energy crisis in developed and developing countries.
Political Geography:
Trends and development in political Geography – Geography of federation –
Boundaries and frontiers of India – Electoral reforms in India – Geopolitics:
climate clange, world resources and Indian Ocean – Regional organisations of
co-operations: SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC and EU – Neopolitics of world natural
resources – India’s Foreign Policies.
Unit III GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT
Contributions of Greek, Romans, Arabs, German, French, British, America
and Indian scholar in geography – Contemporary trends in Indian
geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions – Major
Geographic Traditions: Earth science, Man and Environment relationship,
Area studies and spatial analysis – Dualism in Geographical studies: physical
vs human, region vs systematic, qualitative vs quantitative – Paradigm shift52
in Geography – Perspectives in Geography: Positivism, Behaviouralism,
Humanism, Feminism and Post modernism.
Unit IV REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING
Definition of region – Evolution – Types of region – Formal and functional region –
Planning region – Need and types of regional planning – Characteristics and
ideal planning region – Delimitation of planning region – Regionalisation of
India for planning – Theories and models of regional planning – Growth pole
model of perroux, growth centre model in Indian context myrdal, rostow and
Friedman – Village cluster – Changing concept of development – Concept of
under development – Efficiency – Explicity – Indicators – Economic, social and
environment – Global pattern of development – Inter-regional variation of human
development – International – Interstate comparision of India – Geospatial
technology of regional planning.
Unit V GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCE
Natural Resource: Concept, Classification and Techniques – Distribution,
Utilisation of resources – Problems and Management of Land Resources and
Water Resources – Distribution, Utilisation, Problems and Management of
Forests and Energy Resources – Appraisal and Conservation of Natural Resources
– Sustainable Resource Development – Concepts and definitions of Disaster
and Natural Hazard – Disaster: Disaster Management Cycle – Basic Concepts of
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – Hazards: Hazard types and hazard mapping –
Vulnerability: types and their assessment – physical, social, economic and
environmental vulnerability – Disaster Risk Assessment – approaches and
procedures for disaster management.
Unit VI GEOGRAPHY OF ENVIRONMENT
Nature and scope of Environmental Geography – Concept of an Ecosystem –
Structure and function of an Ecosystem – Ecosystem: Types of ecosystem –
Forest, Grassland, Desert, Aquatic Ecosystem – Ecological succession – Energy
flow in an ecosystem – Biogeochemical Cycle: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus and sulphur cycle – Food Chain, Food web, Ecological pyramid –
Biomes: Major Biomes of the world: Tundra Biome, Temperate forest biome,
Coniferous forest biome, Temperate Grassland biome, mediterrranean biome,
Savanna biome, Tropical Evergreen Rainforest biome, Monsoon Deciduous
forest biome, Desert biome – Biodiversity: Hotspots of biodiversity – Threats
to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, Man-wildlife conflicts –
Endangered species of India – Conservation of biodiversity: In situ and Ex situ
Conservation of biodiversity – hydrological cycle – International programmes
and policies – Environment policy of India.53
Unit VII GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Major physiographic Regions and their Characterstics – Drainge system –
Indian Monsoon – Soil – Vegetation – Water – Mineral and Marine Resources
– Regional variation in Agricultral Development – Population characteristics
– Growth and Composition – development population – population policies in
India – Development and Pattern of Transport – Internal and External Trade –
Regional Development planning in India – Trade policy – Export Processing
zones – India Space programme – Natural Disasters in India.
Unit VIII GEOGRAPHY OF TAMILNADU
T amil Nadu: Location – Administrative units of Tamil Nadu – Physiography:
Mountains, Plateaus, Plains – Climate: Seasons (South West, North East
Monsoon, summer and winter) – Rainfall: Cyclonic Rainfall – Distribution of
Rainfall – Rivers of Tamil Nadu – Soils: Types of Soil – Natural Vegetation:
Forest and its types – Flora and Fauna – Wild life sanctuaries – Bird sanctuaries –
Botanical gardens. Distribution of Crops: Food Crops: Paddy, Millets, Pulses,
Oilseeds – Cash Crops: (Sugarcane, Cotton) – Plantation Crops (Tea, Coffee,
Rubber and Spices) – Livestock (cattle, sheep and dairying) – Fisheries (inland
and deep sea fishing). Distribution of Minerals and Industries: Metallic,
Non-Metallic (Iron, Manganese, Bauxite, Copper, Mica, Illuminate and power
resources) – Agro Based Industries – (Textile, Sugar, Paper) – Cement –
Automobile – Population: Distribution – Growth, Density and Population
Problems – Transportation: Roadways, Railways, Airways, Waterways Trade:
(Import and Export) – Special Economic Zones.
Unit IX CARTOGRAPHY
Nature and scope of cartography – Maps: History and definition of maps –
classification of maps – Scope and types of scale – Map projection: Meaning,
definition, shape, distance, area and direction properties – classification of
projections – Selection of projection – Map compilation and design: Base
map concepts, scanning and digitization – Topographic and thematic maps –
elements of maps and layouting principles – Map design: fundamental
symbol, conventional signs, color theory, colors or patterns, Map lettering –
Map making: Definition of Choropleth, Isopleth maps – class interval
selection and shading – flow maps – cadastral maps – Demographic and
statistical mapping – Map reproduction – Map printing – Printing standard
in various medium.54
Unit X TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY
Definition of Remote Sensing – Advantanges and limitations in remote sensing –
Remote Sensing System – Platforms and sensors – Resolutions in remote
sensing – Satellite data products: Analog and digital products – Visual Image
Interpretation – Digitial Image Processing: Pre-processing, post-processing,
Digital Image Interpretation: Supervised and unsupervised classification –
Change deduction analysis – Basic concepts of Geographic Information System
(GIS) – Components of GIS – Data Models in GIS: Relational and entity
relational model – Data structure: Raster and Vector – Data requirement –
Methods of data capturing – Meta data – Raster and Vector Query – Geographic
visualization – Data analysis – Geo statistical analysis.55
SUBJECT : COMMERCE & ACCOUNTANCY
SYLLABUS
Unit I BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT
Business: Meaning and Characteristics – Divisions of business: Industry,
Commerce and Trade – Objectives of business – Social responsibilities of a
business – Business ethics and Corporate governance – Evolution of business
– Forms of business organisation: Sole proprietorship, Hindu undivided family,
Partnership, Limited liability partnership, Joint stock company, Co-operative
organisation, Government organization – Location of a plant – Business
combinations: Meaning, types, forms, advantages and limitations – Micro, Small
and Medium Enterprises – Self Help Groups.
Management: Meaning, Nature and Levels – Evolution of Management Thought
– Planning – Decision making – Organising – Power and authority – Coordination
– Staffing – Directing – Motivation – Leadership – Communication – Controlling.
Unit II MARKETING AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Marketing – Concepts, Approaches, Functions and Environment – Marketing
mix – Market Segmentation – Market Targeting and Positioning – Product:
Meaning, Features, Attributes, Mix, Product life cycle, New product planning
and development – Pricing Policies and Strategies – Promotional methods:
Personal selling, Advertising, Publicity, Sales promotion – Channels of
distribution: Functions, Types – Retail management: Agent middlemen,
Wholesaler, Retailer, Consumer Behaviour – Need for consumer protection –
Consumer grievance redressal mechanism under Consumer Protection Act
– Services marketing – Rural and Agricultural Marketing – Recent Trends in
Marketing: Digital Marketing, Social marketing, Green marketing.
Human Resource Management: Objectives and Importance – Human resource
planning – Functions of Trade Unions – Forms of Collective Bargaining –
Workers’ Participation in Management – Grievance Management – Employee
Welfare: Types of Employee Welfare Measures – Remuneration.
Unit III B ANKING, INSURANCE, FINANCIAL MARKETS
AND AUDITING
Indian Banking System – Banking Structure in India: RBI, Public Sector Banks,
Private Banks, Foreign Banks, RRB, UCB, Payment Banks and Small Finance
Banks – Branch Banking – Unit Banking – Universal Banking – Central bank56
and commercial banks – Types of Accounts: Savings, Recurring, Fixed Deposit,
CASA, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana – KYC norms – Digital Banking
Services: e-banking, Mobile banking – Green Banking – Electronic Mobile
Wallets – ATM – Electronic Money – NEFT, RTGS, IMPS, UPI and Digital
currency.
Insurance: Meaning and features – Life insurance – General Insurance – IRDAI:
Purpose, Duties, Powers and functions.
Financial Markets: Capital Markets – Money Markets – Primary Market
Operations – Secondary Market Operations – Functions of Stock Exchanges –
Listing – Role of SEBI – Venture Capital, Leasing and Credit Rating.
Auditing: Meaning, Objectives – Types of audit – Audit Planning and control –
Internal Control-Internal Check and Internal Audit – Vouching – Verification and
Valuation of Assets and Liabilities – Professional Ethics of Auditors – Auditors:
Qualification, Appointment and Removal, Duties and Liabilities – Investigation
and Audit.
Unit IV BUSINESS LAW AND COMPANY LAW
The Indian Contract Act, 1872: Introduction – Elements of a valid contract –
Offer and Acceptance – Consideration – Capacity to contract – Free consent
– Legality of object – Void agreements – Contingent contract – Performance
of contract – Quasi contract – Discharge of contracts – Remedies for breach of
contract.
The Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale of goods – Conditions and warranties –
Transfer of property – Performance of contract of sale – Rights of an unpaid
seller.
Companies Act, 2013: Characteristics of Company – Lifting or Piercing the
Corporate Veil – Classification of Companies – Formation of a Company
(Promoter, Prospectus, Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association,
Incorporation, Commencement of business) – Share capital and Debentures –
Directors – Meetings – Company Secretary (Appointment, Rights, Duties and
Liabilities).
Unit V E NTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AND
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Entrepreneurship: Meaning, Characteristics and types – Entrepreneur: Traits,
Classification and Functions – Idea Generation – Identification of Business
Opportunities – Design Thinking: Meaning and Process – MSME: Definition,57
Importance of MSME for Economic Growth – Role of banks in EDP – Role
of SIDCO – SIPCOT in Tamil Nadu – Government Schemes – Prime Minister
Employment Generation Programme – Problems of small Entrepreneurs –
Women Entrepreneurship in India: Incentives and Subsidies.
International Business – Meaning – Nature – Scope and Importance – Stages
of Internationalisation of business – Methods of entry into foreign markets:
Licensing – Franchising – Joint Ventures – Strategic Alliances – Subsidiaries
and Acquisitions – Balance of Payment – Balance of Trade –Tariffs, Quotas and
Licenses – Multi-Lateral Agreements and Institutions: Economic Integration
– Forms: Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market and Economic
Union-Regional Blocks: Developed and Developing Countries – NAFTA – EU
– SAARC, ASEAN-BRICS – OPEC – Promotional role played by IMF-World
Bank and its affiliates – IFC, MIGA and ICSID – ADB-Regulatory role played
by WTO and UNCTAD.
Unit VI FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Introduction to Accounting – Accounting Concepts and Conventions –
Indian Accounting Standards – Accounting Equation – Double Entry
System – Journal – Ledger – Cash Book – Other Subsidiary Books – Trial
Balance – Rectification of Errors – Bank Reconciliation Statement –
Depreciation Accounting – Capital Expenditures and Revenue Expenditures
– Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – Average due date – Account current.
Bills of Exchange – Accounts from incomplete records – Accounts of Not-
for-profit organisation – Partnership Accounts: Fundamentals, Final accounts,
Admission, Retirement, Death of partners – Dissolution of partnership firms –
Consignment accounts – Joint venture accounts.
Unit VII CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Issues of Shares – Bonus Issues – Sweat Equity Shares – Employee Stock
Option Scheme and Employee Stock Purchase Scheme – Buy Back of Shares
– Redemption of Preference Shares – Issue and Redemption of Debentures
– Underwriting of Securities – Profit Prior to Incorporation – Valuation of
Goodwill and Shares – Final Accounts of Companies – Amalgamation: Merger
and Acquisition – Alteration of Capital and Internal Reconstruction – Corporate
Financial Reporting – Consolidated financial statements.
Unit VIII COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Introduction to Cost Accounting – Methods and Techniques of Costing –
Classification of cost – Materials – Labour – Overheads – Cost sheet – Job58
Costing – Process Costing – Joint Products and By-Products – Operating
Costing – Contract Costing – Standard costing and Variance Analysis (Material
and Labour only) – Activity Based Costing.
Introduction to Management Accounting – Functions and Benefits of
Management accounting – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial statements:
Comparative statements, Common size statements and Trend analysis – Ratios
– Funds flow statement – Cash Flow Statement as per AS 3 – Budgets and
Budgetary control – Marginal Costing and Break – Even analysis.
Unit IX FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STATISTICS
Introduction to Financial management – Sources of finance – Sources of (National
and International) – Time value of money – Risk and return – Cost of capital
– Capital structure – Leverages – Dividend policy – Working capital forecast –
Cash management – Receivable management – Inventory management – Capital
budgeting.
Introduction to Statistics – Sampling and sample designs – Collection of Primary
and Secondary data – Measures of Central tendency – Measures of Dispersion –
Simple Correlation – Regression Analysis – Chi-square Test – Probability.
Unit X TAXATION
Basic concepts relating to Income Tax – Residential status and Tax Incidence
– Scope of Income – Basic concepts of Income – Income exempt from tax –
Income from salaries – Income from house property – Profits and Gains from
Business or Profession – Capital Gains – Income from Other Sources – Clubbing
of Income – Set off and Carry forward of losses – Deductions from Gross total
income – Assessment of individuals – Return of income – Advance payment
of tax – Deduction and Collection of Tax at Source – E-filing of Income Tax
Returns.
Introduction to Goods and Services Tax – CGST – SGST – UTGST – IGST –
Taxable Event – Consideration – Levy and Collection of GST – Exemptions
from GST – Place and Time of Supply – Value of taxable supply – Input Tax
Credit – Procedure for Registration – Goods and Services Valuation Rules – Tax
Invoice – Credit and Debit Notes – Payment of tax – Interest on Delayed Payment
of Tax – Furnishing of Returns – Default in Furnishing Returns – Demand and
Appeals – Authority for Advance Ruling – Settlement of cases.59
SUBJECT : ECONOMICS
SYLLABUS
UNIT I MICRO ECONOMICS
• Theory of Consumer Behaviour – Cardinal and Ordinal approaches –
Revealed Preference hypothesis – Hicks Revision of demand theory – The
Modern Utility analysis of Choices involving risk or uncertainty – Elasticity
of demand – The concept of Consumers Surplus.
• Theory of Producer Behaviour: Production Function – Law of Variable
Proportions and Return to scale – Production Function: Cobb-Douglas, CES
– Technical progress – Least Cost Combination – The Theory of Costs.
• Theory of Markets: Market structure – Concept of equilibria – Perfect
Competition – Monopoly and Price Discrimination – Monopolistic
Competition – Oligopoly – Duopoly – Game theory – Non-cooperative
games.
• Factor Pricing: Marginal Productivity Theory – Product Exhaustion Theorem
– Theories of Rent, Wages, Interest and Profits – General Equilibrium Analysis
– Efficiency criteria: Pareto – Hicks and Kaldor – Welfare Economics: old
and new – Economics of information.
UNIT II MACRO ECONOMICS
• National Income and Social Accounting: Concepts and Measurements –
Determination of Output and Employment: Classical and Keynesian, Post
Keynesian.
• Consumption and Investment Functions: Theories of Consumption Function
– The Principles of Multiplier and Accelerator – Interaction of Multiplier
and Accelerator – Theories of Investment Function – New Theories of
Investment: Financial, Jorgenson and Tobin.
• M acro theories of Distribution: Ricardo, Marx, Keynes, Kalecki and
Kaldor.
UNIT III MONEY BANKING
• T heories of demand for and supply of money: Classical, Keynesian and
Post-Keynesian approaches – Components of Money Supply – High
Powered Money – The Money Multiplier – Theories of Inflation – Theories
of Business Cycles – Controls of Business Cycles – Inflation and Phillips
Curve Analysis.60
• Functions of Central Banking and Credit Control – Instruments and Workings
of Monetary Policy – Different Currency Standards – Rational Expectations
Hypothesis and its critique – capital market and its regulations – Role and
Functions of Commercial Banks and Non-Banking Financial Institutions.
UNIT IV INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
• International Trade and Economic Development – Theories of International
Trade: Smith, Ricardo, Hecksher-Ohlin and Krugman.
• Factor Price Equalization Theorem by Rybczynski – Balance of Payments:
Concept, Composition, Equilibrium and Disequilibrium – Terms of Trade –
Trade Multiplier.
• Theories of Exchange Rate – Exchange Rate Policies – Foreign exchange
market – Optimum Currency Area – International Capital Movements – Free
trade vs Protectionism – Qualitative and Quantitative Restrictions – Trade
policy for developing countries – GATT and WTO – Regional Trade Blocks:
EU, ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA, BRICS etc. – IMF and World.
UNIT V PUBLIC ECONOMICS
• Role of Public Finance – Canons of Taxation – Principles of Taxation –
Taxable Capacity – Direct and Indirect Taxes – GST design – Implementation
and impact of GST.
• Theories of Public Expenditure: Musgrave, Wagner, Peacock and Wiseman
– Public Debt: Meaning, Theories and Methods of Repayment.
• Budget: Procedures and types – Objectives and Instruments of Fiscal Policy
– Deficit Financing and Methods – Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal
policy.
• Principles of Federal Finance – Problems of Allocation of Resources of the
Centre and State – Fiscal Responsibility of the Centre and State – Finance
Commission in India – Local Finance in India – Sources of Local Finance –
Functions and Their Defects – Fiscal Correction and Additional Stimulus.
UNIT VI ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Indicators of Economic Development: GDP, Per Capita Income, PQLI, HDI
and GDI.
• Theories of Economic Development: Smith, Ricardo, Mark, Schumpeter
and Rostow – Balanced and Unbalanced, Amartya Sen – Technical Progress:
Embodied and Disembodied – Endogeneous Growth –Models of Economic
Growth: Harrod – Domar, Robinson, Kaldor, Solow and Mahalanobis.
• Concepts and Measurement: Sustainable Development Goals, Poverty and
Inequalities.61
UNIT VII ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND DEMOGRAPHY
• Environment as a public good – Market failures – Coase Theorem – Cost
Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria – Validation of Environmental
Goals.
• Theories of Population – Concept, Measures and Features: Population
Pyramid, Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality, Aging, Demographic dividend, Life
Table, Migration, Urbanization.
UNIT VIII INDIAN ECONOMY-I
• Features of Indian Economy – National Income in India: Measurement,
Growth and Structure – Economic reformation in India: Fiscal, Financial
and Trade – Challenges facing in chain Economy: Human capital formation,
Unbalanced regional development, Unemployment, Poverty and Inequality.
• Agriculture in India – Land reforms – Green revolution – Agricultural credit
and marketing – Food Security – Reformation in agriculture – Major Issues in
Agriculture: Agrarian crisis, farm subsidies, food security, doubling farmers
income and farmers’ suicide – WTO and agriculture.
• Industries in India – Industrialization: Role, Growth, Pattern, Features and
Performance – Industrial Policies in the post independence era – Performance
of Public Sector – Disinvestment policy – Large Scale Industries and MSMEs
in the transformative era (2014-15) – Make in India, Startup India, Skill India
– Special Economic Zones – Industrial Labour reforms in India – Impact of
GST and Demonetization on Unorganized and Informal industries.
• Services in India: Foreign Trade: Composition, Direction, Balance of
Payment Problems and Policies – Financial Services in India: Commercial
Banks, Money and Capital Markets – Infrastructure: Transport, Energy,
Telecommunication, Health and Education – Fiscal System in India.
UNIT IX INDIAN ECONOMY-II
• New Economic Policy: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation –
critical appraisal of pre and post liberalisation.
• Planning Commission in India: Five Year Plans, Strategies, Achievements
and performance – Planning Commission vs NITI Aayog.
• Rural Economy in India: Features, Problems and Challenges – Rural
Development: Meaning, Need and Policies – Rural poverty and
unemployment: causes and remedies – Rural indebtedness: features, causes
and remedies – Rural infrastructure.
• Tamil Nadu Economy: Features, Growth, Structure, Performance and Models
of development – Major Challenges in Tamil Nadu Economy – Dravidian
Model of development.62
UNIT X QUANTITATIVE METHODS
• Collection of Data – Sampling methods – Organisation and Presentation
of Data – Measures: Central tendency, Dispersion and Distribution –
Correlation – Regression – Index Numbers – Time series and Analysis –
Sampling distributions – Theories of estimation – Testing of hypothesis–
Linear Regression models: Simple and Multiple – Violations of assumptions
of Linear Regression model: Autocorrelation, Heteroscedasticity,
Multicollinearity and Misspecification.
• Mathematical Economics: Sets – Functions and Continuity, Sequence,
Series – Differential Calculus and its applications – Integral calculus (Basic
Techniques) – Differential and difference equations with applications –
Linear Algebra – Matrices and their application in Economics – Input-Output
Model – Linear Programming Problems.63
SUBJECT : PHYSICAL EDUCATION
SYLLABUS
Unit I PRINCIPLES OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Meaning of Motor Development, Motor Learning, Motor Control, Physical
Growth, Maturation & Aging – Theoretical perspectives in Motor Development
– Newell’s Model of Motor Development – Principles of motion and stability
– Motor Milestones – Development of motor skills across the lifespan – Motor
Skills: Locomotor, nonlocomotor and manipulative skills – Movement concepts:
Body, Space, Effort & Relationship – Sensory perceptual development: Visual,
Kinesthetic, Auditory and Intermodal perception – Functional constraints in
Motor Development.
Unit II S KILLS, RULES AND REGULATIONS OF SPORTS AND
GAMES (WITH REFERENCE TO RDG/BDG AND RD/BD
COMPETITIONS OF TN GOVT.)
Skills (Fundamental and Advanced Skills) – Physical, Technical and Tactical
preparation – Rules and regulations – Duties of Officials – Methods of officiating
– Official Signals – Scoring – Playfield dimensions, layout and marking –
Equipment specifications- Organizational Set-up – Qualification and Qualities
of Coach.
Unit III RULES AND REGULATIONS OF ATHLETICS (WITH
REFERENCE TO BDS OF TN GOVT.) AND CHESS
Athletics: Techniques – Physical, Technical and Tactical preparation – Rules and
regulations – Duties of Officials – FOP preparation – Equipment and implement
specifications, layout and marking of track (400m Oval and Short track) and
field events – Organizational Set-up.
Chess: Chessboard – Chessman – Values of Chessmen – Capturing – Attack
– Checkmate – Technical and Tactical preparation – Rules and regulations –
Duties of Officials.
Unit IV TOURNAMENTS, SCHEMES AND AWARDS
Tournaments at School, College & University level – Federation/Association
tournaments at District, State, Regional, National, Asian and International Level –
Sports schemes of State and Central Government including SDAT and
SAI – State and National awards in Sports – Sports Hostel – Centre of Excellence
– Incentives for sportsperson at state and National Level – Significant sports
tournaments / trophies / sportspersons – CM Trophy – National Games – Asian
Games – Olympic Games/World Cup – Organisational setup and functions of
DSE, SCERT & DIET – Role of CIPE & DIPE.64
Unit V HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Concept of Tests and Measurements – Purpose of Tests, Measurements and
Evaluation – Domain of Human Performance – Criteria for Tests Selection –
Norm referenced & Criterion referenced reliability and validity – Developing
knowledge based tests and Survey – Components of Physical Fitness –
Assessment of Physical Fitness in Youth and Adults – Sports Skills Assessment
– psychomotor tests – psychological measurements – Sports Analytics.
Unit VI GENERAL THEORY AND METHODS OF SPORTS TRAINING
Principles of Sports Training – Training load components – Periodization in Sports
Training – Individualization and Adaptation in Training Programs – Multilateral
physical development – Sports Specific Physical development – Skill acquisition
and Technique Development – Tactical and Psychological preparation –
Recovery and Regeneration Techniques – Strength and Conditioning Methods
– Endurance Training Strategies – Speed, Agility and coordination Training –
Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation in Sports Training.
Unit VII EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND SPORTS NUTRITION
Exercise Physiology: Development and aging of body systems – Energy
systems and metabolism – fatigue and recovery – Body temperature regulation
– Endocrine Responses to Exercise – Cardiovascular Physiology – Respiratory
Physiology – Neuromuscular Physiology.
Sports Nutrition: Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats –
Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals – Fluids and Hydration Strategies – Pre-
Exercise Nutrition – During-Exercise Nutrition – Post-Exercise Nutrition and
Recovery – Nutrition for Athletes – Supplements in Sports Nutrition –Nutrition
Strategies for Weight Management and Body Composition – Ergogenic aids –
Doping.
Unit VIII RESEARCH PROCESS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
Meaning and Definition of Research – Need, Nature and importance of research
in Physical Education – Types of Research: (i) Basic, Applied & Action research,
(ii) Analytical Research (Philosophical, Historical, Meta Analysis), Descriptive
Research, Experimental Research, Qualitative Research – Steps in research
process – Formulation of hypothesis – Purpose of the literatures – Variables and
its types – Data collection tools in Research – Research Design – Mechanism of
writing thesis / dissertation – Method of Writing Research proposal, Research
Synopsis, Research Paper & Abstract – APA format in Bibliography writing –
Research ethics.65
Unit IX STATISTICS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
Definition of Statistics – Types of Statistics – Data and its types (Nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio) – Variables and attributes – Parametric and non-parametric
statistics – Measures of Central Tendency & Measures of Variability – Principles
of Normal Probability Curve – Skewness and Kurtosis – Type I & II Error-
Level of significance – Population & Sample – Types of Sampling: Probability
and Non-Probability sampling – Concept of t-test, F-test & Correlation –
Graphical Representation in Statistics.
Unit X MODERN TRENDS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
Biomechanical Analysis – Stress Management Techniques – Wearable
Fitness Trackers – Virtual Reality Training – Data Analytics for Performance
Enhancement – Technological innovation in equipment, surfaces/play fields
and coaching – Sports and Games for Children with Special Needs (CWSN) –
Interdisciplinary Approaches – Early Childhood Physical Literacy – Thirumoolar
Astanga Yoga – Sport tourism.66
SUBJECT : POLITICAL SCIENCE
SYLLABUS
Unit I POLITICAL THEORY AND IDEOLOGIES
Concepts: State, Sovereignty, Political Obligation, Law, Power, Citizenship,
Human Rights, Liberty, Equality, Property, Justice, Common Good, Democracy
and Development.
Approaches: Traditional, Behavioural, Post Behavioural, Structural-Functional,
Communication and Decision Making.
Ideologies: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, Realism, Conservatism, Post –
Colonialism – Marxism – Neo-Marxism – Socialism – Fascism – Anarchism –
Feminism – Ecologism – Multi-Culturalism –Environmentalism.
Unit II WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
Ancient: Socrates – Plato – Aristotle.
Medieval: St Augustine – St Thomas Aquinas – Niccole Machiavelli.
Modern / Post Modern: Hobbes-Locke – Rousseau – John Stuart Mill – Karl
Marx – Gramsci – John Rawls.
Unit III INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
Evolution & Characteristics: Vedic Polity – Concept of Dharma / Artha / Kama.
Ancient Thinkers: Manu – Kautilya – Thiruvalluvar – Mohammad Iqbal –
E.V. Ramasamy Periyar.
Modern Thinkers: Swami Vivekananda – Aurobindo – M.K. Gandhi –
M.N. Roy – Ambedkar – Jayaprakash Narayan, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Unit IV INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Introduction: Meaning / Origin and Evolution – Theories: Idealism – Realism
– Liberalism – Marxism – Constructivism – Global Justice.
Role of Modern State/ Nation & the concept of Nationalism: Security – War
Impacts (First-World War & Second-World War / Cold War & Post-Cold War /
Nuclear Weapons) – Dynamics of Diplomacy (Types – Mechanism – Institutions
– Modern Trends) – UN & its Agencies – Regional Organisations (European
Union / African Union / Shanghai Corporation Organisation / SAARC, ASEAN
& BRICS).
Contemporary Issues in Foreign Policy of India during the 21st Century:
Relations with Neighourhood (Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan) Russia, USA and European Union.67
Unit V POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA
Introduction: Making of the Indian Constitution – Constituent Assembly –
Philosophy of the Constitution, Constitutionalism and Constitutional Amendment.
Features and Structure: Executive (President, Prime Minister and Council
of Ministers) – Legislature (Union Parliament – Parliamentary Committees) –
Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism,
Judicial Reform).
Various Institutions and Challenges: Electoral Process and Election
Commission of India – Local Government Institutions (Functioning and
Reforms) – Constitutional and Statutory Bodies (Comptroller and Auditor
General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission
for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National
Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities).
Unit VI POLITICAL PROCESS IN INDIA
Introduction: State Economy and Development / Planning and Development /
Policies for Growth & Development.
Political Processes in Indian Politics: Reorganization of Indian State – Identity
Politics (Religion / Tribe / Caste / Region / Language) – Ideology and Party
Politics (National & State Parties).
Globalization and its Dynamics: Gender & Politics (Issues of Equality
and Representation) / Electoral Politics (Participation & Representation and
Emerging Challenges) / Role of Civil Society.
Unit VII PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Origin and growth: Concepts, principles and theories (Classical – Bureaucratic
– Scientific Management – Human Relations – Ecological).
Features of Administration: Accountability and control (Legislature, Executive
and Judiciary) – Human Resource Management (structure of bureaucracy, civil
service at central, state and district level) – Budgetary process – Committees –
Tribunals.
Issues and Challenges in Public Administration: Ethics and Integrity –
New Public Management – Issues challenges and changing trends in Public
Administration.68
Unit VIII GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF TAMILNADU
Establishment of Madras Presidency and Dravidian Nationalism: Non-
Brahmanism, rise of Justice Party, growth of Dravidian identities and parties,
Self-respect Movement, Formation of Dravida Kazhagam.
Role of government and its rise and decline: Congress Regime – Rajaji –
State Reorganization – K. Kamaraj – M. Bhakthavatsalam – DMK Regime:
1967 elections – Formation of DMK – Anti-Hindi agitations – C.N. Annadurai –
M. Karunanidhi – M.K. Stalin – AIADMK Regime: M. G. Ramachandran –
J. Jayalalitha – O. Pannerselvam – Edapadi Palanisamy – Other Political Parties
and Issues: PMK–MDMK–DMDK–VCK–CPI–BJP–IUML – role and impact of
Language, Cinema, Caste and Social media.
Policies and Politics from 1947 till date: Welfare schemes, Social Justice
programmes, Committees and Commissions, Sectoral policies and issues
concerning the State & its relation with the Central Government.
Unit IX MODERN GOVERNMENTS: (UK, USA & SWITZERLAND)
Introduction: Establishment of modern constitutions and their characteristics.
Introduction to the State and the Government – State and its Nature – State and
Government – Sovereignty – Division of powers – Unitary state – Federal State-
Constitution and its classifications – Written and Unwritten – Flexible and Rigid
– Parliamentary and Non-Parliamentary forms of Government.
Types of governments: Presidential, Parliamentary, Quasi-Presidential and
Direct Democracy in the UK, USA and Switzerland (structure and function of
Executive, Legislature and Judiciary).
Nature of Political Parties & Electoral process: UK, USA and Switzerland.
Unit X PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
Introduction: Concepts (public interest, public sector, output, development,
economic growth, equity, government and governance) – Theories (elite
theory, group theory, political systems theory and institutionalism, policy
output, incremental theory, rational choice theory) – Features of Public policy
in India.
Institutions and Policy Making in India: Governance Structure (Right to
Information / Consumer Protection Act / Citizen Charter / Grievance Redressal
System / Lokpal / Lokayukta – Panchayat Raj Institutions – System & functions)
Policy Governance in India: Instrument of Socio–Economic Development
– Centre and State Organizations and their Schemes/ Programmes/ Policies
(Housing, Health, Drinking Water, Education, Food Security, Science &
Technology etc).69
SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE
SYLLABUS
Unit I COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Number Systems: Introduction, Conversion from One Number System to
another, Digital Codes, Introduction – Weighted Binary Code, Non-Weighted
Binary Code, Alphanumeric Code, Error Detection and Error Correction
Codes.
Boolean Algebra: Introduction, Boolean Logic, Boolean Operations, Operator
Precedence, Laws of Boolean Algebra, Representation of Boolean Function,
Simplification methods in Boolean algebra.
Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates,
Boolean Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops,
Sequential Circuits, Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and
Counters, Memory Unit.
Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization
and Instruction Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing
and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output,
Interrupt.
Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language,
Assembler, Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.
Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization,
Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.
Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface,
Asynchronous Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial
Communication.
Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative Memory,
Cache Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.
Unit II DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas and
Instances, Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence, Database
Languages and Interfaces, Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for
DBMS.
Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Diagrams, Relational Model, Constraints,
Languages, Design and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Relational
Algebra and Relational Calculus, Codd Rules.70
Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and
Normalization, Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization, Transaction
Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques,
Object and Object-Relational Databases, Database Security and Authorization.
Constraints and Views: Constraints and its types, Integrity constraints, Check
constraints, Referential constraints, Introduction to views, updates on views,
comparison between tables and views.
Transaction management and Concurrency control: Transaction
management, ACID properties, serializability and concurrency control, Lock
based concurrency control (2PL, Deadlocks), Time stamping methods, optimistic
methods, database recovery management.
Unit III SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEM
System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages, Compilers
and Interpreters, Loading, Linking and Relocation, Macros, Debuggers.
Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and
Services, System Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation, System
Boot.
Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations, Inter-process
Communication, Communication in Client-Server Systems, Process
Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores,
Synchronization.
Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries,
Implicit Threading, Threading Issues.
CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms, Thread Scheduling,
Multiple Processor Scheduling, Real-Time Scheduling.
Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks,
Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and Detection, Recovery from Deadlock.
Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging,
Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames,
Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files.
Unit IV DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS
Data Structures: Abstract data types, Arrays and their Applications, Sparse
Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Linked Lists.
Trees and Graphs: Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary
Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Graphs, Sorting and Searching
Algorithms, Hashing.71
Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences: Time and Space
Complexities, Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations.
Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy
Algorithms, Backtracking, Branch and Bound.
Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths,
Maximum Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees.
Advanced Algorithms: Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging,
Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.
Unit V DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKS
Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex,
Half Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication, Analog and Digital Signals,
Noiseless and Noisy Channels, Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency, Digital and
Analog Transmission, Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques, Broadband
and Baseband Transmission, Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission
Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.
Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan
Area Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.
Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols,
TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses, Switching
Techniques.
Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction,
Flow and Error Control, Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access –
CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA,
TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.
World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain
Name Service (DNS), Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses
to Names, Electronic Mail Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP, TELNET
and FTP.
Unit VI PROGRAMMING WITH C++
Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts,
Paradigms and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and
Binding Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal
Transition Models.
Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects, Scalar and Composite
Data Types.72
Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Encapsulation, Inheritance,
Abstract Class, Polymorphism.
Basics of C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants, Data types,
Operators, Control statements.
Functions: User-defined Functions, Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions.
Class and Objects: Constructors and Destructors, Overloading, Inheritance,
Templates.
Files and Event Handling: Streams and Files, Multi-file Programs, Exception
and Event Handling.
Unit VII PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Basics: Python interpreter and interactive mode, debugging, values and types:
int, float, Boolean, string and list, variables, expressions, statements, tuple
assignment, precedence of operators, comments.
Python libraries: Numpy, Pandas and Matplotlib, SciPy.
Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional statements, Iteration:
statement, while, for, break, continue.
Functions: Functions types, return values, parameters, local and global scope,
function composition, recursion.
Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module,
Lists as arrays.
Lists: list operations, list slices, list methods, list loop, mutability, aliasing,
cloning lists, list parameters.
Tuples: tuple assignment, tuple as return value, Dictionaries: operations and
methods, advanced list processing – Iterator and generator.
Unit VIII WEB DEVELOPMENT
HTML: Introduction – Basic Tags-formatting and fonts, Working with colour.
Elements of HTML: Working with Tables, Working with Images, Working
with Links, List and Tables, Frame and Frameset, Forms and Controls.
CSS: Introduction to Cascading Style Sheet, using CSS background images,
colour and properties, Manipulating texts using fonts, border and boxes margins,
padding lists, positioning using CSS.
M enu and Division: Types of Style Sheets, Class and ID, selector, Inline Menu,
DIV and CSS layout.73
JavaScript: Introduction to JavaScript, Understanding Variables, Loops and
Arrays, Functions, Working with alert, confirm and prompt boxes, Creating
Rollover image, Working with Operators, Events.
Unit IX PHP AND MYSQL
Basics of PHP: Evaluation of PHP, Basic Syntax, Defining variable and constant,
PHP Data type, Operator and Expression, Making Decisions, Doing Repetitive
task with looping, Mixing Decisions and looping with HTML.
Functions: Defining a function, Call by value and Call by reference, Recursive
function.
String Handling: Creating and accessing, String Searching and Replacing
String, Formatting String, String Related Library functions.
Array: Anatomy of an Array, Index based and Associative array, Accessing
array, Element Looping with Index based array, Looping with associative array.
Working with file and Directories: Understanding file and directory, Opening
and closing a file, Copying, renaming and deleting a file, working with directories,
Creating and deleting folder, File uploading and downloading.
MySQL: MySQL database connection, Creating a table with key constraints,
dropping a table, adding, retrieving, updating data, deleting data, Performing
additional queries (Joins and subqueries), Connecting to MySQL, Accessing
MySQL using PHP, Querying MySQL database with PHP.
Unit X CYBER SECURITY
Cyber Crime: Introduction to Cyber Crime, Malware type, Kinds of Cyber
Crime.
Cyber Security Techniques: Authentication, Encryption, Digital Signatures,
Antivirus, Firewall, Steganography.
Password Management: Guidelines for Secure Password, Two Step verification,
Generating Secure password, Using Password Manager, Enabling Two-step
verification, Securing Computer using antivirus.
Cryptography: Symmetric cipher model, cryptographic system, substitution
techniques, Caesar cipher, mono alphabetic ciphers, Hill ciphers, Transposition
techniques, steganography, Data encryption standard, The strength of DES.
Attacks: Investigating DoS Attacks, Types of DoS Attacks, Classification of
DoS Attacks, Techniques to Detect, DoS Attacks.74
SUBJECT : TELUGU
SYLLABUS
I
II
III
75
IV
V
.
;
VI
VII
VIII
76
IX
X
77
SUBJECT : MALAYALAM
SYLLABUS
SUBJECT: MALAYALAM
SYLLABUS
Unit 1
മലയാളസാഹിത്യം പ്രാരംഭം
മലയാളസാഹിത്യത്തിന്റെ പ്രാചീനകാലഘട്ടം മുത്ൽ പത്ിനഞ്ാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടുവന്റരയുള്ള
സാഹിത്യപാരമ്പരയമാണ് പ്രാചീനസാഹിത്യം എന്ന ഭാഗത്ത്
ഉൾന്റെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത്്. വാന്റമാഴിൊട്ട്, പാട്ട്-മണിപ്രവാളസാഹിത്യങ്ങൾ
എന്നിവന്റയ മുൻനിർത്തി പൂർവ്വസാഹിത്യന്റത്ത മനസിലാക്കുക എന്നത്ാണ് ഈ
ഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം. കർത്താവ്, കാലം, പ്രസ്ഥാനരീത്ി, സാഹിത്യപരമായും
സാംസ് ാരികമായും ഉള്ള പ്രസ്ി എന്നിവ മന്ിലാക്കുക എന്ന ലക്ഷ്യും ം ഈ
ഭാഗത്തിനുണ്ട്.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 1
വാന്റമാഴിസാഹിത്യം
നാടടാടിൊട്ടുകൾ, നിർവ്വചനങ്ങൾ, പ്രടമയം, ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകൾ, ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകളിന്റല
കീഴാളജീവിത്ം, വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകൾ, ഇവയുന്റട രൂപപരും ം സാമൂഹികും മായ
പ്രടത്യകത്കൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ.
അനുഷ് ഠാനഗാനസാഹിത്യും ം ടേവീടതാത്രങ്ങളം, വരവിളിടത്താറ്റങ്ങൾ,
ടത്ാറ്റംപാട്ടുകളന്റട ചരിത്രം, അനുഷ്ഠാനപരമായ ധർമ്മങ്ങൾ, സാമൂഹിക -
ചരിത്രപരാമർശങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ വിശകലനം ന്റചയ്യുക.
ജനകീയഗാനങ്ങൾ, വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകളന്റട ചരിത്രം, വിഭജനങ്ങൾ, വീരകഥാഗാനങ്ങൾ,
സാമൂഹികപ്രസ്ി, കഥാസംഗ്രഹം, എന്നിവയിലൂന്റട വാന്റമാഴിപാരമ്പരയത്തിന്റല
വടക്കൻപാട്ടുശാഖ പരിചയന്റെടുക.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 2
പാട്ടും മണിപ്രവാള സാഹിത്യും ം
രാമചരിത്ം, ത്ിരുനിഴൽമാല എന്നിവയുൾന്റെടുന്ന രണ്ടാം ഭാഗത്തിലൂന്റട
പാട്ടുപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ ഉത്ഭവവികാസപരിണാമങ്ങന്റള മന്ിലാക്കുക. വിശാലമായുള്ള
പഠനമാണ് ലക്ഷ്യമാക്കുന്നത്്.
മലയാളത്തിന്റല ഏറ്റും ം പ്രാചീനകാവയമായ രാമചരിത്ത്തിന്റെ കർത്താവ്, കാലം,
ചർച്ചകൾ, ഘടന, പ്രത്ിപാേയവിഷയത്തിന്റെ സാമൂഹികപ്രസ്ി, ഉൾന്റെടുന്ന
പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം അത്ിന്റെ സവിടശഷത്കളം ,,ഭാഷാപരമായ പ്രടത്യകത്കൾ, എന്നിവ.78
കണ്ണശ്ശരാമായണം: പാട്ടുപ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വികാസപരിണാമങ്ങൾ, ഭ്ിപ്രസ്ഥാനം,
നിരണം കവികൾ, കാലം, കൃത്ികൾ, ഭാഷ, ഭാഷാ സാഹിത്യവികാസപദ്ധത്ിയിൽ
നിരണം കവികളന്റട സംഭാവന, കാവയസംഗ്രഹം എന്നിവ.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 3
മണിപ്രവാളും ം മലയാളും ം
ലീലാത്ിലകം, കണ്ണശ്ശരാമായണം, ഉണ്ണുനീലിസടേശം, എന്നിവയുന്റട ഏത്ാനം
Cഭാhഗ ങ്ങ]ൾc nNbs¸SpഉIൾhന്റgപ്പn ടുത്തaWിയn{ ]hmfkmഭlാഷnXാyൈs¯നഷ¡ധpdചn¨�pw aebmന്റfമ`ാmഡ്യjൂbൾps S
cമqണ]oിIപ്രcവWാളsസ¯ാഹ¡ിpത്dnയ¨ന്റത്തpw ക്കു െ[ിച്ചmcം Wbമpല≠യmാ¡ളഭpാ¶ഷpയു. ന്റടa Wn{രൂ]hപmീfക¯രണnsന്റâത്ത ക്കുkെzmി[ച്ചoം\ w
aധ\ാÊരണneയുm¡ണ്ടpാIക്കു. വാന് സഹായിക്കും. മണിപ്രവാള. ത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം മന്ിലാക്കുക.
െഫെന്സ് Unit 2
1. ന്റത്ക്കൻ കഥാഗാനങ്ങൾ : ത്ിക്കുെിശ്ശി ഗംഗാധരൻ
ഇരുപത്ാംനുറ്റാണ്ട് മുത്ലുള്ള മലയാള കവിത്
2. ഉത്തരടകരളത്തിന്റല ടത്ാറ്റം പാട്ടുകൾ : എം.വി.വിഷ് ണുനമ്പുത്ിരി
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 1
വിലാപകാവയം - ഖണ്ഡകാവയങ്ങൾ - കാല്പനികത്യും മലയാള കവിത്യും -
3. ത്ിരുവർക്കാട്ടു ഭഗവത്ിടത്താറ്റം എം.വി.വിഷ്ണുനമ്പുത്ിരി
അന്തസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പ്രണയും ം വിരഹും ം ആശാൻ കവിത്കളിൽ - ചങ്ങ�ഴയുന്റട
കാവയൈശലി - ആധുനികപൂർവ കവിത് - എൻ. വി.കൃഷ്ണവാരയരുന്റട കവിത്കള് -
4. വടക്കൻ പാട്ടുകൾ : (എഡ്യി.) രാഘവൻ പയ്യനാട്
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2
5. വടക്കൻപാട്ടുകളന്റട പണിയാല : എം.ആർ.രാഘവവാരിയർ
ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം മലയാളകവിത്യും - കുരുടക്ഷ്ത്രം - അയ്യപ്പപ്പണിക്കർ - ആറ്റൂർ
രവിവർമ്മ - ന്റക.ജി. ശങ്കരപ്പിള്ള - ബാലാമണിയമ്മ - സുഗത്കുമാരി - സച്ചിോനേൻ -
6. ഭാഷാച�ക്കൾ : ഉ�ർ
ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് - ഡ്യി.വിനയചന്ദ്രൻ - രാജലക്ഷ്മി
പുതുകവിത്യും ഭാും കത്വും ം - പി.പി. രാമചന്ദ്രൻ - െഫീഖ് അഹമ്മേ് - എസ്. ടജാസഫ്-
7. ടകരളഭാഷയുന്റട വികാസപരിണാമങ്ങൾ: ഇളംകുളം കുഞ്ഞൻപിള്ള
പി.രാമൻ - ആശാലത് - വി.എം. ഗിരിജ - അൻവർ അലി - അനിത് ത്മ്പി - എം.ബി.
മടനാജ്
8. മഹിളാളി മഹാസ് പേം : ന്റവളത്താട്ട് ടകശവൻ
ആധുനിടകാത്തര കവിത് - േലിത്് - ടഗാത്രകവിത് - കടൽക്കവിത് - ൈസബർ കവിത് -
9. നമ്പയാർത്മിഴ്: പി.ന്റക സുമത്ികുട്ടി
ന്റപായട്രി ഇൻസ്റ്റടലഷൻ - എസ്. കടലഷ് - എം.ആർ. വിഷ്ണുപ്രസാേ് - വിജില - ആർ.
സംഗീത് - സുകുമാരൻ ചാലിഗദ്ധ - അടശാകൻ മെയൂർ - സുധീഷ് ടകാടട്ടമ്പ്രം - ഒ .
അരുൺ കുമാർ - കളത്തെ ടഗാപൻ - ബി.എസ്. രാജീവ് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കള്
സമകാലിക കവിത്കളന്റട ഉോഹരണമായി സവീകരിക്കാം.
Unit 3
കഥാസാഹിത്യം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
ന്റചറുകഥ - ആേയകാലും ം നടവാത്ഥാനും ം - നാടടാടി കഥാപാരമ്പരയം - ടവേകഥകൾ -
ജാത്കകഥകൾ - പഞ്ത്ന്ത്രം - പാശ്ചാത്യന്റചറുകഥകളന്റട സവാധീനം - ആേയകാല
മലയാള ന്റചറുകഥകൾ - ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട സുവർണേശ - കാൽപ്പനികത്യും െിയലിസും ം
മാർക്സിസും ം മലയാളന്റചറുകഥയും - പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2
ന്റചറുകഥയും ആധുനികത്യും - വയ്ിയും മനസും - ടബാധധാര പ്രസ്ഥാനം - നാഗരികത്
– – –
- പ്രവാസം - അതിത്വവയഥ ആധുനികത്ാവാേം ഏകാന്തത് നായകസങ്കല്പ്പ്പം.Unit 2
ഇരുപത്ാംനുറ്റാണ്ട് മുത്ലുള്ള മലയാള കവിത്
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 1
വിലാപകാവയം - ഖണ്ഡകാവയങ്ങൾ - കാല്പനികത്യും മലയാള കവിത്യും -
അന്തസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പ്രണയും ം വിരഹും ം ആശാൻ കവിത്കളിൽ - ചങ്ങ�ഴയുന്റട
കാവയനശലി - ആധുനികപൂർവ കവിത് - എൻ. വി.കൃഷ്ണവാരയരുന്റട കവിത്കള് -
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2
ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം മലയാളകവിത്യും - കുരുടക്ഷ്ത്രം - അയ്യെെണിക്കർ - ആറ്റൂർ
രവിവർമ്മ - ന്റക.ജി. ശങ്കരെിള്ള - ബാലാമണിയമ്മ - സുഗത്കുമാരി - സച്ചിോനേൻ -
ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് - ഡ്യി.വിനയചന്ദ്രൻ - രാജലക്ഷ്മി
പുതുകവിത്യും ഭാും കത്വും ം - പി.പി. രാമചന്ദ്രൻ - െഫീഖ് അഹമ്മേ് - എസ്. ടജാസഫ്-
പി.രാമൻ - ആശാലത് - വി.എം. ഗിരിജ - അൻവർ അലി - അനിത് ത്മ്പി - എം.ബി.
മടനാജ്
ആധുനിടകാത്തര കവിത് - േലിത്് - ടഗാത്രകവിത് - കടൽക്കവിത് - നസബർ കവിത് -
ന്റപായട്രി ഇൻസ്റ്റടലഷൻ - എസ്. കടലഷ് - എം.ആർ. വിഷ്ണുപ്രസാേ് - വിജില - ആർ.
സംഗീത് - സുകുമാരൻ ചാലിഗദ്ധ - അടശാകൻ മെയൂർ - സുധീഷ് ടകാടട്ടമ്പ്രം - ഒ .
അരുൺ കുമാർ - കളത്തെ ടഗാപൻ - ബി.എസ്. രാജീവ് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കള്
സമകാലിക കവിത്കളന്റട ഉോഹരണമായി 7സ9വീകരിക്കാം.
Unit 3
കഥാസാഹിത്യം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
ന്റചറുകഥ - ആേയകാലും ം നടവാത്ഥാനും ം - നാടടാടി കഥാപാരമ്പരയം - ടവേകഥകൾ -
ജാത്കകഥകൾ - പഞ്ത്ന്ത്രം - പാശ്ചാത്യന്റചറുകഥകളന്റട സവാധീനം - ആേയകാല
മലയാള ന്റചറുകഥകൾ - ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട സുവർണേശ - കാൽെനികത്യും െിയലിസും ം
മാർക്സിസും ം മലയാളന്റചറുകഥയും - പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 2
ന്റചറുകഥയും ആധുനികത്യും - വയ്ിയും മനസും - ടബാധധാര പ്രസ്ഥാനം - നാഗരികത്
– – –
- പ്രവാസം - അതിത്വവയഥ ആധുനികത്ാവാേം ഏകാന്തത് നായകസങ്കല്പ്െം.
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3
ന്റചറുകഥ: ആധുനികത്യും ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും
രാഷ്ട്രീയാധുനികത് - പരീക്ഷ്ണസവഭാവം - ത്ീവ്രഇടതുപക്ഷ്ം - പരിസ്ഥിത്ി - സ്ത്രീ
ആഖയാനങ്ങൾ
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 4
ആധുനിടകാത്തരകഥകളം സമകാലികത്യും - മാധയമസവാധീനം - ശരീരരാഷ്ട്രീയം -
സത്യാനന്തരകാല സങ്കല്പങ്ങളം ന്റചറുകഥയും - നസബർ സവാധീനം - ടസാഷയൽ
–
മീഡ്യിയ ആഖയാനങ്ങളം ന്റചറുകഥയും ടൊഡ്യ് മൂവി ആഖയാനങ്ങള് - വിഷവല്പ്
ആഖയാനങ്ങള്.
െഫെൻസ്
ന്റചറുകഥ ഇന്നന്റല ഇന്ന് - എം. അച്ചത്ൻ
കഥ ആഖയാനും ം അനുഭവസത്തയും - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ
ന്റചറുകഥയുന്റട ചേസ് : വി. രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ
കഥാന്തരം- വി.ആർ. സുധീഷ്
കഥയും ഭാും കത്വപരിണാമും ം - ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ
ന്റചറുകഥാ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - എം.പി.ടപാൾ
കഥയും പരിസ്ഥിത്ിയും - ജി. മധുസൂേനൻ
ആേയകാല കഥകൾ - ( എഡ്യി) ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ
കഥാന്തരങ്ങൾ - പി.ന്റക. രാജടശഖരൻ
കഥയും ഫാെസിയും - വൽസലൻ വാതുടശ്ശരി
കഥ കാലം ടപാന്റല - എൻ. ശശിധരൻ
ആഖയാനത്തിന്റെ അടരുകൾ - ന്റക.എസ്. രവികുമാർ80
Unit 4
ദൃശയകലയും സാഹിത്യും ം
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 1.
ടകരളത്തിന്റെ നാടടാടിനാടകപാരമ്പരയന്റത്തയും അത്ിന്റെ സാഹിത്യന്റത്തയും
അനുഷ്ഠാനപരമായ വിവിധ കലാരൂപങ്ങന്റളയും പരിചയന്റെടു�കയാണ് ഇവിന്റട
ലക്ഷ്യം. പടടനി പുലിക്കളി, പൂരക്കളി, ന്റത്യ്യം, മുടിടയറ്റ്, ന്റപാട്ടനാടകം ന്റപാൊട്ട്,
koX¡fn,
സീത്കളി, ചവിട്ടുനാടകം, ഒെന തുടങ്ങിയവയുന്റട സാമാനയപരിടശാധന ഇവിന്റട
ഉണ്ടാവണം.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 2
കൂടിയാട്ടം, കഥകളി, ഓട്ടൻതുള്ളൽ തുടങ്ങിയ കലാരൂപങ്ങളന്റടയും അവയുന്റട
സാഹിത്യത്തിന്റെയും സവിടശഷത്കൾ ഇവിന്റട പരിചയന്റെടുത്തണം.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 3
മലയാളനാടകത്തിന്റെ ആവിർഭാവും ം വികാസും ം പരിചയന്റെടു�ന്ന യൂണിറ്റാണിത്്.
ആേയകാല പരിഭാഷകൾ, ത്മിഴ് സംഗീത്നാടകങ്ങൾ, പ്രഹസനങ്ങൾ, പ്രശ്നനാടകങ്ങൾ,
ന്റക. പി. Fഎ.സkിn എന്നിവയുന്റടയും മറ്റം സാമൂഹികരാഷ്ട്രീയ നാടകങ്ങൾ.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 4
മലയാളത്തിന്റല രംഗകലാമണ്ഡലത്തിലുണ്ടായ ശ്മായ പരിവർത്തനനങ്ങളന്റടയും
അവയുന്റട സാഹിത്യന്റത്തയും പരിചയന്റെടു�ന്ന യൂണിറ്റ് ആണിത്്. പരീക്ഷ്ണ
നാടകങ്ങൾ , സ്ത്രീപക്ഷ് നാടകനങ്ങൾ, ഏകാങ്ക നാടകങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ
, ,81
,
Unit 6
മലയാളനിരൂപണം
Unit 6
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
മലയാളനിരൂപണം
ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം -
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട
ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം -
നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം -
വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട
–
ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ.
നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം -
–
ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ.
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2
പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2
ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം -
പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല
എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി
ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം -
ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി -
എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി
കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം.
ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി -
കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം.
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3
ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം -
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3
ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട
ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം -
–
മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ -
ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട
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ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ
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മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ -
ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ.
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ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ
ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4
ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4
വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ -
ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും
വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ -Unit 6
മലയാളനിരൂപണം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
ആേയകാലനിരൂപണും ം മലയാള സാഹിത്യും ം- പുതക നിരൂപണം -
വിേയാവിടനാേിനി - സാഹിത്യവിമർശനും ം വിവാേങ്ങളം- എ.ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മയുന്റട
നളിനിയുന്റട അവത്ാരിക - സി.പി. അചുത്ടമടനാന്റെ സരസവത്ീ വിജയം വിമർശനം -
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ജീവചരിത്ര വിമർശനം സാഹിത്യപഞ്ാനന്റെ വിമർശങ്ങൾ.
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2
പുടരാഗമന സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനും ം മലയാള വിമർശനും ം - ടകരളത്തിന്റല
ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ പ്രസ്ഥാനം - ഇ.എം.എസ്. നമ്പുത്ിരിൊട് - പ്രസ്ഥാന വിമർശനം -
എസ്. ഗുപ്തൻ നായർ - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ സവാധീനം - ടകസരി
ബാലകൃഷ്ണപിള്ള - ടജാസഫ് മുണ്ടടശ്ശരി - എം.പി. ടപാൾ - ഫൂച്ചെിസം - മാന്ററ്റാലി -
82
കുട്ടികൃഷ്ണമാരാരുന്റട വിമർശനരീത്ി - പൗരതയസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങളന്റട സവാധീനം.
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3
ആധുനികത്ാവാേും ം വിമർശനും ം - അതിത്വവാേം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ്്ന്റെ വിമർശനം -
ടക്ഷ്ാഭിക്കുന്നവരുന്റട സുവിടശഷം - വി.രാജകൃഷ്ണൻ - നടരന്ദ്രപ്രസാേ് - ആധുനികത്യുന്റട
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മധയാഹ്നം ആഷാടമടനാന്റെ വിമർശനം - ഹരിത്നിരൂപണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വഴികൾ -
–
ന്റഹർടബെിയം - എം. ഗംഗാധരന്റെ കവിത്ാപഠനങ്ങൾ - കടമ്മനിട്ട ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ
ചുള്ളിക്കാട് എന്നിവരുന്റട കവിത്കൾക്ക് എഴുത്ിയ അവത്ാരികകൾ.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂൾ 4
ആധുനിടകാത്തരത്യും മലയാളനിരൂപണും ം - ഉത്തരാധുനികത് വംശാവലിയും
വർത്തമാനും ം - ന്റക.പി. അെൻ - അക്ഷ്രും ം ആധുനികത്യും - ഇ.വി. രാമകൃഷ്ണൻ -83
Unit 8
വയാകരണും ം ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രും ം
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 1
വാകയം- കര്ത്തരിപ്രടയാഗം- കര്മണിപ്രടയാഗം- വയാടക്ഷ്പകം- ഈണം- നാമം-
നാമവര്ഗീകരണം- നാമവിടശഷണം- സര്വനാമം- സര്വനാമവര്ഗീകരണം- ക്രിയ-
ക്രിയാവര്ഗീകരണം- ടകവലം- പ്രടയാജകം- അകര്മകം- സകര്മകം- പൂര്ണക്രിയ-
അപൂര്ണക്രിയ- കാരിത്ം- അകാരിത്ം- വിനന്റയച്ചം- മുന്-പിന്-നടു-ത്ന്-പാക്ഷ്ികവിന
ന്റയച്ചരൂപങ്ങള്. ടപരച്ചം- പ്രകാരം- പ്രകാരവര്ഗീകരണം- സംടയാജികക്രിയ- സഹായ
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ക്രിയ- നിടഷധക്രിയാരൂപവത്ക്ക്കരണം സമാസം.
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 2
സവനവിജ്ഞാനം- സവനിമവിജ്ഞാനം- രൂപിമവിജ്ഞാനം- അര്ഥവിചാരം-
വാകയഘടന- ടചാംസ്ക ിയന് വാകയവിചാരം- പ്രയു്ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- നധഷണിക
ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- സാമൂഹികഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം- ഹരിത്ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം-
വിമര്ശനാത്മകവയവഹാരപഗ്രഥനം.
Unit 9
െഫെന്സ് സാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തും ം സൗേരയശാസ്ത്രും ം
1. ടകാും ണ്ണി ന്റനടുങ്ങാടി - ടകരളകൗമുേി
2ന്റ.മ ന്റാഡ്യഹൂർള്മൻ 1 ഗു ണ്ടർട്ട് - മലയാളഭാഷാവയാകരണം, ഡ്യി.സി.ബുക്സ ്
പൗരതയകാവയസിദ്ധാന്തം- കാവയം- കവി- കാവയപ്രടയാജനം- കാവയടഹതുക്കള്-
3. ശബ്ദസൗഭഗം - ടജാൺ കുന്നെിള്ളി
അലങ്കാരം- രീത്ിേര്ശനം- ധവനിസിദ്ധാന്തം- രസസിദ്ധാന്തം. ത്ിണസിദ്ധാന്തം.
4. പാച്ചമൂത്തത്് - ടകരളഭാഷാവയാകരണം
ന്റമാഡ്യൂള് 2
പാശ്ചാത്യസിദ്ധാന്തം- പ്ലാടറ്റാ-അരിസ് ടറ്റാട്ടില്പ്- ടലാംഗനീസ്- ടവര്ഡ്യ് സവവര്ത്തി-
5. ടജാർജ് മാത്തൻ മലയാഴ് മയുന്റട വയാകരണം
ടകാള്െിഡ്ജ്- മാത്ു ആര്ടനാള്ഡ്യ്- ടടാള്സ് ടറ്റായി- ടി. എസ്. എലിയറ്റ്- ഐ. എ.
െിച്ചാര്ഡ്യ് സ്. –
6. എ.ആർ.രാജരാജവർമ്മ ടകരളപാണിനീയം
7ന്റ.മ ടാശഡ്യഷൂള്ഗ ി3ര ിപ്രഭു - വയാകരണമിത്രം
നശലീവിജ്ഞാനം- ഘടനാവാേം- അപനിര്മാണം- പരിസ്ഥിത്ിസൗേരയശാസ്ത്രം
8. നകരളിശബ്ദാനുശാസനം - ന്റക.സുകുമാരപിള്ള
9. സി.എൽ.ആെണി - ടകരളപാണിനീയഭാഷയം
െഫെന്സ്
1. ഭാരത്ീയസാഹിത്യേർശനം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി
2. സാഹിത്യമീമാംസ ത്ാരത്മയപരിടപ്രക്ഷ്യം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി
3. രീത്ിേർശനം - ചാത്തനാത്ത് അചുത്നുണ്ണി
4. ഭാരത്ീയകാവയശാസ്ത്രം - ടി. ഭാസ് രൻ
5. ഭാരത്ീയസാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ - ന്റനേിക്കൽ മുരളീധരൻ
6. ഇന്തയൻ സാഹിത്യസിദ്ധാന്തങ്ങൾ - അയ്യെെണിക്കർ
7. ത്ിണസിദ്ധാന്തം ചരിത്രും ം വർത്തമാനും ം - ശ്രീധരൻ അഷ്ടമൂർത്തി
8. സംസ്കൃത്സാഹിത്യവിമർശനം - എൻ.പി.പി.ഉണിത്തിരി
9. ഭാഷാഭൂഷണം - എ.ആർ.രാജരാജവർമ്മ
10. സാഹിത്യഭൂഷണം - എ. ആർ. രാജരാജവർമ്മ84
Unit 10
ടകരളസംസ്ാരം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 1
ടകരളചരിത്രപഠനം - ടകരളചരിത്രവിജ്ഞാനീയം - ബഹുജന ചരിത്രത്തിന്റെ വഴികൾ -
ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രും ം kസംwസ്ക്കkാvIരmരൂccപq]ീകoIരണcWും hം p-w സംഘകാലം - കൃഷി - സമ്പേ് വയവസ്ഥ -
ആചാരാനുഷ്ഠാനങ്ങൾ - സാഹിത്യം - ഐന്തിണകൾ- ദ്രാവിഡ്യമത്ം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 2
വിവിധ മത്ങ്ങളം വിശവാസധാരകളം - ബുദ്ധമത്ം - നജനമത്ം - ഹിന്ദുമത്ം- ക്രിസ്തുമത്ം
- ഇസ്ാംമത്ം - ഭ്ിപ്രസ്ഥാനം - മത്ങ്ങളം സാഹിത്യും ം - കലയും വയത്യത മത്ങ്ങളം
- ടക്ഷ്ത്രങ്ങൾ - പള്ളികൾ - ബുദ്ധവിഹാരങ്ങൾ - കലയും വാസ്തുവിേയയും -
മത്സൗഹാർദ്ദത്തിന്റെ സൂചനകൾ - സംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - ഉേയംടപരൂർ സൂനഹടോസ് -
കൂനൻ കുരിശു സത്യം – _ബuൗ²ദ്ധkസwംkസ്ക്കvIാരmത്തc¯ിന്റnെsâ ആടേശും ം sനslഹµേhവkസwംkസ്ക്കIvാരmcും hം pw- -
വയത്യതങ്ങളായ ോർശനികവഴികൾ - ചാർവാകം- നശവം - നവഷ്ണവം - അനേവത്ും ം
പിൽക്കാല സംവാേങ്ങളം
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 3
രാജവംശങ്ങളം അധികാരും ം - ടചര -ടചാള- പാണ്ഡയസംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - പി.ന്റക.
ബാലകൃഷ്ണന്റെ ചരിത്ര വീക്ഷ്ണം - ന്റകാേവർഷം - ന്റപരുമാൾ വാഴ്ച - ശാസനങ്ങൾ -
ന്റചടെട് എന്നിവയിന്റല സംസ്ക്കാര വീക്ഷ്ണം - ടക്ഷ്ത്രടകന്ദ്രിത് അധികാരും ം
kwkvImc
–
ആരയവൽക്കരണും ം ജന്മിത്തത്തിന്റെ ഉേയം - ടേവസവം - ബ്രഹ്മസവം - കച്ചങ്ങൾ -
സാമൂത്ിരി - ന്റകാച്ചിരാജവംശം - മാമാങ്കം - ടരവത്ി പട്ടത്താനം - സംഗീത്- ോർശനിക
- സാഹിത്യ ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ - ലാസിക്കൽ കലകളന്റട വികാസം - രാമനാട്ടം - കൃഷ്ണനാട്ടം -
കഥകളി - തുള്ളൽ - ഇവയുന്റട സാഹിത്യരൂപങ്ങൾ - ടഫാക് കലകളന്റട നവവിധയങ്ങൾ
- ന്റത്യ്യം - പടയണി - ന്റപാൊട്ട് നാടകം - കാക്കാരശ്ശി നാടകം - നാടടാടിൊട്ടുകൾ85
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 4
നവടേശികാധിപത്യും ം അധികാര ബന്ധങ്ങളം - ടപാർച്ചഗീസ് - ഫ്രഞ്് - ബ്രിട്ടീഷ്
അധിനിടവശങ്ങൾ - ആേയകാല കച്ചവടടകന്ദ്രങ്ങൾ - തുെമുഖങ്ങൾ - കെൽസഞ്ാരം -
മത്പരിവർത്തനം - അടിമത്തം - അടിമവയാപാരം - നാട്ടുരാജയങ്ങൾ ത്മ്മിലുള്ള
സംഘർഷങ്ങൾ - നികുത്ിവയവസ്ഥ - ആധുനികരണത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ സൂചനകൾ - അച്ചടിയും
ആധുനികത്യും - ഗേയസാഹിത്യത്തിൻ്്ന്റെ വികാസം - ശാസ്ത്രം -യു്ി -
മാധയമവയാപനം - ജാത്ിയും സാമൂഹികരൂപീകരണും ം -
നവടേശികടമധാവിത്വത്തിന്റനത്ിന്റരയുള്ള പ്രത്ിടഷധങ്ങൾ - കീഴാളസമുോയങ്ങളന്റട
നിലപാടുകൾ - ടഹാർത്തുസ് മലബാെിക്കസ് - മിഷണെി ആധുനികത്
ന്റമാഡ്യുൾ 5
സാമൂഹികപരിവർത്തങ്ങളം ജനാധിപത്യടകരളും ം - ടകരളീയനടവാത്ഥാനം - സാമൂഹയ
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പരിഷ്ക്കർത്താക്കൾ - നവകുണ് ഠ സവാമികളം സമത്വസമാജും ം - ശ്രീനാരായണഗുരു-
അയ്യൻകാളി - ന്റപായ്കയിൽ അെച്ചൻ - ബ്രഹ്മാനേ ശിവടയാഗി - ചട്ടമ്പിസവാമികൾ -
വി.ടി.ഭട്ടത്ിരിൊട് - പണ്ഡിറ്റ് ന്റക.പി. കറുെൻ - സടഹാേരൻ അയ്യെൻ - ന്റക.പി.
വടള്ളാൻ - നവക്കം സത്യാഗ്രഹം - ഗുരുവായൂർ സത്യാഗ്രഹം - ടക്ഷ്ത്രപ്രടവശന
വിളംബരം - ഐകയടകരളന്റമന്ന ആശയം ടകരളെിെവി - സാഹിത്യ- സാമൂഹിക
പ്രസ്ഥാനങ്ങൾ - ജീവത്സാഹിത്യ സംഘം- നലബ്രെി പ്രസ്ഥാനം - പത്ര - മാസികകളന്റട
വികാസം - സാംസ്ാരികസ്ഥാപനങ്ങൾ - ഭാഷാടപാഷിണി സഭ - സമതടകരള
സാഹിത്യപരിഷത്ത് - ജനാധിപത്യടകരളും ം സാംസ്ക്കാരിക പരിവർത്തനങ്ങളം -
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ആേയകാല സർക്കാറുകൾ - ബില്ലുകളം സാമൂഹയ പ്രത്യാഘാത്ങ്ങളം
െഫെൻസ്
ടകരളത്തിന്റെ ഇന്നന്റലകൾ - ന്റക.എൻ. ഗടണഷ്
ടകരള സംസ്ാരം - എ. ശ്രീധരടമടനാൻ
ടകരളത്തിന്റെ സാംസ്ാരികചരിത്രം - പി.ന്റക. ടഗാപാലകൃഷ്ണൻ
അടിമടകരളത്തിന്റെ അദൃശയചരിത്രം - വിനിൽ ടപാൾ86
Syllabus for the Competetive W ritten Examination for
SUBJECT : URDU
Recruitement of Post Graduate Teacher in Tamil Nadu
SchooSl YEdLuLcAaBtiUonS
SUBJECT: URDU (PG Level)
UNIT-1
Forms of Urdu Poetry
1
2
� �
3
187
UNIT-2
Urdu Nazm
1
2
3
UNIT-3
UrduGhazal
1
2
3
2UUNNIITT--22
UUrrdduuNNaazzmm
11
22
33
UUNNIITT--33
UUrrdduuGGhhaazzaall
11
22
33
88
UNIT-4
Dastan aur Drama
1
22 2
3
4
5
6
UNIT-5
Urdu Non-fiction Literature
1
2
- 3
4
389
UNIT-6
Tareekh-e-Adab-e-Urdu
1
2
3
4
� � سا روا
� � سا روا
� � سا روا
UNIT-7
Urdu Essay Writing
1
2
:
3
4
-
490
-
UNIT -8
Urdu Novel
1
2
3
UNIT -9
Urdu Short Stories
1
2
3
(لفا)
(ب)
(ج)
(د)
(ھ)
591
UNIT -10
Urdu Literature of Tamilnadu
1
2
3
692
SUBJECT : ARABIC
SYLLABUS93949596
S. MADUMATHI,
Secretary to Government.
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF STATIONERY AND PRINTING, CHENNAI
ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU