## Policy Analysis Report: Amendment to Customs Tariff Act Regarding Polybutadiene Rubber Imports
**1. Executive Summary:**
This report analyzes Notification No. 12021-Customs G.S.R 52(E), dated January 28, 2021, which amends Notification No. 152/2009-Customs, concerning the import of Polybutadiene Rubber (subject goods) from Korea RP. The core purpose of this amendment is to confirm the provisional bilateral safeguard measure and further refine the customs duty structure applied to Polybutadiene Rubber imports, following a Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) investigation into increased imports causing injury to the domestic industry. The key finding is the implementation of specific customs duty rates and validity periods for different categories of Polybutadiene Rubber, excluding titanium and lithium grades.
**2. Introduction:**
This report provides an informative analysis of the amendment to the Customs Tariff Act, specifically related to imports of Polybutadiene Rubber from Korea RP. The analysis is based solely on the provided government policy text, aiming to clarify the changes implemented and their potential implications for the affected industry.
**3. Policy Overview:**
* **Original Policy:** This notification amends the original policy established in Notification No. 152/2009-Customs, dated December 31, 2009.
* **Core Objective(s):** The core objective, inferred from the text, is to protect the domestic Polybutadiene Rubber industry from serious injury or threat of serious injury caused by increased imports from Korea RP, by adjusting customs duty rates in accordance with bilateral safeguard measures recommended by the DGTR. This is within the framework of the India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.
**4. Background and Rationale:**
This amendment is a direct consequence of the DGTR's investigation, which concluded that increased imports of Polybutadiene Rubber from Korea RP were causing serious injury and threatening further injury to the domestic industry. The DGTR recommended the imposition of bilateral safeguard measures. This amendment implements these recommendations by confirming the provisional safeguard duty and establishing differentiated duty rates for specific categories of Polybutadiene Rubber. The inclusion/exclusion of titanium and lithium grades also demonstrates efforts to target the safeguard measures more precisely.
**5. Key Provisions / Changes:**
This amendment introduces the following specific changes to Notification No. 152/2009-Customs:
* **Changes to Serial Number 342B:** The entry in column 3 against serial number 342B is changed to "All goods other than those mentioned against serial number 342A or 342C". This effectively categorizes Polybutadiene Rubber that isn't already specified in entries 342A and 342C, which presumably are pre-existing categories within the original policy.
* **Addition of Serial Number 342C:** A new serial number 342C is added, classifying "Polybutadiene Rubber excluding titanium and lithium grades" under tariff item 400220 with a duty rate of 7.50%. The relevant section for this new category is defined as "II 3i."
* **Amendment of the "Provided further that" Clause:** The existing proviso concerning the validity of serial number 342 entries is replaced with a new proviso establishing specific validity periods for entries 342, 342A, 342B and 342C.
* `342`: no effect up to and inclusive of the 12th day of July, 2022.
* `342A`: effect up to and inclusive of the 12th day of July, 2021.
* `342B`: effect up to and inclusive of the 12th day of July, 2022.
* `342C`: effect from the 13th day of July, 2021 to the 12th day of July, 2022 both days inclusive.
The effect of these changes is to create a more granular customs duty structure for Polybutadiene Rubber, excluding titanium and lithium grades, and to define specific periods for the application of each duty rate, confirming the provisional safeguard duty imposed earlier.
**6. Target Audience and Stakeholders:**
The primary target audience and stakeholders are:
* Domestic manufacturers of Polybutadiene Rubber.
* Importers of Polybutadiene Rubber from Korea RP.
* Consumers of Polybutadiene Rubber within India.
* The Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR)
* The Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue
* Customs authorities responsible for enforcing the tariff regulations.
**7. Implementation Aspects (Inferred):**
* **Responsible agency:** The Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue, is the responsible agency for implementing this amendment. Customs authorities will be responsible for enforcing the new tariff regulations.
* **Timelines:** The amendment specifies precise validity periods for different duty rates related to Polybutadiene Rubber imports. The timelines are centered around the 12th/13th of July in 2021 and 2022. The different expiry dates for various categories suggest a phased approach to safeguard measures, with the newly created category of 'Polybutadiene Rubber excluding titanium and lithium grades' having effect from 13th July, 2021.
**8. Expected Outcomes / Impact of Changes:**
The likely intended outcomes of these changes are:
* **Protection of Domestic Industry:** To mitigate the injury to the domestic Polybutadiene Rubber industry caused by increased imports.
* **Regulation of Imports:** To regulate the volume and price of Polybutadiene Rubber imports from Korea RP.
* **Price Adjustments:** To create price adjustments in the domestic market, likely increasing the price of imported Polybutadiene Rubber (excluding titanium and lithium grades).
**9. Conclusion:**
Notification No. 12021-Customs is a significant amendment to the Customs Tariff Act, implementing safeguard measures to protect the Indian Polybutadiene Rubber industry from increased imports from Korea RP. The amendment introduces nuanced duty rates and validity periods, reflecting the findings of the DGTR investigation. This policy signifies the Indian government's commitment to balancing trade agreements with the protection of domestic industries facing injury from imports. The specific timelines and exclusions indicate a targeted approach to safeguard measures.
Key Entities Referenced
Customs Tariff Act, 1975: An act related to customs tariffs, referenced in the context of imports and duties.
Directorate General of Trade Remedies: An authority responsible for initiating Bilateral Safeguard investigations.
IndiaKorea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: An economic agreement between India and Korea, relevant to safeguard measures.
Korea RP: Republic of Korea, the country of origin of the imported goods subject to the safeguard investigation.
Central Government: The governing body imposing provisional Bilateral Safeguard measure on the subject goods.
Customs Act, 1962: An act related to customs, referenced in the context of exercising powers for amendments.
Polybutadiene Rubber: The subject good under investigation for increased imports and potential injury to domestic industry.
Ministry of Finance: The ministry under which the Department of Revenue operates, issuing notifications regarding customs and tariffs.
Department of Revenue: A department within the Ministry of Finance responsible for revenue matters, including customs duties.
New Delhi: Capital of India, place of publication for the notification.
रजिस्ट्री स.ं डी.एल.- 33004/99 REGD. No. D. L.-33004/99
सी.जी.-डी.एल.-अ.-28012021-224756
xxxGIDHxxx
CG-DL-E-28012021-224756
xxxGIDExxx
असाधारण
EXTRAORDINARY
भाग II—खण् ड 3—उप-खण्ड (i)
PART II—Section 3—Sub-section (i)
प्राजधकार स ेप्रकाजित
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
स.ं 43] नई दिल्ली, बृहस्ट्प जतिार, िनिरी 28, 2021/ंाघ 8, 1942
No. 43] NEW DELHI, THURSDAY, JANUARY 28, 2021/MAGHA 8, 1942
जित्त ं्ं ाल
(रािस्ट्ि जिभाग)
अजधसचू ना
नई दिल् ली, 28 िनिरी, 2021
स.ं 1/2021-सींािल्ु क
सा.का.जन. 52(अ).—िहां दक “पॉलीब् ूटाडीन रबर” (एतद्पश्चात जिष गत ंाल से संिर्भित दक ा ग ा ह)ै िो दक
सींािुल्क टैररफ अजधजन ं, 1975 (1975 का 51) (एतद्पश्चात सींािुल्क टैररफ अजधजन ं से संिर्भित दक ा ग ा ह)ै
की प्रथं अनुसूची के टैररफ ंि 4002 20 00 के अंतगित आता ह,ै स े संिर्भित दक ा ग ा ह)ै ने भारत-कोरर ा व्यापक
आर्थिक भागीिारी संझौता ह,ै के आ ात संबंधी ंांले पर व्यापार उपचारों के ंहाजनिेिक (एतद्पश्चात प्राजधकरण
(जिपक्षी सुरक्षा उपा ों) जन ंािली, 2017 (एतद्पश्चात उक्त जन ंािली से संिर्भित दक ा ग ा ह।ै ) की ितों के
अनुसार दिनांक 07 निम्बर, 2019 को अजधसूचना जं.सं. 22/7/2019-डीिीटीआर के तहत एक जिपक्षी सुरक्षा िांच की
िुरूआत की ह ै जिसे दिनांक 07 निम्बर, 2019 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण ं ें ह जनण ि लने े के उद्देश् से प्रकाजित
दक ा ग ा था दक क् ा कोरर ा गणराज् से जिष गत ंाल का आ ात बढ़ ग ा ह ै और क् ा ऐसे ंढ़े हुए आ ात स े घरेल ू
उद्योगों को दकसी प्रकार की क्षजत ा दकसी गंभीर क्षजत का खतरा ह;ै
और िहां दक जिपक्षी सुरक्षा िांच पर प्राजधकरण के प्रारजम्भक पररणांों, जिसे जं.स.ं 22/7/2019-डीिीटीआर,
दिनांक 12 ंई, 2020 के तहत दिनांक 12 ंई, 2020 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण ंें प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था, के
आधार पर केन्द्र सरकार न े जिष गत ंाल पर भारत सरकार, जित्त ंं्ाल (रािस्ट्ि जिभाग) की अजधसूचना सं.
31/2020-सींािुल्क, दिनांक 12 िलु ाई, 2020 के तहत अनंजतं जिपक्षी सुरक्षा उपा लगाए ह ैं जिसे सा.का.जन.
560 GI/2021 (1)2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(i)]
444(अ), दिनांक 13 िलु ाई, 2020 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण के भाग ।।, खंड 3, उप खंड (i) ंें प्रकाजित दक ा
ग ा था। इसं ें और आग े संिोधन करन े के जलए भारत सरकार, जित्त ंं्ाल (रािस्ट्ि जिभाग) की अजधसूचना स.ं
152/2009-सींािुल्क, दिनाकं 31 दिसम्बर, 2009 के तहत संिोधन दक ा ग ा ह ै जिसे सा.का.जन. 943(अ), दिनांक 31
दिसम्बर, 2009 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण के भाग ।।, खंड 3, उप खंड (i) ंें प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था;
और िहां दक दिनांक 09 जसतम्बर, 2020 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण ंें जं.स.ं 22/7/2019-डीिीटीआर के
तहत िारी दक े िुजिकरण के आधार पर केन्द्र सरकार न े भारत सरकार, जित्त ंं्ाल (रािस्ट्ि जिभाग) की अजधसूचना
सं. 37/2020-सींािुल्क, दिनांक 20 अक्टूबर, 2020 जिसे सा.का.जन. 651(अ), दिनांक 20 अक्टूबर, 2020 को भारत के
रािप्, असाधारण के भाग II, खंड 3, उप खंड (i) ंें प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था, के तहत जिष गत ंाल से पॉलीब् ूटाडीन
रबर के टाईटेजन ं और जलजथ ं ग्रडे को अलग कर दि ा ह।ै इसके जलए भारत सरकार, जित्त ंं्ाल (रािस्ट्ि जिभाग)
की अजधसूचना सं. 152/2009-सींािुल्क, दिनांक 31 दिसम्बर, 2009 के तहत और आग े संिोधन दक े ह ैं जिसे
सा.का.जन. 943(अ), दिनांक 31 दिसम्बर, 2009 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण के भाग ।।, खंड 3, उप खंड (i) ं ें
प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था;
और िहा ं दक दिनांक 22 अक्टूबर, 2020 को जं.सं. 22/7/2019-डीिीटीआर को जिपक्षी सुरक्षा िांच के अंजतं
पररणांों को दिनांक 22 अक्टूबर, 2020 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण ं ें प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था, इसंें प्राजधकरण
जनम्नजलजखत जनष्कषि पर पहुचुँ ी है-
(i) कोरर ा से उत्पाि का आ ात बढ़ ग ा ह ै और जन ंािली और भारत-कोरर ा व्यापक आर्थिक
भागीिारी संझौता के अथि के अनुसार “बढ़े हुए आ ात” के तहत आता ह;ै
(ii) बढ़े हुए आ ात से घरेलू उद्योगों को गंभीर क्षजत हुई ह ैऔर गंभीर क्षजत होने का खतरा बना हुआ ह;ै
(iii) भारत-कोरर ा व्यापक आर्थिक भागीिारी संझौते के तहत सींािुल्क के कं ा हटाए िाने के कारण
ंूलतः उत्पादित ंाल के बढ़े हुए आ ात और घरेल ू उद्योग को गंभीर क्षजत और गंभीर क्षजत का खतरा
होने के बीच एक आकजस्ट्ंक सबं ंध ह;ै
और दिनांक 12 ंई, 2020 को अजधसूचना सं. जं.स ं 22/7/2019-डीिीटीआर ं ें िारी करके इसके प्रारजम्भक
पररणांों की पुजि की गई ह ैऔर इस पर कोरर ा गणराज् ंें ंूलतः उत्पादित और भारत ंें आ ाजतत जिष गत ंाल पर
सींािुल्क के जिपक्षी सुरक्षा उपा को लगाए िाने की जसफाररि की गई ह ै िैसा दक उक्त अंजतं पररणांों ंें जिजनर्ििि
दक ा ग ा ह,ै इसे केन्द्र सरकार की अजधसूचना स.ं 31/2020-सींािुल्क, दिनांक 13 िुलाई, 2020 को िारी दक े िान े
की तारीख से अनंजतं उपा दकए ग ेह।ैं
अतः अब सींािुल्क अजधजन ं, 1962 (1962 का 52) की धारा 25 की उपधारा (1) के साथ परित उक्त
जन ंािली के जन ं 11 और 12 के उपजन ं (2) ं ें प्रित्त िजक्त ों का प्र ोग करत े हुए केन्द्र सरकार इस बात स े संतिु
होते हुए दक ऐसा दक ा िाना िनजहत ं ें आिश् क ह,ै दिनाकं 13 िलु ाई, 2020 से अनंजतं जिपक्षी सरु क्षा उपा के
प्रभाि की पुजि करती ह ै और भारत सरकार, जित्त ंं्ाल (रािस्ट्ि जिभाग) की अजधसूचना सं. 152/2009-सींािुल्क,
दिनांक 31 दिसम्बर, 2009 के तहत और आग े संिोधन करती ह ै जिसे सा.का.जन. 943(अ), दिनांक 31 दिसम्बर, 2009
को भारत के रािप् ं ेंप्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था, था:-
उक्त अजधसूचना ंें,-
(I) ताजलका ं,ें
(i) क्रं सं. 342ख के संक्ष, कॉलं (3) की प्रजिजि के जलए, प्रजिजि ों “क्रं संख् ा 342क ा 342ग के संक्ष
उजल्लजखत स ेजभन्न िस्तुए”ं को प्रजतस्ट्थाजपत दक ा ग ा ह;ै
(ii) क्रं सं. 342ख और इसस े संबंजधत प्रजिजि ों के बाि जनम्नजलजखत क्रं सं. और प्रजिजि ों को अंतःस्ट्थाजपत दक ा
ग ा ह,ै था-[भाग II—खण् ड 3(i)] भारत का रािप् : असाधारण 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
पॉलीब् ूटाडाइन रबर, टाइटेजन ं और
“342ग. 400220 7.50”;
जलजथ ं ग्रेड को छोड़कर
(II) “बित े और भी दक” से प्रारम्भ होने िाल े भाग और “ दि इससे पहल े िापस नहीं जल ा िाता ह,ै इसं ें संिोधन
नहीं होता ह ै ा इसका अजधक्रंण नहीं दक ा िाता ह।ै ” से संाप्त होने िाले िब्िों के जलए जनम्नजलजखत परंतुक को
प्रजतस्ट्थाजपत दक ा िाएगा, जनम्नजलजखत सारणी के बाि दिए गए पहल ेपरंतुक के पश्चात्, था:-
“बिते इसके अजतररक्त जिपक्षी सुरक्षा उपा को प्रभािी करने के जलए िैसा दक व्यापार उपा ों के
ंहाजनिेिक ने जसफाररि की ह,ै-
(i) उक्त ताजलका ं ें क्रं सं. 342 और इससे संबंजधत प्रजिजि ों की कोई भी बात 12 िलु ाई, 2022 तक
और जिसंें ह तारीख भी िाजंल ह,ै प्रभािी नहीं होगी;
(ii) उक्त ताजलका ं ें क्रं सं. 342क की प्रजिजि ों का प्रभाि 12 िलु ाई, 2021 तक और जिसंें ह
तारीख भी िाजंल ह,ै तक होगा;
(iii) उक्त ताजलका ंें क्रं स.ं 342ख की प्रजिजि ों का प्रभाि 12 िुलाई, 2022 तक और जिसंें ह
तारीख भी िाजंल ह,ै तक होगा;और
(iv) उक्त ताजलका ं ें क्रं स.ं 342ग की प्रजिजि ों का प्रभाि 13 िुलाई, 2021 स े 12 िुलाई, 2022
(जिसंें िोनों दिन सजम्ंजलत ह)ैं तक होगा;
िब तक दक पहले जनरस्ट्त, अजतक्रंण ा संिोधन न दक ा िाए।”
[फा. स.ं 354/53/2020-टीआर ू]
िैनेन्द्र ससंह कंधारी, उपसजचि
नोटः प्रधान अजधसूचना सं.152/2009-सींािुल्क, दिनांक 31 दिसम्बर, 2009 को सा.का.जन. 943 (अ) दिनांक 31
दिसम्बर, 2009 के तहत भारत के रािप्, असाधारण के भाग II , खण्ड 3 उपखण्ड (i) ंें प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था
और इसंें अंजतं बार अजधसूचना सं. 44/2020-सींािुल्क, दिनाुँक 18 दिसम्बर,2020, जिसे सा.का.जन.
777(अ), दिनाुँक 18 दिसम्बर, 2020 को भारत के रािप्, असाधारण के भाग II , खण्ड 3 उपखण्ड (i) ं ें
प्रकाजित दक ा ग ा था, के िारा संिोधन दक ा ग ा ह।ै
MINISTRY OF FINANCE
(Department of Revenue)
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 28th January, 2021
No. 1/2021-Customs
G.S.R 52(E).—Whereas, in the matter concerning imports of “Polybutadiene Rubber” (hereinafter
referred to as the subject goods) falling under tariff item 4002 20 00 of the First Schedule to the Customs Tariff
Act, 1975 (51 of 1975) (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Tariff Act), the Directorate General of Trade
Remedies (hereinafter referred to as the Authority) initiated an Bilateral Safeguard investigation in terms of the
India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (Bilateral Safeguard Measures) Rules, 2017
(hereinafter referred to as the said rules) vide initiation notification under F.No.22/7/2019-DGTR, dated the 7th
November, 2019 published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 7th November, 2019 in order to
determine whether the imports of the subject goods from Korea RP constitute increased imports and whether the
increased imports have caused or are threatening to cause serious injury to the domestic industry;
And whereas, on the basis of the preliminary findings of the Authority in the Bilateral Safeguard
investigation issued vide F.No.22/7/2019-DGTR, dated the 12th May, 2020, published in the Gazette of India,4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(i)]
Extraordinary, dated the 12th May, 2020, the Central Government imposed provisional Bilateral Safeguard
measure on the subject goods vide notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department
of Revenue), No. 31/2020-Customs, dated the 13th July, 2020, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part
II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R. 444(E), dated the 13th July, 2020 by making further amendments
in the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), No.152/2009-
Customs, dated the 31st December, 2009, published in the Gazette of India, vide number G.S.R. 943 (E), dated the
31st December, 2009;
And whereas, on the basis of the corrigendum issued by the Authority vide F. No. 22/7/2019-DGTR, dated
the 9th September, 2020, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 9th September, 2020, the
Central Government, excluded titanium and lithium grades of Polybutadiene Rubber from the subject goods vide
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), No. 37/2020-
Customs, dated the 20th October, 2020, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-
section (i), vide number G.S.R. 651(E), dated the 20th October, 2020 by making further amendments in the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), No.152/2009-
Customs, dated the the 31st December, 2009, published in the Gazette of India, vide number G.S.R. 943 (E), dated
the 31st December, 2009;
And whereas, in the final findings of the Bilateral Safeguard investigation issued vide F. No. 22/7/2019-
DGTR, dated the 22nd October, 2020, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 22nd October, 2020, the
Authority has concluded that-
(i) imports of the product from Korea have increased and constitute “increased imports” within the
meaning of the Rules and India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement;
(ii) the increased imports have caused serious injury and threatened to caused serious injury to the
domestic industry;
(iii) there exists a causal link between the increased imports of the originating goods due to the reduction
or elimination of custom duty under the India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement and serious injury and threat of serious injury to the domestic industry;
and has confirmed its preliminary findings issued vide notification No. F.No.22/7/2019-DGTR, dated the 12thMay,
2020, and recommended imposition of bilateral safeguard measure of increasing the rate of customs duty on
subject goods originating in Korea RP and imported into India as specified in the aforesaid final findings, from
the date of issue of the notification of imposition of provisional measure by the Central Government vide notification
No. 31/2020-Customs, dated the 13th July, 2020.
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 25 of the Customs Act,
1962 (52 of 1962) read with rule 11 and sub-rule (2) of rule 12 of the said rules, the Central Government, on being
satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, confirms the provisional bilateral safeguard measure
imposed with effect from the 13th July, 2020 and hereby makes the following further amendments in the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance (Department of Revenue), No.152/2009-
Customs, dated the 31st December, 2009, published in the Gazette of India, vide number G.S.R. 943 (E), dated the
31st December, 2009, namely: -
In the said notification, -
(I) In the Table,
(i) against serial number 342B, for the entry in column (3), the entries “All goods other than those
mentioned against serial number 342A or 342C”, shall be substituted;
(ii) after serial number 342B and the entries relating thereto, the following serial numbers and entries
shall be inserted, namely: -
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Polybutadiene Rubber excluding
“342C. 400220 7.50”;
titanium and lithium grades[भाग II—खण् ड 3(i)] भारत का रािप् : असाधारण 5
(II) For the portion beginning with the words “Provided further that” and ending with the words “unless
revoked, superseded or amended earlier.”, the following proviso shall be substituted, after the first proviso
below the Table, namely: -
“Provided further that, to give effect to the bilateral safeguard measure, as recommended by the Director
General of Trade Remedies, -
(i) nothing contained in serial number 342 and entries relating thereto in the said table shall have
effect up to and inclusive of the 12th day of July, 2022;
(ii) the entries contained in serial number 342A in the said table shall have effect up to and inclusive
of the 12th day of July, 2021;
(iii) the entries contained in serial number 342B in the said table shall have effect up to and inclusive
of the 12th day of July, 2022; and
(iv) the entries contained in serial number 342C in the said table shall have effect from the 13th day of
July, 2021 to the 12th day of July, 2022 (both days inclusive);
unless revoked, superseded or amended earlier.”.
[F. No.354/53/2020-TRU]
JAINENDRA SINGH KANDHARI, Dy. Secy.
Note : The principal notification No. 152/2009-Customs, dated the 31st December, 2009 was published in the Gazette
of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-Section (i), vide number G.S.R. 943 (E), dated the 31st
December, 2009 and was last amended vide notification No. 44/2020-Customs, dated the 18th December, 2020,
published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-section (i), vide number G.S.R. 777(E),
dated the 18th December, 2020.
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