Annual Activities under the Namami Gange Programme during 2025-26

iiiCONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ vii

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 River Ganga: .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 River Yamuna: ................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Namami Gange Projects implemented at CPCB:......................................................................... 2

SECTION 2: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL ................................................................... 4

2.1 Annual Inspection of Grossly Polluting Industries during 2025-26 through TPA .................... 4

2.1.1 Work accomplished during 2025-26 ........................................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Data generation and regulatory actions based on inspection of GPIs ..................................... 6

2.1.3 Annual inspection 2024 Vs 2025 .................................................................................................. 9

2.1.4 Sector-wise data analysis ........................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Annual Inspection of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) during 2025-26 through TPA 16

2.2.1 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) of main stem of river Ganga & its tributaries 16

2.2.1.1 Data generation and salient findings ..................................................................................... 17 i. Tannery cluster ............................................................................................................................ 17 ii. Textile cluster ............................................................................................................................... 17 iii. Mixed cluster ............................................................................................................................... 18

2.2.2 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) of main stem of river Yamuna & its tributaries 18

2.2.2.1 Cluster wise performance of CETPs ..................................................................................... 19 i. Textile Cluster: ............................................................................................................................ 19 ii. Mixed Industrial Cluster: ........................................................................................................... 20 iii. Electroplating Industrial Cluster: ............................................................................................. 22

2.2.2.2 CETP Gap Analysis ................................................................................................................. 22

2.2.2.3 Major Issues and Remedial measures ................................................................................... 23

2.2.2.4 Actions taken ............................................................................................................................ 23

2.3 Tri-annual Inspection of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) during 2025-26 by CPCB 23

2.3.1 Issues and action taken .............................................................................................................. 24

SECTION 3: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs) ............................................................... 25

3.1 Ganga ............................................................................................................................................. 25

3.1.1 Data generation and salient findings ........................................................................................ 26 i3.1.1.1 Compliance Status of STPs ................................................................................................. 27

3.1.1.2 Reduction in organic (BOD) load ...................................................................................... 36

3.1.1.3 Under-capacity operation ................................................................................................... 37

3.1.1.4 Over-capacity operation ..................................................................................................... 38

3.1.1.5 Performance Efficiency of STPs ........................................................................................ 38

3.1.1.6 Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS) ............................................ 39

3.1.1.7 Disinfection of treated sewage ............................................................................................ 39

3.1.2 Major Issues and Challenges ..................................................................................................... 39

3.1.3 Comparison between 2024 Vs 2025 ................................................................................... 40

3.1.3.1 Designed and utilized capacities of STPs .............................................................................. 40

3.1.4 Action Taken by CPCB ....................................................................................................... 41

3.1.5 Laboratory Audit of Ganga Main-stem States ................................................................. 42

3.1.6 Way Forward ....................................................................................................................... 42

3.2 Yamuna ........................................................................................................................................... 43

3.2.1 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Delhi (August-November

2025) 43

3.2.2 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Haryana (August- November 2025) ................................................................................................................................... 46

3.2.3 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Uttar Pradesh (August- November 2025) ................................................................................................................................... 48

3.2.4 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Uttar Pradesh (August- November 2025 .................................................................................................................................... 50

3.1.7 Follow-up Actions on STP Performance: .......................................................................... 52

SECTION 4: MONITORING OF DRAINS DISCHARGING INTO RIVER GANGA (& ITS TRIBUTARIES) AND RIVER YAMUNA ........................................................................................ 53

4.1 River Ganga ................................................................................................................................... 53

4.1.1 Work accomplished during 2025 ....................................................................................... 53

4.1.2 Half Yearly Monitoring of Drains Discharging into River Ganga and its Tributaries . 53

4.1.2.1 Data Generation and Key findings .................................................................................... 53

4.1.2.2 Interim remedial measures and alternate treatment technology .................................... 56

4.1.2.3 Action taken by CPCB ........................................................................................................ 59

4.1.3 Monitoring of Rivers and Drains in Kanpur-Unnao Region ........................................... 59

4.2 River Yamuna ................................................................................................................................ 60

4.2.1 Work Accomplished During 2025 ...................................................................................... 60

4.2.2 Half Yearly Monitoring of Drains ...................................................................................... 60

4.2.2.1 Data Generation and Key findings .................................................................................... 60

4.2.2.2 Status of interim remedial measures adopted in drains discharging into river Yamuna62 ii4.2.2.3 Solid waste deposition observed in drains ......................................................................... 62

4.2.2.4 Status of drains tapped to various STPs ........................................................................... 64

4.2.3 Joint Monitoring of Drains discharging into River Yamuna in Delhi-NCR Stretch at 52 Locations .............................................................................................................................................. 64

4.2.3.1 Data Generation and Key findings .................................................................................... 64

4.2.3.2 Sahibi river (Najafgarh drain) network ............................................................................ 65

4.2.3.2.1 Shahdara drain network ..................................................................................................... 72

4.2.3.2.2 Solid waste dumping along the drains ............................................................................... 76

4.2.3.2.3 Tapping provisions .............................................................................................................. 76

4.2.3.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 77

4.2.3.4 Follow-up Actions ................................................................................................................ 78

SECTION 5: WATER QUALITY STUDY IN RIVER GANGA AND YAMUNA ........................ 79

5.1 Manual water quality monitoring in river Ganga ...................................................................... 79

5.1.1 Data Generation and Salient Findings .............................................................................. 80

5.1.2 Water Quality Status ........................................................................................................... 80

5.1.3 Status of water quality of River Ganga during 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec)......................... 81

5.2 Manual water quality monitoring in river Yamuna ................................................................... 82

5.2.1 Data Generation and Salient Findings .............................................................................. 82

5.2.2 Water quality status ............................................................................................................ 82

5.2.3 Status of water quality of River Yamuna during 2025 (Jan-Dec): .................................. 83

5.3 Real time water quality monitoring of river Ganga and its tributaries ................................... 83

5.3.1 Field Visits undertaken to witness calibration check of RTWQM stations ................... 85

5.3.2 Analysis of RTWQM data availability & qualification ................................................... 85

5.3.3 Data generation and salient findings ................................................................................. 86

5.3.3.1 RTWQM data for stations set up on main stem of River Ganga for the period Jan-Dec, 2025 86

5.3.3.2 Assessment of Real Time water quality data for DO, BOD, pH and COD average values compliance in terms of bathing criteria. ........................................................................................... 86 a. Dissolved Oxygen (Primary water quality criteria for bathing: DO ≥ 5 mg/l) ........................... 86 b. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Primary water quality criteria for bathing: BOD ≤ 3mg/l) ....... 87 c. Average COD (mg/l) during the period January-December 2025. ............................................. 88

5.3.3.3 Comparative Analysis of water quality data January 2024- December 2024 v/s January 2025 –December 2025 .......................................................................................................................... 89 a. Dissolved Oxygen ...................................................................................................................... 89 b. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ......................................................................................... 89

5.3.3.4 Display of RTWQM data from 40 locations in public domain ........................................ 90

5.4 Biomonitoring ...................................................................................................................... 90 iii5.4.1 Work accomplished during 2025 ............................................................................................... 90

5.4.2 Sample collection and analysis .................................................................................................. 92

5.4.3 Data Generation and Salient Findings ..................................................................................... 92

5.4.3.1.1 River Ganga (Pre-monsoon, first round) .......................................................................... 93

5.4.3.1.2 Tributaries of River Ganga (Pre-monsoon, first round) .................................................. 93

5.4.3.1.3 River Ganga (Post-monsoon, second round) ..................................................................... 94

5.4.3.1.4 Tributaries of River Ganga (Post-monsoon, second round) ............................................ 94

5.4.3.2.1 River Yamuna (Pre-monsoon, First round) ....................................................................... 97

5.4.3.2.2 Tributaries of River Yamuna (Pre-monsoon, First round) .............................................. 98

5.4.3.2.3 River Yamuna (Post Monsoon, Second round) ................................................................. 98

5.4.3.2.4 Tributaries of River Yamuna (Post Monsoon, Second round) ......................................... 99

5.4.4. Biological water quality trend of River Ganga and Yamuna ......................................... 100

5.4.4.1 River Ganga (from 2017-18 to 2025-26) .............................................................................. 100

5.4.4.2 River Yamuna (from 2019-20 to 2025-26) ........................................................................... 101

CHAPTER 6: GOVERNANCE INTERFACES: RTI, PUBLIC GRIEVANCES, VIP REFERENCES & PARLIAMENTARY MATTERS ..................................................................... 104 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................... 105 Appendix 1.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 105 Appendix-3.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 106 Appendix 4.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 114 Appendix 4.2 ....................................................................................................................................... 115 Appendix 4.3 ....................................................................................................................................... 117 Appendix 4.4 ....................................................................................................................................... 119 Appendix 4.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 120 Appendix 5.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 121 Appendix 5.2 ....................................................................................................................................... 122 Appendix 5.3 ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Appendix 5.4 ....................................................................................................................................... 137 Appendix 5.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 138 Appendix 5.6 ....................................................................................................................................... 139 Appendix 5.7 ....................................................................................................................................... 140 CONTRIBUTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 141 ivLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full Form A2O Anaerobic–Anoxic–Aerobic ACF Activated Carbon Filter APCD Air Pollution Control Device APHA American Public Health Association ASP Activated Sludge Process BDL Below Detection Limit BMWP Biological Monitoring Working Party BMWQ Biological Water Quality BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BRS Brine Recovery System BSPCB Bihar State Pollution Control Board BTT Bio Tower Technology BWQC Biological Water Quality Criteria CCA Consolidated Consent & Authorization CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant CMS Chemical Management System COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation CPU Condensate Polishing Unit CWS Constructed Wetland System DAF Dissolved Air Flotation DDGS Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles DJB Delhi Jal Board DMF Dual Media Filter DO Dissolved Oxygen DQSC Data Quality and Surveillance Consultant DSP Data Service Provider EA Executing Agency EC Electrocoagulation EMC Environment Management Cell ETP Effluent Treatment Plant EWQDES Environmental Water Quality Data Entry System FAB Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor FBAS Fixed-Bed Activated Sludge FC Faecal Coliform FCR Food Chain Reaction FDS Filterable Dissolved Solids FMC Force Majeure Conditions FS Faecal Streptococci FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant GPI Grossly Polluting Industry GST Goods and Services Tax HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane HPPCB Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board HSPCB Haryana State Pollution Control Board IMP Irrigation Management Plan JHPCB Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board KL/KL Kilo Litres per Kilo Litre KL/MT Kilo Litres per Metric Tonne KLD Kilo Litres per Day L/T Litres per Tonne LTP Leather Technology Park MEE Multi-Effect Evaporator MGF Multi-Grade Filter MLD Million Litres per Day vMLSS Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids MLVSS Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MPN Most Probable Number MPR Multi Pressure Distillation MTD Metric Tonnes per Day NABL National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories NGP Namami Gange Programme NGT National Green Tribunal NITRA Northern India Textile Research Association NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga NOC No Objection Certificate NWMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme OCEMS Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring System OCP Organochlorine Pesticide OP Oxidation Pond OPP Organophosphorus Pesticide PCC Pollution Control Committee PETP Primary Effluent Treatment Plant PIAS Pollution Inventorization, Assessment and Surveillance PIL Public Interest Litigation PSM Process Safety Management PTZ Pan-Tilt-Zoom RCF Recycled Fibre RPCA Rooma Pollution Control Association RTI Right to Information RTWQM / RTWQMS Real Time Water Quality Monitoring / Station SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SBR Sequential Batch Reactor SBT Soil Bed Technology SER Strengthening of Environmental Regulators SMCG State Mission for Clean Ganga SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPCB(s) State Pollution Control Board(s) SPS Sewage Pumping Station SPV Special Purpose Vehicle SRS Sulphur Removal System STP Sewage Treatment Plant TCD Tonnes of Cane Crushed per Day TDS Total Dissolved Solids TF Trickling Filter TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TOC Total Organic Carbon TPD Tonnes per Day TSS Total Suspended Solids UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UKPCB Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board UPGWD Uttar Pradesh Ground Water Department UPPCB Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board UPSIDC Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation UV Ultraviolet (Disinfection) WBPCB West Bengal Pollution Control Board WISKI Water Information System Kisters WQM Water Quality Monitoring WSP Waste Stabilization Pond WTP Water Treatment Plant ZLD Zero Liquid Discharge viEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Namami Gange Programme (NGP), launched by the Government of India in 2014, is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) in association with the State Missions for Clean Ganga (SMCGs) to achieve the objectives of pollution abatement, conservation and rejuvenation of the River Ganga. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), in coordination with NMCG, continues to support these efforts through the implementation of three major

initiatives: Pollution Inventorization, Assessment and Surveillance (PIAS), Strengthening of Environmental Regulators (SER) and the Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) System for River Ganga. Through these initiatives, CPCB monitors wastewater generation, collection, conveyance and treatment infrastructure, while evaluating the performance and compliance of sewage and effluent treatment facilities. This report presents a consolidated account of the activities undertaken and the key achievements accomplished by CPCB during the year 2025 under these projects.

The PIAS project focuses on the identification and assessment of pollution sources and the estimation of pollutant load entering the River Ganga and its tributaries. The WQM project facilitates continuous assessment of river water quality through a network of 40 real-time, sensor- based monitoring stations. In addition, CPCB carries out bi-annual biological monitoring of the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna at 42 and 26 designated locations, respectively, along with tributaries of River Ganga and Yamuna (08 nos each of river Ganga and Yamuna), to evaluate their ecological health and aquatic integrity. The SER project aims to strengthen the environmental regulatory framework and enhance water quality monitoring capabilities across the Ganga basin states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, in collaboration with the respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), thereby supporting effective implementation of the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

CPCB has been carrying out annual inspection of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) in the Ganga basin since 2017 through third-party technical institutes in collaboration with the SPCBs.

From 2020 onwards, GPIs located in the Yamuna main stem states have also been included under the annual inspection programme. During 2025, the 8th round of inspections in the Ganga main stem and the 5th round in the Yamuna main stem were undertaken through 25 technical institutes, covering 3662 GPIs across 113 districts with potential discharge into 46 tributaries/sub-tributaries of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. Out of 3,662 inspected units, 3,114 units were operational, with 2,188 complying and 926 found non-complying with respect to discharge norms or not having valid consent/authorization/NOC. The inspections revealed total freshwater consumption of 1,042.16 MLD and wastewater discharge of 403.69 MLD, contributing an estimated BOD pollution load of

12.02 TPD. Compared to 2024, a reduction in the number of GPIs as well as a significant decline in pollution load from key industrial sectors was found, particularly tanneries (from 4.92 TPD to

2.35 TPD) and sugar industries (from 2.75 TPD to 1.92 TPD) along the Ganga main stem.

Tri-annual monitoring of 8 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) & Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) (Ganga 167; Yamuna-100) for compliance verification and performance evaluation and bi-annual monitoring of drains (Ganga-716 during pre-monsoon & 739 during post- monsoon; Yamuna-163 during post-monsoon 2025) was carried out by CPCB during 2025-26. The inspections revealed that several CETPs continued to operate below their designed capacities and exhibited persistent non-compliance with prescribed discharge standards. Major issues observed included inadequate or obsolete treatment technologies, improper operation and maintenance of CETPs and member industries' Primary Effluent Treatment Plants (PETPs), non-compliance with prescribed inlet effluent quality norms, variable organic loading and inadequate capacity utilization.

CPCB issued directions/letters to the concerned State Pollution Control Boards for corrective actions and recommended upgradation of treatment technologies, strengthening of surveillance of viimember industries, improved operation and maintenance of CETPs and PETPs, regular calibration and maintenance of Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring Systems (OCEMS) and implementation of sector-specific cleaner production measures for achieving sustained compliance.

In the Ganga basin, 10 CETPs were monitored during the annual inspection through third party technical institutes. Nine CETPs were found operational during the monitoring period, of which 6 CETPs (67%) were found complying and 3 CETPs were non-complying with the prescribed discharge standards and one CETP of Jharkhand was found non-operational. The cumulative installed treatment capacity of these CETPs was 86.03 MLD, against which the utilized capacity was 43.18 MLD (50.2%), indicating significant under-utilization of the available treatment infrastructure.

In the Yamuna basin, 31 CETPs were monitored during the annual inspection through third party technical institutes. All CETPs were operational during the monitoring period, of which 23 CETPs (74%) were found complying and 8 CETPs were non-complying with the prescribed discharge standards. The cumulative installed treatment capacity of these CETPs was 432.03 MLD, against which the utilized capacity was 243.13 MLD (56%), indicating significant under-utilization of the available treatment infrastructure.

During 2025-26, tri-annual monitoring of 167 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) located in 73 Ganga-front towns across Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal was carried out, covering an installed treatment capacity of 3222.65 MLD. A total of 624 monitoring events of commissioned STPs were undertaken during 2025-26, while implementation progress of 89 non-commissioned STPs was also assessed. Different sewage treatment technologies are in operation, with Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) systems continuing to be the most widely adopted technology. Of the commissioned STPs monitored, 141–145 plants were operational during each monitoring round, with average capacity utilization ranging between 70.9% and 74.3%, indicating that under-utilization of installed capacity remains a major operational challenge. While compliance with pH and TSS standards consistently exceeded 96% and BOD compliance ranged between 80% and 89%, compliance with faecal coliform standards remained low (41–56%), highlighting the need for optimization of disinfection systems. Overall BOD removal efficiency remained high, achieving 84–87% reduction in organic pollution load across the monitoring rounds.

Major issues identified include non-compliance with faecal coliform standards, weak-strength sewage at STP inlets, continued operation of non-functional or obsolete STPs, widespread under- capacity operation due to incomplete sewerage networks and localized over-capacity operation in rapidly growing urban centres. CPCB communicated monitoring findings to the concerned State Government agencies, STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCGs for corrective action, while recommending augmentation of sewerage networks, optimization of disinfection systems, installation of OCEMS/flow meters, improved operation and maintenance, rehabilitation of non- operational STPs and enhanced utilization and reuse of treated wastewater.

During August–November 2025, CPCB monitored 100 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) located in 20 Yamuna-front towns across Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh, covering an installed treatment capacity of 5210.43 MLD. Of the monitored STPs, 96 were operational, while four STPs were under commissioning/non-operational during the monitoring period. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) technology continued to be the most widely adopted treatment process across the basin. Large-sized STPs (>25 MLD) accounted for the majority of the installed treatment capacity in Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Monitoring indicated that although compliance with pH standards remained consistently high (89–100%), compliance with TSS, BOD, COD and particularly Faecal Coliform (FC) standards remained unsatisfactory in many STPs. Overall FC compliance ranged from nil in Himachal Pradesh to 32.8% in Uttar Pradesh, highlighting the need for optimization of disinfection systems and improved operation and viiimaintenance. Capacity utilization varied considerably across the states, ranging from about 43% in Himachal Pradesh to over 90% in Delhi, indicating that under-utilization of installed treatment capacity continues to be a significant operational challenge in several locations. CPCB communicated the monitoring findings to the concerned state agencies for corrective action, organized capacity-building programmes for STP operators and supported ongoing initiatives for augmentation and upgradation of sewage treatment infrastructure, including adoption of advanced treatment technologies, decentralized STPs and improved disinfection systems to achieve prescribed discharge standards and support the rejuvenation of River Yamuna.

Half-yearly monitoring of drains discharging into River Ganga and its tributaries was carried out during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon 2025 across the five Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. A total of 716 drains were monitored during the pre-monsoon season and 739 during the post-monsoon season, following an updated inventory that included an increase in the number of identified drains in West Bengal.

Monitoring revealed that a large proportion of drains remain untapped or only partially tapped to sewage treatment plants, with frequent overflow from tapped drains. During post-monsoon monitoring, the 739 drains collectively discharged about 12,582 MLD of wastewater with an estimated BOD pollution load of 811.7 TPD, of which untapped drains alone contributed nearly 80% of the total BOD pollution load. Interim remediation measures, predominantly bio- remediation, phytoremediation and constructed wetlands, were implemented in 69 drains, primarily in Uttar Pradesh; however, several installations were found non-functional, poorly maintained or ineffective. Nevertheless, more than 40% reduction in BOD was observed in 11 drains, demonstrating the potential of these technologies when properly designed and maintained.

Compared to 2016, the proportion of tapped drains has increased substantially from 3% to 39.5%, reflecting progress in sewerage interception and diversion, although significant gaps remain. Drains discharging wastewater from 13 priority cities/towns—Kashipur, Meerut, Bulandshahar, Moradabad, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna, Kolkata, Bahrampore, Bhatpara, Uluberia and Howrah-contributed 60.3% of the total wastewater flow and 73.0% of the total BOD pollution load.

Half-yearly monitoring of 163 drains discharging directly into River Yamuna was carried out during the post-monsoon season of 2025 across the five Yamuna main stem states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The monitored drains collectively discharged about 6,085 MLD of wastewater with an estimated BOD pollution load of

500.16 TPD, of which 112 untapped drains contributed nearly 82% of the total flow and 83% of the total BOD pollution load. Monitoring revealed that 51 drains were tapped or partially tapped, although frequent overflows and inadequate tapping arrangements were observed in several locations. Interim remediation measures were implemented in only 9 drains, while many untapped drains continued to discharge untreated wastewater directly into the river. In addition, CPCB, in coordination with NMCG, DPCC and DJB, undertook monthly joint monitoring of the Sahibi River (Najafgarh Drain) and Shahdara Drain networks at 52 locations in the Delhi–NCR stretch to identify pollution hotspots and support targeted interventions. The monitoring identified severe organic pollution in several major and interstate drains, with the Sahibabad Drain, Mungeshpur Drain, New Moti Nagar Drain, Shahdara Drain and Palam Drain emerging as key pollution hotspots due to discharge of untreated domestic sewage, industrial effluents, solid waste dumping and inadequate or non-functional tapping arrangements.

CPCB continued manual water quality monitoring of River Ganga during 2025 through a network of 112 monitoring locations across five basin states, comprising Uttarakhand (19), Uttar Pradesh (41), Bihar (33), Jharkhand (4), and West Bengal (15). Water quality was assessed with respect to primary water quality criteria. Assessment of the 2025 monitoring data indicated that pH complied with the bathing water quality criteria at all monitoring locations, while DO met the ixcriteria at all assessed locations. BOD complied at most locations, with isolated non-compliance observed in selected stretches of Uttar Pradesh. Compared to 2024, improvements were observed at 91 locations for DO, 67 locations for BOD, 65 locations for Faecal Coliform, and 50 locations for Faecal Streptococci. In addition, a network of 40 Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring

(RTWQM) stations on River Ganga and its tributaries also exists.

Manual water quality monitoring of River Yamuna is carried out by CPCB through SPCBs/PCCs at 33 locations across Uttarakhand (4), Himachal Pradesh (4), Haryana (6), Delhi (7), and Uttar Pradesh (12). Water quality was assessed with respect to primary water quality criteria.

During 2025, CPCB conducted five rounds of fortnightly joint monitoring (December 2024–February 2025) of River Ramganga, its tributaries (Dhela, Bahela and Kosi), and adjoining drains in Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) and Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh) to assess water quality of the River Ganga at Prayagraj. The monitoring revealed relatively better water quality in River Ramganga and River Kosi, while Rivers Dhela and Bahela were significantly polluted due to the discharge of highly contaminated drains, particularly Dhandhi, Choti Dhandhi, Pachhana and Rampur drains, carrying high organic pollution loads into the river system.

A total of 126 biomonitoring events were conducted during 2025 in two monitoring rounds at 42 locations on River Ganga and 26 locations on River Yamuna using benthic macro- invertebrates as bio-indicators. Biological assessment showed that River Ganga largely exhibited “Good” to “Very Good” biological water quality in the upper reaches of Uttarakhand, while downstream stretches across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal were predominantly classified as “Good” to “Moderate”, with localized influences from barrages, anthropogenic activities, wastewater discharges, solid waste dumping and reduced river flow. None of the monitored locations exhibited “Poor” or “Severe” biological water quality. In River Yamuna, the upper reaches in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh generally showed “Good” biological water quality, whereas stretches through Haryana, Delhi and parts of Uttar Pradesh were predominantly “Moderate”, reflecting higher anthropogenic pressures. Long-term biological water quality trends indicate sustained “Good” to “Very Good” conditions in the upper reaches of River Ganga and gradual improvement at several locations, including the downstream stretch of Jagjeetpur, while River Yamuna continues to exhibit persistent “Moderate” biological water quality through the urban Delhi stretch, with improvements observed in the lower reaches downstream of major tributary confluences.

**** xSECTION1: INTRODUCTION Figure 1.1 Location map showing basin of River Ganga and Yamuna

1.1 River Ganga:

The River Ganga, one of the world's most significant river systems, originates from the Gangotri Glacier at Gaumukh in Uttarakhand at an elevation of approximately 4,100 m above mean sea level. Traversing nearly 2,525 km, it flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal before discharging into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga basin extends over 861,404 km², accounting for nearly 26% of India's geographical area, and supports approximately 43% of the country's population, making it the most densely populated river basin in India (Figure 1.1). Besides sustaining millions of people, the river is of immense ecological, economic, cultural and spiritual significance. Despite its importance, the River Ganga continues to face significant environmental challenges arising from rapid urbanization, industrialization, population growth, and changing land-use patterns. Large quantities of untreated and partially treated municipal sewage, industrial effluents and solid waste enter the river directly or through its tributaries, adversely affecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural runoff, indiscriminate disposal of solid waste and encroachments further aggravate the pollution scenario, threatening biodiversity, public health and the livelihoods dependent on the river.

Recognizing the urgent need for restoring the ecological integrity of the river, the Government of India launched the Namami Gange Programme (NGP) in 2014 as a flagship initiative for the conservation, protection, and rejuvenation of the National River Ganga. The programme is implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) in coordination with the State Missions for Clean Ganga (SMCGs) through an integrated river basin management approach encompassing pollution abatement, river conservation, ecological restoration, public awareness and sustainable development.

11.2 River Yamuna:

The Yamuna River is one of India's most important rivers and the largest tributary of the Ganga River.

Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier in the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6,387 m in Uttarakhand, it flows approximately 1,376 km through the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh before joining the Ganga at Triveni Sangam at Prayagraj (Figure 1.1). The river basin covers about 3.66 lakh km², accounting for nearly 40% of the Ganga Basin. Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna's waters, and the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. It has an annual flow of 97 billion cubic metres, and nearly 4 billion cubic metres are consumed every year (of which irrigation constitutes 96%).

The Yamuna is a vital source of drinking water, irrigation, industrial water supply, and ecological services for millions of people. It is particularly significant for the National Capital Territory of Delhi, where nearly 70% of the city's drinking water demand depends on the river. However, rapid urbanization, population growth, industrialization, and inadequate sewage infrastructure have severely degraded the river's water quality, especially in the Delhi stretch, which contributes a disproportionately high pollution load despite constituting only about 2% of the river's length.

To address these challenges, the Government of India has implemented several river conservation initiatives over the past three decades, culminating in a comprehensive Yamuna Rejuvenation Plan that integrates pollution abatement, sewage management, industrial regulation, riverfront restoration, and ecological conservation.

For the rejuvenation and pollution abatement of the Yamuna River in Delhi, governance and monitoring are structured through specific multi-tier bodies: The High Level Committee (HLC), The Executive Committee

(EC), and Central Monitoring Committees (CMC). The High Level Committee (HLC) is constituted under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Chief Minister, Delhi to oversee and guide the rejuvenation of the Yamuna river in Delhi ensuring a comprehensive and sustainable approach to restore its ecological health and aesthetic value. First HLC meeting was conducted on 21.01.2026. The Executive Committee (EC) is constituted under the Chairpersonship of the Hon’ble Chief Secretary, Delhi to execute the directions of HLC. At Central Level the progress of implementation of action plans of States / UTs is reviewed by the Central Monitoring Committee (CMC) constituted under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Secretary, Ministry of Jal Shakti.

1.3 Namami Gange Projects implemented at CPCB:

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the Executing Agency (EA) for three major projects under

the Namami Gange Programme: (i) Pollution Inventorization, Assessment and Surveillance on River Ganga Basin (PIAS); (ii) Strengthening of Environmental Regulators (SER) - CPCB; and (iii) Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) System for River Ganga. The financial expenditure incurred under these projects is presented in Appendix 1.1.

The PIAS Project aims to comprehensively assess pollution sources and prioritize remedial measures across the Ganga basin. The project involves inventorization of pollution sources, assessment of pollution load entering the River Ganga and its tributaries, identification and characterization of major drains and evaluation of the quantity and quality of wastewater discharged into the river system. The project covers major tributaries including the Banganga, Ramganga, Kali (East), Pandu and the Hindon sub-basin comprising the Hindon, Kali (West), and Krishni rivers. The Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) Project, supported by the World Bank, focuses on strengthening water quality assessment through a combination of real-time water quality monitoring (RTWQM) and biological monitoring. CPCB operates a continuous RTWQM network along the River Ganga using sensor-based monitoring systems. In addition, biomonitoring of the Rivers Ganga, Yamuna, and their major tributaries is undertaken on a half-yearly basis (pre- and post-monsoon) to assess the ecological health of river stretches. The Strengthening of Environmental Regulators (SER) Project enhances the national water quality monitoring framework through a network of 112 monitoring locations established on the main stem of the River Ganga and 33 monitoring locations established on the main stem of the River Yamuna under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP). These monitoring stations are operated in collaboration with the respective State Pollution Control Boards

(SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committee (PCC). Monitoring is carried out in accordance with the provisions of 2the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) prescribed by CPCB.

The implementation of these projects is coordinated by the Water Quality Monitoring-II (WQM-II) Division of CPCB, with engagement of WQM-I Division for RTWQM and Bioscience Laboratory at CPCB Head Office, Delhi, for bio-monitoring. CPCB Regional Directorates at Lucknow and Kolkata play a vital role in field implementation through performance evaluation and monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs), Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), drains, bio-monitoring, industrial inspections, etc.

The CPCB undertakes regular assessment of domestic and industrial wastewater generation, its conveyance, and treatment, along with evaluating the performance of Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) established along the River Ganga.

This report presents the activities undertaken, key findings, monitoring outcomes, and progress achieved by CPCB under the Namami Gange Programme during the year 2025-26, highlighting the initiatives implemented towards the conservation, pollution abatement, and rejuvenation of the River Ganga.

3SECTION 2: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL CPCB conducted third party inspection of Grossly polluting industries and CETPs facilities under PIAS project annually. Annually, inventory of GPIs is being finalized and updated in consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committee (PCC). Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) located in the industrial clusters are also covered under this exercise.

2.1 Annual Inspection of Grossly Polluting Industries during 2025-26 through TPA Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) are defined as “industries having potential to discharge 100 kg/day BOD (Bio-chemical oxygen demand) load or uses or produces substances containing hazardous/toxic chemicals as per Manufacturing, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules (MSIHC), 1989, that leads to generation of toxic effluent. Under PIAS Project, WQM-II division organizes annual inspection of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) located in Ganga main stem states namely Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, since 2017, in association with various knowledge partners (third party technical institutes) like IITs, NITs and other expert institutes. Year 2020 onwards, GPIs operating in river Yamuna main stem states namely Uttarakhand, Haryana, NCT-Delhi and Uttar Pradesh were also included under the ambit of annual inspection. Since 2017, eight rounds of inspections in Ganga main stem and five rounds in Yamuna main stem have been completed. During 2025- 26, total number of 3703 inspection completed (3662 GPIs and 41 CETPs). A brief account of state wise changes in the GPIs inventory is reflected in Fig 2.1 & Table 2.1.

Figure 2.1: GPIs Inventory Status Table 2.1: State-wise changes in GPI inventory from 2024 to 2025 State GPIs during 2024 GPIs deleted New GPIs added GPIs in 2025 Uttarakhand 89 8 2 83 Haryana 1542 117 23 1448 Delhi 176 25 0 151 Uttar Pradesh 2178 503 109 1784 Bihar 105 8 7 104 Jharkhand 19 2 10 27 West Bengal 65 0 0 65 Total 4174 663 151 3662 State and sector wise distribution of 3662 GPIs are shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: State and sector wise distribution of 3662 GPIs Sector Uttara- Haryana Delhi Uttar Bihar Jhar- West Total khand Pradesh khand Bengal Chemical 5 97 0 65 2 3 10 182 Distillery 5 11 0 92 21 5 5 139 Food & 13 141 3 104 44 6 11 322 Beverages Others* 6 516 113 284 9 10 11 949 Pulp & Paper 34 3 0 100 7 3 22 169 4Sector Uttara- Haryana Delhi Uttar Bihar Jhar- West Total khand Pradesh khand Bengal Slaughter 10 15 1 63 6 0 0 95 House Sugar 8 7 0 124 10 0 1 150 Tannery 0 18 0 400 2 0 0 420 Textile 2 640 34 552 3 0 5 1236 Total 83 1448 151 1784 104 27 65 3662 *Others- majorly electroplating, metal surface treatment and automobile units.

These 3662 GPIs are located in 113 districts and has the potential to discharge into 46 tributaries/sub- tributaries of river Ganga and River Yamuna. Out of total 3662 GPIs in river Ganga basin, 1286 GPIs are operating in river Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal

whereas 2376 GPIs are operating in river Yamuna main stem states of Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. State and sector wise distribution of GPIs in river Ganga and Yamuna main stem stretches are listed in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4, respectively.

Table 2.3: State and sector wise distribution of 1286 GPIs in river Ganga main stem Sector Bihar Jharkhand UP UK WB Total Chemical 2 3 33 4 10 52 Distillery 21 5 73 4 5 108 Food & Beverages 44 6 50 12 11 123 Others 9 10 166 6 11 202 Pulp & Paper 7 3 44 28 22 104 Slaughter House 6 0 19 10 0 35 Sugar 10 0 104 6 1 121 Tannery 2 0 390 0 0 392 Textile 3 0 139 2 5 149 Total 104 27 1018 72 65 1286 Table 2.4: State and sector wise distribution of 2376 GPIs in river Yamuna main stem Sector Delhi Haryana UP UK Total Chemical 0 97 32 1 130 Distillery 0 11 19 1 31 Food & Beverages 3 141 54 1 199 Others 113 516 118 0 747 Pulp & Paper 0 3 56 6 65 Slaughter House 1 15 44 0 60 Sugar 0 7 20 2 29 Tannery 0 18 10 0 28 Textile 34 640 413 0 1087 Total 151 1448 766 11 2376

2.1.1 Work accomplished during 2025-26 The inspections of the GPIs were carried out on surprise basis by the joint teams of experts from third party technical institutes (one faculty member and one Research Scholar) and concerned SPCBs/PCC. During 2025, for inspection of 3662 GPIs, 25 technical institutes were engaged. Apart from inspections, nodal agencies were identified for compilation of sector specific reports; IIT Delhi for Pulp & Paper sector, ICT Mumbai for Textile sector; NSI Kanpur for Sugar sector; VSI Pune for Distillery sector; JMI for Slaughter House; CLRI for Tannery; NIT Delhi for Food, Dairy & Beverages and IIT Roorkee for Chemical and Others sectors.

 Inspection of all 3512 GPIs (except 150 sugar units), were completed from March 20, 2025 to October 31, 2025. Inspection of sugar mills were completed from November 24, 2025 to January 30, 2026. All inspection reports were uploaded on web-portal by March 09, 2026 for action by concerned SPCBs/PCC and the actions got completed by May, 2026. During this period, around 25 weekly meetings were 5organized to review the progress of inspection & report submission by technical institutes and action by SPCBs/PCC.

 During inspections, technical institutes reported about 57 cases related to bypass of untreated effluent, non-operational ETP/PETP, non-cooperation and entry denied by GPIs. These cases were forwarded to the concerned SPCBs/PCCs for priority action. Among 57 GPIs, concerned SPCBs/PCC issued 18 SCN and 10 closure directions. State-wise details are as follow:

Table 2.5: State-wise compliance status of bypass, non-operational ETP/PETP, non-cooperation and entry denied by GPIs State No. Cases Action taken by SPCBs/PCC of By- Bypass and Entry Non- Temporary Permanent Complied Non-Complied GPIs pass non- denied operational Closed Closed operational ETP/PETP SCN Closure ETP/PETP Bihar 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Delhi 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Haryana 21 5 0 11 5 1 1 11 8 0 Uttar 31 11 6 9 5 0 0 14 9 8 Pradesh Uttarakhand 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 West Bengal 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Grand Total 57 21 6 20 10 1 1 27 18 10

2.1.2 Data generation and regulatory actions based on inspection of GPIs As this chapter focuses on the GPIs only, other details w.r.t 41 CETPs monitoring carried out by technical institutes will be covered at Section 2.2.

During inspections, out of 3662 GPIs, 3114 were found operational and 548 were non-operational. Out of 3114 operational GPIs, 2188 were complying and 926 were non-complying w.r.t discharge norms or not having valid consent to operate/hazardous waste authorization/NOC from concerned ground water authority.

SPCBs/PCC issued show cause notices to 912 non-complying GPIs and closure directions to remaining 14 non-complying GPIs. The state- and sector-wise compliance status of GPIs is listed at Table 2.6 (a & b).

Table 2.6 (a): State-wise status of inspected GPIs (As on date of inspection) State Total Operational Complied Non-Complied Self-Closed GPIs SCN Closure Temporary Permanent Closed Closed a b c d=b-c e=a-b Bihar 104 89 71 17 1 8 7 Delhi 151 116 71 44 1 5 30 Haryana 1448 1265 638 624 3 137 46 Jharkhand 27 22 11 11 0 5 0 Uttar Pradesh 1784 1498 1288 203 7 263 23 Uttarakhand 83 70 63 5 2 13 0 West Bengal 65 54 46 8 0 10 1 Total 3662 3114 2188 912 14 441 107 Table 2.6 (b): Sector-wise status of inspected GPIs (As on date of inspection) Sector No of Operational Complied Non-Complied Self-Closed GPIs SCN Closure Temporary Permanent Closed Closed Chemical 182 158 108 49 1 20 4 Distillery 139 96 89 7 0 40 3 Food & Beverages 322 276 196 78 2 37 9 Others 949 853 604 246 3 55 41 Pulp & Paper 169 152 146 6 0 14 3 Slaughter House 95 65 51 12 2 30 0 Sugar 150 142 133 9 0 8 0 Tannery 420 333 288 43 2 80 7 Textile 1236 1039 573 462 4 157 40 Total 3662 3114 2188 912 14 441 107 6Out of 1286 GPIs operating in Ganga main stem, 1090 were operational and 196 non-operational.

Out of 1090 operational GPIs, 934 were complying and 156 were non-complying w.r.t discharge norms or not having valid consent to operate. SPCBs/PCC issued show cause notices to 148 non-complying GPIs and closure directions to remaining 8 non-complying GPIs. State and Sector- wise details of GPIs are given in Table 2.7 (a & b).

Table 2.7 (a): State-wise details of complying and non-complying GPIs of river Ganga main stem states (As on date of inspection) State No. of Operational Complied Non-Complied Self-Closed GPIs SCN Closure Temporary Permanent Closed Closed a b c d=b-c e=a-b Uttarakhand 72 61 54 5 2 11 0 Uttar Pradesh 1018 864 752 107 5 147 7 Bihar 104 89 71 17 1 8 7 Jharkhand 27 22 11 11 0 5 0 West Bengal 65 54 46 8 0 10 1 Total 1286 1090 934 148 8 181 15 Table 2.7 (b): Sector-wise details of complying and non-complying GPIs of river Ganga main stem states (As on date of inspection) Sector No of Operational Complied SCN Closure Temporary Permanent GPIs Closed Closed Chemical 52 49 40 9 0 3 0 Distillery 108 73 68 5 0 32 3 Food & Beverages 123 111 83 27 1 9 3 Others 202 186 150 34 2 16 0 Pulp & Paper 104 90 85 5 0 12 2 Slaughter House 35 23 21 0 2 12 0 Sugar 121 115 108 7 0 6 0 Tannery 392 309 267 40 2 77 6 Textile 149 134 112 21 1 14 1 Total 1286 1090 934 148 8 181 15 Out of 2376 GPIs operating in Yamuna main stem, 2024 were operational and 352 were non- operational. Out of 2024 operational GPIs, 1254 were complying and 770 were non-complying w.r.t discharge norms or not having valid consent to operate. SPCBs/PCC issued show cause notices to 764 non-complying GPIs and closure directions to remaining 6 non-complying GPIs. State wise details of Yamuna main stem GPIs are given in Table 2.8 (a & b).

Table 2.8 (a): State-wise details of complying and non-complying GPIs of river Yamuna main stem states (As on date of inspection) State No. of Operational Complied Non-Complied Self-Closed GPIs SCN Closure Temporary Permanent Closed Closed a B c d=b-c e=a-b Delhi 151 116 71 44 1 5 30 Haryana 1448 1265 638 624 3 137 46 Uttar Pradesh 766 634 536 96 2 116 16 Uttarakhand 11 9 9 0 0 2 0 Total 2376 2024 1254 764 6 260 92 Table 2.8 (b): Sector-wise details of complying and non-complying GPIs of river Yamuna main stem states (As on date of inspection) Sector No of Operational Complied SCN Closure Temporary Permanent GPIs Closed Closed Chemical 130 109 68 40 1 17 4 Distillery 31 23 21 2 0 8 0 Food & Beverages 199 165 113 51 1 28 6 Others 747 667 454 212 1 39 41 Pulp & Paper 65 62 61 1 0 2 1 Slaughter House 60 42 30 12 0 18 0 7Sugar 29 27 25 2 0 2 0 Tannery 28 24 21 3 0 3 1 Textile 1087 905 461 441 3 143 39 Total 2376 2024 1254 764 6 260 92 Inspection reports submitted by technical institutes were reviewed by CPCB. It was estimated that total freshwater consumption was 1042.16 MLD by 3114 operational GPIs. Wastewater discharge was 403.69 MLD having BOD pollution load of 12.02 TPD. State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load are given in Table 2.9 and corresponding sector-wise details are given in Figure 2.2.

Table 2.9: State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of GPIs State No. of Operational Freshwater Wastewater BOD Pollution GPIs GPIs consumption (MLD) discharge (MLD) Load (TPD) Bihar 104 89 43.75 16.41 0.65 Delhi 151 116 5.38 1.3 0.06 Haryana 1448 1265 248.36 53.1 2.86 Jharkhand 27 22 66.52 0.42 0.01 Uttar Pradesh 1784 1498 356.81 222.92 6.87 Uttarakhand 83 70 79.72 46.98 1.07 West Bengal 65 54 241.62 62.56 0.5 Total 3662 3114 1042.16 403.69 12.02 Distribution of GPIs (%) Freshwater Consumption (%) Chemical 3.80 Chemical

4.97 4.56 0.67 Distillery Food & Beverages 1.32 6.83 Food & 8.79 Beverages 33.75 Others Others Pulp & Paper 15.66 42.12 Pulp & Paper Slaughter House 25.91 Slaughter House Sugar Sugar

11.47 20.93 Tannery Tannery

4.61 7.92 Textile Textile

4.102.59 Wastewater discharge (%) BOD Pollution load (%) Chemical Chemical

6.11 Food & Beverages 3.74 13.69 14.27 Food & Beverages 24.33 10.67 2.52 Others Others Pulp & Paper 10.04 Pulp & Paper

15.32 Slaughter House

7.11 Slaughter House Sugar 27.47 19.59 Sugar Tannery 21.18 Tannery 19.79 1.68 Textile Textile

2.50 Figure 2.2: Overall sector-wise % contribution of no. of GPIs, freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD Pollution load (Ganga and Yamuna)

82.1.3 Annual inspection 2024 Vs 2025 A comparison of the annual inspection data for the year 2025 with that of 2024 is presented in Figure 2.3a.

5 7 1 4 2 6 6 4 3 2 4 3 1 3 1 3 8 9 5 6 .3 0 4 .3 0 4 1 1 .5 1 2 0 .2 1 5 .2 8 0 7 No. of GPIs Operational GPIs Discharge (MLD) BOD Load (TPD) Compliance % 2024 2025 Figure 2.3a: Comparison of annual inspection data for 2025 and 2024 The number of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) decreased in 2025 compared to 2024. In 2025 along the main stem of the Ganga, the BOD pollution load was observed to be lower in tannery sector i.e., 2.35 TPD from 4.92 TPD (2024) and also in sugar sector i.e., 1.92 TPD from 2.75 TPD (2024), compared to 2024.

The number of GPIs decreased in 2025 compared to 2024. In 2025 along the main stem of the Ganga, the BOD pollution load was observed to be lower in tannery sector i.e., 2.35 TPD from 4.92 TPD (2024) and also in sugar sector i.e., 1.92 TPD from 2.75 TPD (2024), compared to 2024. A comparison of the annual inspection data for the year 2025 with that of 2024 for Ganga is presented in Figure 2.3b below:

Ganga 6 8 3 1 6 8 2 1 2 2 1 1 0 9 0 1 5 8 5 8 .5 .4 6 7 5 9 2 2 5 1 6 7 .0 1 6 1 .7 .3 8 .5 8 No. of GPIs Operational GPIs Discharge (MLD) BOD Load (TPD) Compliance % 2024 2025 Figure 2.3b: Comparison of annual inspection data for 2025 and 2024 –Ganga The number of operational GPIs decreased in 2025 compared to 2024. In 2025 along the main stem of the Yamuna, the BOD pollution load was observed to be higher i.e. 4.86 TPD as compared to 2024 i.e. 4.36 TPD which maybe due to improvement in record keeping of flow data, increase in non-compliance of GPIs and bypass cases observed during visit in Yamuna. A comparison of the annual inspection data for the year 2025 with that of 2024 for Yamuna is presented in Figure 2.3c below:

Yamuna 9 8 7 6 2 7 2 3 0 4 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 8 3 1 8 .8 2 1 6 3 .4 6 8 .4 5 1 .2 8 6 9 .1 6 No. of GPIs Operational GPIs Discharge (MLD) BOD Load (TPD) Compliance % 2024 2025 Figure 2.3c: Comparison of annual inspection data for 2025 and 2024 –Yamuna 9a) River Ganga main stem State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of GPIs of river Ganga main stem are given in Table 2.10 and sector-wise details are given in Figure 2.4.

Table 2.10: State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of GPIs of river Ganga main stem State No. of Operational Freshwater Wastewater BOD pollution GPIs GPIs consumption (MLD) discharge (MLD) load (TPD) Uttarakhand 72 61 77.27 44.60 1.03 Uttar Pradesh 1018 864 211.13 150.89 4.97 Bihar 104 89 43.75 16.41 0.65 Jharkhand 27 22 66.52 0.42 0.01 West Bengal 65 54 241.62 62.56 0.50 Total 1286 1090 640.29 274.88 7.16 Distribution of GPIs (%) Freshwater Consumption (%) Chemical 4.04 3.04

1.02 Distillery Chemical 0.99

11.59 8.32 6.12 Food & Food & Beverages Beverages 9.56 32.88 Others Others

18.50 Pulp & Paper 30.48 Pulp & Paper

15.71 Slaughter House Slaughter House Sugar 7.72 Sugar

8.09 29.73

9.49 Tannery Tannery

2.72 Textile Textile Wastewater discharge (%) BOD pollution load (%) Chemical Chemical

4.73 4.61 5.59 Food & Beverages 5.39 14.61 Food & Beverages

1.40

13.13 Others Others

9.78 Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper 32.82

33.71 Slaughter House 8.20 Slaughter House 14.25 Sugar Sugar Tannery 21.92 Tannery

1.26 Textile 1.67 Textile 26.82 Figure 2.4: Sector-wise % contribution of no. of GPIs, freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of river Ganga main stem b) River Yamuna main stem State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of GPIs of River Yamuna main stem are given in Table 2.11 and sector-wise details are given in Figure 2.5.

10Table 2.11: State-wise details of freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of GPIs of river Yamuna main stem State No. of Operational GPIs Freshwater Wastewater BOD GPIs consumption discharge (MLD) pollution load

(MLD) (TPD) Uttarakhand 11 9 2.44 2.38 0.04 Haryana 1448 1265 248.36 53.10 2.86 Delhi-NCT 151 116 5.38 1.30 0.06 Uttar Pradesh 766 634 145.68 72.03 1.90 Total 2376 2024 401.87 128.82 4.86 Distribution of GPIs (%) Freshwater Consumption (%)

1.35 2.08 0.09 Chemical 5.47 Chemical Distillery 8.38 1.85 12.88 Food & Beverages Food & Beverages 45.75 Others Others

11.12 Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper 31.44 Slaughter Slaughter House 56.84 House 6.91 Sugar Sugar

8.23 Tannery 1.18 2.74 Tannery Textile 1.18 2.53 Textile Wastewater discharge (%) BOD pollution load (%) Chemical Chemical

6.79 Food & 13.54 Food & 7.00 4.12 Beverages Beverages Others 32.81 Others

10.61 Pulp & Paper Pulp & Paper

16.87 Slaughter 4.79 Slaughter 53.29 House House Sugar Sugar Tannery 14.16 19.59 Tannery 9.47 2.26

0.21 Textile Textile

0.21

4.28 Figure 2.5: Sector-wise % contribution of no. of GPIs, freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge and BOD pollution load of river Yamuna main stem

2.1.4 Sector-wise data analysis i Pulp and Paper In 2025, a total of 169 nos. of Pulp & Paper industries were identified as GPIs, with 104 nos. located in states along the main stem of the River Ganga and 65 nos. in states along the main stem of the River Yamuna. These industries are spread across six states viz. Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. During inspections, 152 industries were found operational (Ganga-90; Yamuna-62). Total production was estimated to be 21292.12 MTD (Ganga-12980.10 MTD; Yamuna-8312.02 MTD). Freshwater consumption for operational units was estimated to be 163.17 MLD (Ganga-118.48 MLD; Yamuna-44.69 MLD). Effluent discharge was 85.49 MLD (Ganga-60.26 MLD; Yamuna-25.23 MLD) with estimated organic 11pollution load of 1.84 TPD (Ganga-1.02 TPD; Yamuna- 0.82 TPD). Among the total 152 operational units, 60 RCF based Pulp & paper industries reported to be operating on the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) scheme.

In river Ganga main stem, overall specific freshwater consumption was estimated to be 9.06 KL/MT; while the overall specific effluent discharge was estimated to be 4.70 KL/MT. Similarly, in river Yamuna main stem, the overall specific freshwater consumption was estimated to be 5.38 KL/MT; while the overall specific effluent discharge was estimated to be 3.04 KL/MT.

Based on 2025 annual inspection data, about 91% of operational (discharging) pulp & paper units were found to achieve BOD value of <20 mg/L (Figures 2.6 & 2.7).

110 100 90 80 )l/g 70 m 60 ( D 50 O B 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 2.6: BOD distribution (concentration based) in Pulp & Paper industries during 2025 2% 7% 91% BOD ≤ 20 mg/l 20 mg/l < BOD ≤ 30 mg/l BOD > 30 mg/l Figure 2.7: BOD distribution (%) in Pulp & Paper industries during 2025 ii Sugar sector There were a total number of 150 sugar mills located in the main stem of the Ganga states. Out of 150 sugar mills, 142 were found to be operational during the annual inspection in 2025. Among these 142 operational sugar mills, 115 were located in river Ganga main stem and 27 in river Yamuna main stem (Fig. 2.8).

Figure 2.8: Key Findings of Sugar Mills – 2025 12In 2025, 94% of sugar mills (134 units) found complied with norms, showing improvement due to issued guidelines, directions, and the Sugar Charter. Additionally, out of 142 operational sugar units monitored, 66 units (46%) achieved a BOD concentration of ≤ 20 mg/L, indicating compliance with more stringent effluent quality standards. A majority of the units, 71 units (50%), reported BOD levels in the range of 20–30 mg/L, indicating compliance with the prescribed discharge standard of 30 mg/L. However, 5 units (4%) recorded BOD concentrations exceeding 30 mg/L, suggesting the need for improved treatment efficiency and closer monitoring to ensure compliance with environmental norms (Fig. 2.9). Overall, 96.48% of the units maintained BOD levels within the prescribed limit of 30 mg/L, reflecting satisfactory performance of effluent treatment systems.

BOD> 30 mg/L 4% 20 mg/L < BOD <= BOD <= 20 mg/L 30 mg/L 46% 50% BOD <= 20 mg/L 20 mg/L < BOD <= 30 mg/L BOD> 30 mg/L Figure 2.9 BOD distribution in Sugar Units during 2025 Implementation of Sugar Charter 2.0:

During inspection it was observed that, sugar units has implemented several technological interventions to reduce fresh water consumption and comply with effluent discharge norms. These measures include installation of flow meters at water abstraction points, process consumption points, ETP inlet/outlet, and spray pond/process cooling tower overflow locations for effective monitoring and water accounting.

Industries have adopted the 4R approach (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Renew) through installation of cooling towers and Condensate Polishing Units (CPUs) to enhance water conservation and reuse. Continuous monitoring systems such as OCEMS and PTZ cameras have been installed for real-time surveillance of effluent discharge and emissions.

Further improvements include construction of hazardous wash-water collection tanks, installation of Sulphate Removal Systems (SRS) for cooling tower overflow streams, adoption of two-stage brine recovery systems in sugar refineries, and upgradation of ETPs with diffused aeration, tertiary treatment units, and mechanized sludge handling systems. Several units have also provided anaerobic or double extended aeration facilities for enhanced effluent treatment efficiency. To strengthen environmental management, laboratories have been established at ETPs for regular analysis of key parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS. In addition, industries have entered into agreements for scientific disposal and recycling of solid and hazardous wastes, developed impermeable lagoons for treated effluent storage and reuse, established Environment Management Cells (EMCs), and installed separate Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) for treatment of domestic sewage generated from factory colonies.

These interventions have significantly improved water-use efficiency, pollution control, and environmental compliance across the sugar sector. iii Distillery sector In 2025, a total of 139 distilleries were identified along the main stems of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. Out of these, 94 units were found operational, of which 82 were distilleries, comprising 28 molasses-based, 45 grain-based, and 10 dual-feedstock (molasses and grain-based) units. The remaining operational units included 7 brewery/bottling units and 4 yeast manufacturing units.

Of the operational distilleries, all 83 units were operating under the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) scheme.

The ZLD systems adopted included Multiple Effect Evaporators (MEE), Condensate Polishing Units (CPU), 13incineration boilers, bio-composting facilities, and spray dryer systems, depending upon the type and configuration of the distillery.

In Ganga basin, the average specific freshwater consumption in operational distilleries was 5.51 KL per KL of alcohol produced, while the average specific spent wash generation was about 6.73 KL per KL of alcohol produced. All operational distilleries were equipped with Condensate Polishing Units (CPU), facilitating the reuse of treated condensate in process and utility applications and thereby significantly reducing freshwater consumption.

Updation of Distillery Charter The charter was formulated to enforce appropriate technologies for effluent treatment in distillery units in Ganga basin and to motivate the distillery industries to comply with the prescribed environmental norms.

Overall, implementation and adoption of charter by the distillery industries in Ganga basin achieved the desirable outcomes viz. Based on the industrial data collection and its verification during annual inspections being carried out by third party technical institutes it has been substantiated that the specific fresh water consumption has reduced from 15 KL/KL of alcohol produced in 2016-17 to 5.51 KL/KL of alcohol produced in 2025-26, leading to a 63.3% reduction in specific fresh water consumption. Similarly, specific spent wash generation is reduced from 11.1 KL/KL of alcohol produced in 2016-17 to 6.73 KL/KL alcohol produced in 2025-26, leading to 38.8% reduction in spent wash generation. Positive results of execution of previously implemented charter has led to the formulation of Charter 2.0 in which much stringent norms for specific freshwater consumption and specific spent wash generation are proposed to be revised on the basis of type of feed stocks used by the distillery unit.

iv Textile sector During 2025, there were a total of 1236 Textile units in 2025, with 149 located in states along the main stem of the river Ganga and 1087 in states along the main stem of the river Yamuna. Of these, 1021 units were found to be operational during inspections, with 133 along the Ganga and 888 along the Yamuna. Freshwater consumption was estimated as 71.21 MLD (Ganga- 19.44 MLD; Yamuna-51.78 MLD), effluent discharge

55.27 MLD (Ganga-13.00 MLD; Yamuna-42.27 MLD) and pollution load 2.92 TPD (Ganga-0.33 TPD;

Yamuna-2.59 TPD). v Tannery sector During 2025, there were 420 tanneries out of which 392 were located in Ganga main stem and 28 in Yamuna main stem. Out of 420, 333 tanneries were found operational (Ganga-309; Yamuna-24). In Ganga main stem, tanneries are located mainly in 03 clusters namely Jajmau, Banthar and Unnao. About 297 tanneries are connected to CETPs namely CETP Jajmau (260), CETP Banthar (25) and Site-II Unnao (12) whereas 09 have individual ETP to treat the effluent. Effluent discharge was estimated to be 15.09 MLD (Ganga-14.81 MLD; Yamuna-0.28 MLD) with pollution load of 2.36 TPD (Ganga-2.35 TPD; Yamuna-0.01 TPD).

vi Food, Dairy & Beverages (FDB) There were 322 FDB units during 2025 out of which 123 were located in river Ganga main stem and 199 in river Yamuna main stem. Out of 322, 276 units were found operational (Ganga-111; Yamuna-165).

Freshwater consumption, effluent discharge and pollution load by these 276 operational FDB units were estimated as 82.53 MLD (Ganga-49.44 MLD; Yamuna-33.09 MLD), 40.55 MLD (Ganga-26.88 MLD;

Yamuna-13.67 MLD) and 1.28 TPD (Ganga-0.94 TPD; Yamuna-0.34 TPD), respectively. vii Slaughter House There were 95 slaughter houses during 2025 out of which 35 were located in river Ganga main stem and 60 in river Yamuna main stem. Out of 95, 65 units were found operational (Ganga-23; Yamuna-42). Freshwater consumption, effluent discharge and pollution load by these 66 operational slaughter houses were estimated as 13.75 MLD (Ganga-6.33 MLD; Yamuna-7.42 MLD), 10.09 MLD (Ganga-4.58 MLD; Yamuna-5.51 MLD) and 0.20 TPD (Ganga-0.09 TPD; Yamuna-0.11 TPD), respectively.

14viii Chemicals There were 182 chemical units (including chemical, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, oil & refinery, pesticides) during 2025 out of which 52 were located in river Ganga main stem and 130 in river Yamuna main stem. Out of 182, 158 units were found operational (Ganga-49; Yamuna-109). During inspections, freshwater consumption 438.94 MLD (Ganga-210.53 MLD; Yamuna-228.41 MLD), effluent discharge 57.59 MLD (Ganga-40.15 MLD; Yamuna-17.44 MLD) and pollution load 0.73 TPD (Ganga-0.40 TPD; Yamuna-0.33 TPD) were found.

ix Others Sector There were 949 GPIs which belong to Others sector (including Automobile, Electroplating, Galvanized Iron structure, Hair Oil Manufacture, Manufacturing & Repair of aircraft, Paint, Telephone sets, Diesel locomotive units) during 2025 out of which 202 were located in river Ganga main stem and 747 in river Yamuna main stem. Out of 949, 853 units were found operational (Ganga-186; Yamuna-667). During inspections, freshwater consumption 218.07 MLD (Ganga-190.33 MLD; Yamuna-27.75 MLD), effluent discharge 28.71 MLD (Ganga-22.54 MLD; Yamuna-6.18 MLD) and pollution load 0.30 TPD (Ganga-0.10 TPD; Yamuna-0.20 TPD) were found. About 136 Others units are running on ZLD scheme (Ganga-96;

Yamuna-40).

Sector-wise effluent discharge and pollution load - Ganga  There is an improvement in compliance from 39% in 2017 to 86% in 2025.  About 21 % reduction in effluent discharge from 349.13 MLD in 2017 to 274.88 MLD in 2025 has been estimated. Sector wise effluent discharge in River Ganga during 2017 and 2024 is given in Figure 2.10.

 About 72 % reduction in BOD pollution load from 26.06 TPD in 2017 to 7.16 TPD in 2025 has been estimated. Sector wise BOD pollution load in River Ganga during 2017 and 2025 is given in Figure

2.11.  Reduction in Specific Water consumption (2017 to 2025) has been observed through re-use and recycle of treated effluent, from 2017 to 2025: Pulp & Paper-46%, Sugar-80%, Distillery-63.27% and Textile-84.37%.

Sector wise Effluent Discharge (MLD) -2017 & 2025 (Ganga) 140 6 1 120 1 9 7 6 2017 .2 .2 100 9 9 2 2025 80 6 2 7 .5 .0 6 6 60 5 1 .0 4 8 8 4 24 00 4 .1 2 .6 2 7 2 5 .2 2 8 4 .7 8 5 .4 5 4 .3 1 1 8 .4 1 8 1 .5 0 0 .3 1 0 Chemical Food & Others Pulp & Paper Slaughter Sugar Tannery Textile Beverages House Figure 2.10 Sector wise effluent discharge (MLD) during 2017 & 2025 in River Ganga 15Sector wise Pollution load (TPD) -2017 & 2025 (Ganga) 14 5 6 2017 .1 1 12 2025 5 10 4 .8 8 6 24 7 8 .1 0 4 .0 6 3 .0 4 9 .0 8 8 .0 0 1 .0 2 0 .1 5 0 .0 9 0 .0 2 9 .1 5 0 .2 5 3 .2 5 7 .0 3 3 .0 0 Chemical Food & Others Pulp & Paper Slaughter Sugar Tannery Textile Beverages House Figure 2.11 Sector wise Pollution load (TPD) during 2017 & 2025 in River Ganga

2.2 Annual Inspection of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) during 2025- 26 through TPA

2.2.1 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) of main stem of river Ganga & its tributaries Ten Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) are located on main stem of river Ganga or its tributaries.

Out of 10 CETPs, 3 are located in tannery-clusters at Jajmau, Banthar and Unnao in Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), 2 CETPs in textile-clusters at Rooma, Kanpur and Pilakhua, Hapur in Uttar Pradesh and 3 CETPs in mixed industrial clusters at Pantnagar, Sitarganj and Haridwar in Uttarakhand and 1 CETP in the mixed industrial cluster of Jharkhand. CETP at Jharkhand found non-operational during visit due to unavailability of CTP from concern SPCB. One CETP of Jajmau i.e. 36 MLD is now being utilized as a Sewage Treatment Plant

(STP). The geographical locations of operational CETPs are shown in Figure 2.12.

Figure 2.12 Geographical locations of CETPs Under PIAS project, monitoring of these CETPs are carried out on surprise basis by CPCB authorized third party technical institutes and concerned SPCBs/PCC. During 2025, for monitoring of 31 16CETPs, three technical institutes namely IIT-Delhi, CLRI Lucknow and NIT Panta were engaged. During monitoring, 9 CETPs, were found operational and 1 found non-operational. Out of 9 operational CETPs, 8 were based on physico-chemical followed by biological treatment (Aerobic) & filtration technology and 1 CETP at Jajmau (20 MLD) was based on Extended Aeration technology. Out of 9 CETPs, 23 were found complying and 8 were non-complying w.r.t standards prescribed by concerned SPCB/PCC. Installed capacity of these 31 CETPs was found as 432.03 MLD, however utilized capacity was found as 243.13 MLD (56% capacity). State wise details of CETPs showed in Table 2.12.

Table 2.12 State wise details of CETPs located in main stem of River Ganga & its tributaries No. of Installed Utilised No of Operational % Complying State industries capacity capacity CETP CETP Utilisation connected (MLD) (MLD) Uttarakhand 3 3 914 17 12.6 74 2 (66%) Uttar Pradesh 6 6 874 65.5 30.57 47 2 (33%) Jharkhand 1 0 - - - - - Total 10 09 1788 82.5 43.2 52 4 (44%) .

2.2.1.1 Data generation and salient findings i. Tannery cluster There are 03 tannery clusters on the main stem of river Ganga located at Jajmau, Banthar and Unnao. Each cluster has its CETP and member tanneries have installed primary effluent treatment plants (PETPs). PETP treated effluent of member tanneries is collected through network of piping system and further treated at the respective CETPs.

Out of total 442-member tannery units, 400 are connected to 20 MLD CETPs Jajmau in Kanpur, 27 units located in Leather Technology Park (LTP) to CETP Banthar, and 15 units located in Site-II Unnao to CETP Unnao. Also, there are 14 individual tannery units (Unnao-10, Kanpur-2 and Bihar-2) having their own Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs). These units are located outside the CETP network. One CETP of Jajmau i.e. 36 MLD is now being utilized as a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Status of CETPs of Tannery cluster is given in Table 2.13.

Table 2.13 Status of CETPs of Tannery cluster Parameter Jajmau – 20 MLD Banthar – 4.5 MLD Unnao – 2.15 MLD Member Units 400 27 tanneries 15 tanneries Discharge Discharge to irrigation Discharges to City Jail drain Discharges to Loni river (drain) canal Operating Load 10.15 MLD (51%) 1.08 MLD (24%) 0.5MLD (23%) Compliance Status Compliant Non-compliant Non-compliant Parameters Failed - Chloride, TDS Oil & Grease, Chloride, TDS, Sulphide BOD Removal 99% 97% 99 % Efficiency Key Issues Consistent non-compliant; Consistent non-compliant Consistent non-compliant

high FDS and Improper operation Improper operation:

TSS not as per UPPCB inlet TSS & Total Cr not meeting TSS & Total Cr not meeting norms UPPCB inlet norms UPPCB inlet norms Additional Notes New 900 KLD CCRP– Upgradation in progress Inadequate treatment system Non-operational since commissioning ii. Textile cluster Table 2.14 Status of CETPs of Textile cluster Parameter CETP Pilkhuwa (2.1 MLD) CETP Rooma (1.55 MLD; capacity reduced to 50%) Location Textile Centre Scheme Premises, UPSIDC Textile Zone, Rooma, Kanpur Pilkhuwa, Hapur, UP Operating Agency CETP Textile Centre Pilkhuwa Rooma Pollution Control Association (RPCA) Association 17Parameter CETP Pilkhuwa (2.1 MLD) CETP Rooma (1.55 MLD; capacity reduced to 50%) Connected Units 40 textile units 11 textile units (out of 18 members) Designed Capacity 2.1 MLD 1.55 MLD (effective allowed capacity = 50%) Operating load 1.38 MLD (66%) 0.49 MLD (64%) Treatment Scheme Physico-chemical → Secondary Physico-chemical → Secondary biological → biological → Tertiary filtration Tertiary filtration Effluent Discharge Local drain → Kadrabad drain → River Local drain → UPSIDC drain → Irrigation Route Kali-East canal → Ganga (through breaches) Compliance Status Compliant Non-compliant Parameters Failed FDS, Nitrate FDS BOD Removal 87% 96 % Efficiency Inlet Issues Did not meet UPPCB norms for FDS Did not meet UPPCB norms of FDS at inlet and TSS Inadequate treatment technology Key Observations Improper PETP operation by member Under-capacity aeration tank; capacity units restricted since 2018; Improper PETP operation by member units iii. Mixed cluster Table 2.15 Status of CETPs of Mixed cluster Parameter CETP Haridwar (9 MLD) CETP Pantnagar (4 CETP Sitarganj (4 MLD) MLD) Location Integrated Industrial Estate, Integrated Industrial ELDECO SIDCUL Industrial Haridwar, Uttarakhand Estate, Pantnagar, Park, Sitarganj, Uttarakhand Uttarakhand Ownership SIIDCUL SIIDCUL ESIPL (JV of SIDCUL & ELDECO) Operator M/s SK UEM Water Projects M/s Pantnagar CETP Pvt. M/s JITF ESIPL CETP Pvt. Ltd. Ltd. (PCETPPL) (Sitarganj) Ltd.

Connected Units 537 industries 286 industrial units 76 units (design considers 210 units) Designed Capacity 9 MLD 4 MLD 4 MLD Treatment MBBR → Activated Sludge Activated Sludge Process Activated Sludge Process → Technology Process → Filtration Filtration Effluent Disposal Rawli Rao drain → River Local drain → River Local drain Route Sukhi → River Ganga Kalyani Recycling/Reuse Used for dosing chemicals, Not specified Not specified flushing, gardening, construction Operating Load 9.47 MLD (105%) 1.88 MLD (45%) 1.25 MLD (31%) Compliance Status Non-compliant Compliant Compliant Parameters Failed BOD, TSS, Ammonia - - nitrogen BOD Removal 82% 93% 57% Efficiency Key Issues Over capacity utilisation Under capacity utilization; Inadequate treatment; persistent under capacity utilization;

un-stabilised aeration tank

2.2.2 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) of main stem of river Yamuna & its tributaries There are 31 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) located in main stem of river Yamuna & its tributaries. Out of 31 CETPs, 16 are located in the state of Haryana, 13 are located in NCT-Delhi and 2 are located in Uttar Pradesh.

18Out of 16 CETPs of Haryana, 2 are located in Faridabad (one in mixed industrial cluster and one in electroplating industrial cluster), 2 are located in Gurugram (one in mixed industrial cluster and one in electroplating industrial cluster), 2 are located in textile industrial clusters of Panipat, 1 in Rewari (in mixed industrial cluster), 3 in Rohtak (in mixed industrial clusters),5 in Sonipat (in mixed industrial clusters) and 1 in Yamunanagar (in mixed industrial clusters). All the 13 CETPs of NCT-Delhi are designed for treatment of mixed type of effluent. Both CETPs of Uttar Pradesh at Mathura and Loni city are designed for treatment of effluent generating from textile industries. The geographical locations of these CETPs are shown in Figure

2.13.

Figure 2.13 Geographical locations of CETPs located in main stem of River Yamuna & its tributaries Under PIAS project, monitoring of these CETPs are carried out on surprise basis by CPCB authorized third party technical institutes and concerned SPCBs/PCC. During 2025, for monitoring of 31 CETPs, three technical institutes namely IIT-Delhi, NEERI and ICT Mumbai were engaged. During monitoring, all 31 CETPs, were found operational. Out of 31 CETPs, 12 were based on physico-chemical & filtration technology and rest 19 were based on physico-chemical followed by biological treatment. Out of 31 CETPs, 23 were found complying and 8 were non-complying w.r.t standards prescribed by concerned SPCB/PCC.

Installed capacity of these 31 CETPs was found as 432.03 MLD, however utilized capacity was found as

243.13 MLD (56% capacity). State wise details of CETPs showed in Table 2.16.

Table 2.16 State wise details of CETPs located in main stem of River Yamuna & its tributaries State No of Operational No. of Installed Utilised % Complying CETPs CETPs industries capacity capacity Utilisation connected (MLD) (MLD) UP 2 2 72 12.25 4.91 40 1 (50%) Delhi 13 13 26879 212.3 78.12 37 10 (77%) Haryana 16 16 7249 207.48 160.10 77 12 (75%) Total 31 31 34200 432.03 243.13 56 23 (74%)

2.2.2.1 Cluster wise performance of CETPs i. Textile Cluster:

On the main stem of river Yamuna, 4 textile clusters have its CETP and member textile industries have installed primary effluent treatment plants (PETPs). PETP treated effluent of member textile units is collected through network of piping system and further treated at the respective CETPs. Out of these 4 CETPs, two are located in Haryana and two are located in Uttar Pradesh.

19Out of total 472-member textile units, 200 are connected to CETP Panipat Phase-I (Haryana), 200 textile units are connected to CETP Panipat Phase-II (Haryana), 56 are connected to CETP Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh) and 16 are connected to CETP Mathura (Uttar Pradesh).

CETPs of Haryana In Haryana, there are two CETPs in textile clusters for treatment of industrial effluent generating from textile industries. One is located at Phase-I, Panipat and another is located at located at Phase-II, Panipat.

1. CETP Phase-I, Panipat have 200 textile member units. Design capacity of this CETP is 21 MLD, however operating capacity was found 16.3 MLD. During 2025, this CETP was found complying w.r.t standards prescribed by Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB).

2. CETP Phase-II, Panipat have 200 textile member units. Design capacity of this CETP is 21 MLD, however operating capacity was found 19.2 MLD. During 2025, this CETP was found complying w.r.t standards prescribed by HSPCB.

CETPs of Uttar Pradesh In Uttar Pradesh, there are two CETPs in textile clusters for treatment of industrial effluent generating from wet processing of textile industries. One is located in Ghaziabad and another is located in Mathura.

1. Ghaziabad CETP have design capacity of 6 MLD, however operating capacity was found 2.3 MLD (38% utilization). During 2025, this CETP was found complying w.r.t standards prescribed by Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB).

2. Mathura CETP have designed capacity of 6.25 MLD, however operating capacity was found 2.6 MLD (42 % utilization). About 50 % of the treated effluent is recycled in member industrial units and balance treated effluent is discharged into industrial drain and then to River Yamuna. During 2025, this CETP exhibited non-compliance w.r.t. surface water body (drain) discharge standards prescribed by UPPCB.

ii. Mixed Industrial Cluster:

On the main stem of river Yamuna, there are 25 mixed industrial clusters having its operational CETPs and member industrial units have installed primary effluent treatment plants (PETPs). PETP treated effluent of member textile units is collected through network of piping system and further treated at the respective CETPs. Out of these 25 CETPs, 12 are located in the state of Haryana and 13 are located in the state of NCT- Delhi.

CETPs of Haryana In Haryana, there are 12 CETPs in mixed industrial clusters for treatment of industrial effluent generating from mixed type of industries. Out of 11, one is located at Faridabad, 1 in Gurugram, 1 in Rewari, 3 in Rohtak, 5 in Sonipat and 1 in Yamunanagar.

Table 2.17 Status of CETPs of Haryana 2025 Capacity Operating Member Discharge Location / CETP Treatment Scheme Compliance

(MLD) Load Units Route Status Physico-chemical → Agra Canal → Faridabad (BLB- 9.86 MLD

10.5 450 ASP → tertiary → Sukhi → Complied CETP-001) (94%) disinfection Yamuna Badshahpur drain → Gurugram (GRS- 49.5 MLD Physico-chemical → 55 – Jhajjar Canal / Complied CETP-001) (90%) ASP → tertiary Najafgarh → Yamuna Rewari (DHR-CETP- 10.4 MLD Physico-chemical → Used in Non- Complied

22.5 600

001) (46%) Extended aeration → horticulture (no 202025 Capacity Operating Member Discharge Location / CETP Treatment Scheme Compliance

(MLD) Load Units Route Status tertiary → consents/HW disinfection auth.) Physico-chemical → Gandhara Complied IMT, Rohtak (BHD- 6.78 MLD 10 55 ASP → tertiary → drain → CETP-001) (68%) disinfection Yamuna Industrial Complied Kutana, Rohtak 1.5 MLD Physico-chemical → 3 400 drain → (BHD-CETP-002) (50%) ASP → tertiary Yamuna Physico-chemical → Complied Bahadurgarh,Rohtak 3.54 MLD

12.5 120 ASP → tertiary → Irrigation use (BHD-CETP-003) (28%) disinfection 2000 KLD Complied Physico-chemical → Sonipat (SON-CETP- 12.6 MLD reused; rest to 16 136– SBR → DMF → 001 – 16 MLD) (79%) Drain 6 → chlorination Yamuna DAF → Physico- Complied Sonipat (SON-CETP- 6.8 MLD Drain 6 → 10 136 chemical → SBR → 001 – new 10 MLD) (68%) Yamuna DMF → chlorination Physico-chemical → Closed pipe Complied Sonipat (SON-CETP- 8.5 MLD 10 700 ASP → DMF/ACF → drain → 002, Rai) (85%) → chlorination Yamuna Sonipat (SON-CETP- 9.5 MLD Physico-chemical → Drain → Complied 10 1200 003, Kundli) (95%) ASP → tertiary Yamuna Sonipat (SON-CETP- 0.2 MLD Physico-chemical → Drain → Complied

0.2 70 004, Murthal) (100%) ASP → tertiary Yamuna 03 MLD CETP , Manakpur Industrial Physico-chemical → Drain →

3.0 2.7 (90%) 200 Non- Complied Estate, Jagadhri, ASP → tertiary Yamuna Yamuna nagar CETPs of NCT-Delhi In NCT-Delhi, there are 13 CETPs in mixed industrial clusters for treatment of industrial effluent generating from mixed type of industries. Out of 13 CETPs, 1 is located in East Delhi, 2 are located in West Delhi, 1 is located in South Delhi, 8 are located in North West Delhi and 1 is located in South West Delhi.

Table 2.18 Status of CETPs of NCT-Delhi Capacity Operating Member Treatment Discharge / 2025 Compliance CETP / Location

(MLD) Load units (nos.) Scheme Reuse Status 75–100 KLD Equalization → reused for Non- Complied w.r.t Jhilmil & Friends 4.97 MLD Chlorination →

16.8 139 horticulture; rest notified discharge Colony (East Delhi) (30%) Tube Settler → to drain → norms Vacuum Filter Yamuna Equalization → Mayapuri Industrial 4.05 MLD Chlorination → Partial reuse; rest 12 400 Complied Area (West Delhi) (34%) Tube Settler → to drain Vacuum Filter DSIIDC Nangloi & Gardening reuse

3.54 MLD Physico-chemical Udyog Nagar (West 12 636 + discharge to Complied (29%) → DMF & ACF Delhi) Najafgarh drain Physico-chemical Partial reuse; rest Okhla Industrial 2.84 MLD → ACF & MGF 24 3000 to Indrakalyan Complied Area (South Delhi) (12.0%) (UV for small drain volume) 21Capacity Operating Member Treatment Discharge / 2025 Compliance CETP / Location

(MLD) Load units (nos.) Scheme Reuse Status Badli Industrial

2.5 MLD Physico-chemical Part reused; rest Estate (North-West 12 415 Complied (21%) → DMF & ACF to drain Delhi) Mangolpuri Physico-chemical

1.43 MLD Partial reuse; rest Industrial Area 2.4 877 → ASP → DMF Complied (60%) to CETP drain (North-West Delhi) & ACF Wazirpur Industrial

5.43 MLD Physico-chemical Discharge to Area (North-West 24 2000 Complied (23%) → DMF & ACF CETP drain Delhi) SMA Industrial Physico-chemical

2.65 MLD Partial reuse; rest Area (North-West 12 365 → DMF & ACF Complied (26%) to drain Delhi) → Disinfection Gardening reuse GTK Road Non- Complied w.r.t

2.0 MLD Physico-chemical + discharge to Industrial Estate 6 478 notified discharge (33%) → DMF & ACF Shakti Nagar (North-West Delhi) norms drain Narela CETP – PNC Physico-chemical

8.78 MLD Partial reuse; rest Delhi Infra (North- 22.5 3200 → ASP → DMF Complied (39%) to CETP drain West Delhi) & ACF Physico-chemical Reuse + Bawana CETP 33.5 MLD 35 14000 → ASP → Rapid discharge to Complied (North-West Delhi) (96%) Sand Filtration CETP drain Keshav Puram Non- Complied w.r.t

1.5 MLD Physico-chemical Discharge to

(KESPIA) (North- 12 637 notified discharge (13%) → DMF & ACF Ranibagh drain West Delhi) norms Naraina Industrial

5.0 MLD Physico-chemical Partial reuse; rest Area (South-West 21.6 732 Complied (23%) → DMF & ACF to CETP drain Delhi) iii. Electroplating Industrial Cluster:

On the main stem of river Yamuna, there are 2 electroplating industrial clusters having its CETP and member industrial units have installed primary effluent treatment plants (PETPs). PETP treated effluent of member textile units is collected through network of piping system and further treated at the respective These both CETPs are located in the state of Haryana.

CETPs of Haryana In Haryana, there are two CETPs in electroplating industrial clusters for treatment of industrial effluent generating from electroplating industries. One is located in Faridabad and another is located in Gurugram.

Table 2.19 Status of CETPs of Haryana CETP / Operating Member Treatment Discharge Capacity 2025 Compliance Status Location Load Units Scheme Route Faridabad Physico- Closed 675 668 KLD (FBD-CETP- 250 chemical → industrial Non- Complied KLD (99%)

001) DMF & ACF drain Gurugram Physico- 300 54.6 KLD Industrial (GRN-CETP- 32 chemical → Non- Complied KLD (18%) drain

001) DMF & ACF

2.2.2.2 CETP Gap Analysis During 2023-24, preliminary investigation was made for following 27 industrial clusters for feasibility of CETPs, to decrease capital & operating cost of individual ETP and for effective treatment of the effluent.

222.2.2.3 Major Issues and Remedial measures Based on the monitoring data during 2025, the major issues identified in the CETPs and remedial measures suggested by CPCB are shown in Table 2.20.

Table 2.20 Major issues identified during monitoring in 2025 and remedial measures suggested Type of CETP Issues Remedial measures  PETP to be operated properly  Regular monitoring of PETP outlet quality to  Consistence non-compliance of CETP with be ensured.

respect to prescribed norms.  Wise use of chemicals in industrial  Poor operation and maintenance of CETP. processing via adopting chemical  Poor operation and maintenance of Primary Textile Sector (Mathura & management system (CMS).

effluent treatment plant (PETP) by member Panipat)  Use of eco-friendly non-toxic chemicals & units. low salt dyes.  Use of toxic chemicals & high salt dye that  Implementation of cleaner technology via.

affects microbial growth. adopted CPCB Charter.  Less recycling of treated effluent.  Recycling of the treated effluent shall be done at maximum level.  High influent organic load (BOD) 192 &  CETP without biological systems shall be 325 mg/l) at Sector 37 Gurugram and FBD- Electroplating Sector upgraded as per influent waste water quality.

CETP-001, Faridabad, respectively (Faridabad & Gurugram)  CETP shall be operated properly.  No biological treatment system for removal  Recycling of the treated effluent shall be done of organic load at maximum level.

 Poor operation and maintenance.  All possible efforts to be made for consistent compliance of CETP with respect to prescribed  Non-compliance of CETPs w.r.t notified norms through proper O&M.

Mixed/Heterogenous norms.  All 7 CETP without biological system shall be (Delhi, Sonipat, Ambala,  Inadequate treatment technology, 10 no. upgraded.

Panchkula, Panipat, without biological system in spite of BOD  Maintenance of DO & MLSS level in aeration Rohtak, Gurugram, > 100 mg/l). tank at least 2 ppm & 2500-3000 mg/l, Ballabhgarh, Jind, Rewari)  Poor operation and maintenance of CETP. respectively.

 Less recycling of treated effluent.  Optimization of dosing of coagulant and flocculants as per feed flow condition.  Recycling of the treated effluent shall be done at maximum level.

2.2.2.4 Actions taken i. Implementation of cleaner technology for reduction in fresh water consumption and reduction in effluent

load discharging to CETP by textile industries:  Workshops were organized by CPCB in Panipat (4 days), Sonipat (1 day), Gurugram (1 day) and Mathura (1 day) for preparation of individual action plans with short term, medium term and long- term goals in textile industries.

 Technical experts from ICT Mumbai, Solidaridad and NITRA also accompanied these workshops to share their technical knowhow w.r.t wet processing in textile industries. ii. CETP feasibility study has been carried out by CPCB in textile clusters, which are not having their own CETP.

2.3 Tri-annual Inspection of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) during 2025-26 by CPCB In addition to the annual inspection of GPIs through TPA, CPCB monitored nine operational Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) located on main stem of river Ganga or its tributaries. Out of 9 CETPs, 4 are located in tannery-clusters at Jajmau, Banthar and Unnao in Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), 2 CETPs in textile- clusters at Rooma, Kanpur and Pilakhua, Hapur in Uttar Pradesh and 3 CETPs in mixed industrial clusters at 23Pantnagar, Sitarganj and Haridwar in Uttarakhand. 36 MLD CETP at Jajmau tannery cluster is now operating as a STP as the tannery effluent from Jajmau tannery cluster now being diverted towards new 20 MLD CETP.

The geographical locations of these CETPs are shown in Figure 3.1.

2.3.1 Issues and action taken Based on the monitoring data during 2025, the major issues identified in the CETPs and action taken by

CPCB is as follows: i. Higher organic load at inlet than designed value (CETP Haridwar) ii. Member units not operating their Primary effluent treatment plant (PETP) properly (CETPs at Rooma, Jajmau, Unnao and Banthar) iii. Use of obsolete technologies and machinery with more chemical consumption and sludge generation by the member tannery units (CETP Unnao) iv. Lack of maintenance & capacity augmentation of CETP over a period of time and lack of trained man power (CETP Rooma)

Action Taken: i. CPCB issued directions under section 18 (1) (b) of Water Act, 1974 to UPPCB (for 3 CETPs) and UKPCB (for 3 CETPs) regarding non-compliance of CETP. ii. CPCB issued direction under section 5 of E(P) Act 1986 to CETP Rooma operating agency regarding non-compliance of CETP w.r.t. discharge standards.

24SECTION 3: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs)

3.1 Ganga The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) conducts tri-annual monitoring of 167 commissioned STPs out of which 156 sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in 73 towns situated along River Ganga were monitored during December 2025-March 2026, to ensure compliance verification and for performance evaluation. This monitoring activity also verifies the status of under construction STPs in these Ganga front towns. The state- wise distribution of STPs located in Ganga front towns are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: State wise distribution of STPs Towns Total STPs Installed capacity of monitored State covered/total monitored STP (MLD) town Uttarakhand 18/19 48 330.5 Uttar Pradesh 16/28 51 1588.1 Bihar 12/18 20 570 Jharkhand 2/2 3 15.5 West Bengal 25/44 34 685.5 Total 73/111 156 3189.6 The analysed data is communicated to respective state Government agencies responsible for operation and maintenance of the STPs and other stakeholders for needful action as deemed fit. In 2025, three rounds of monitoring were performed and a total of 468-monitoring of commissioned STPs were carried out and in 2026 one round of monitoring was performed and a total of 156-monitoring of commissioned STPs were carried out. The status of monitored STPs in the four-rounds carried out during 2025-26 is summarized in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Monitoring carried out during 2025-26 Monitoring round Total commissioned STPs Non-commissioned STPs Total monitored (A) (B) (A+B) Dec’24 – Mar’25 160 19 179 Apr’25 – Jul’25 161 21 182 Aug’25 – Nov’25 147 22 169 Dec’25 – Mar’26 156 19 175 Total 624 89 705 The monitoring of STPs under the present programme for compliance staus is based on grab sampling and composite sampling, wherein samples are collected at discrete points in time during each monitoring round.

While grab sampling provides a snapshot of the operational and treatment at the time of inspection, it has its own limitations in performance assessment of STPs. So, performance assessment of STP, considering only three grab sampling may not fully capture short-term, diurnal, or seasonal variations in influent characteristics, hydraulic loading, power availability, process upsets, or operational practices. Consequently, performance assessment of STPs may be interpreted in conjunction with operational records and composite sampling for a more comprehensive assessment.

Composite sampling involves combining multiple samples collected over a defined period (time-based or flow-proportional), providing a more representative picture of average wastewater quality and treatment performance. This method is particularly useful for regulatory compliance and process evaluation.

Nevertheless, composite sampling requires more effort, equipment, and careful handling, and there is a risk of sample degradation or loss of volatile constituents during the collection period. Therefore, the choice between grab and composite sampling depends on the monitoring objective, with grab sampling suited for immediate analysis and composite sampling preferred for overall performance assessment.

253.1.1 Data generation and salient findings The operational status of STPs monitored during 2025-2026 (December’24 to March’25, April’25 to July’25 and August’25 to November’25 and December’25 to March’26) is summarized in Table 3.3. Technology wise categorization of operational STPs in Ganga front towns is summarized in Table 3.4. Status of STPs can be obtained from Appendix-3.1.

Table 3.3: State-wise operational status of STPs monitored during 2025-26 Dec’24 – Mar’25 April’25– July’25 Aug’25 – Nov’25 Dec’25 – Mar’26 No. of No. of No. of No. of Non- Non- Non- Non- State STPs Operat STPs Opera STPs Opera STPs Opera operat operat operat opera monitore ional monit tional monit tional monit tional ional ional ional tional d ored ored ored Uttarakhand 53 50 3 53 51 2 53 51 2 48 48 0 Uttar 50 43 7 49 44 5 49 41 8 51 44 7 Pradesh Bihar 11 10 1 13 11 2 16 13 2 20 17 3 Jharkhand 3 3 0 3 1 2 3 3 0 3 3 0 West Bengal 43 36 7 43 36 7 42 33 3 34 33 1 Total 160 142 18 161 143 18 163 141 15 156 145 11 Table 3.4: Technology wise categorization of Operational STPs in Ganga front towns (Total 145) Treatment Technologies in Use UK UP BH JH WB Total Electrocoagulation 17 - - - - 17 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 2 8 2 - 9 21 Fluidized Aerobic Bed Reactor 5 1 - - - 6 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) 2 1 1 - - 4 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 20 16 13 3 6 58 SBT (Soil Bio-technology) 2 - - - - 2 Aneroic-Anoxic-Oxic with Biological Nutrient Removal (A2O with - 1 - - - 1 BNR) Bio-Tower Technology (BTT) followed by ASP - 3 - - - 3 Constructed wetland - 1 - - - 1 Extended Aeration - 1 - - - 1 Food Chain Reactor - 3 1 - - 4 Trickling Filter & Activated Sludge Process - 1 - - - 1 Upflow Anerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) - 6 - - - 6 Waste Stabilizatiuon Pond (WSP) - 2 - - 7 9 Aeration through Long Channel Traverses (ALCT) - - - - 1 1 Aerated Lagoon - - - - 5 5 Fixed Bed Biofilm Activated Sludge (FBAS) - - - - 2 2 Oxidation Pond - - - - 1 1 Trickling Filter+Waste Stabilizatiuon Pond - - - - 2 2 Total 145 Operational STPs during December 2025-March 2026 The designed and utilized capacity of STPs monitored during 2025-2026 (December’24 to March’25, April’25 to July’25 and August’25 to November’25 and December’25 to March’26) is shown in Figure 3.1.

26Designed and Utilized Capacity of STPs (in MLD) 112233 050505 50000000 000000 0 1 8 .6 4 36 6 .1 0 5 1 2 0 35 .5 18 5 .9 1 75 5 .5 8 8 2 5 9 .4 6 29 5 .5 5 1 1 3 2 .8 6 12 .65 3 .5 8 32 3 .0 8 9 1 1 8 .6 4 36 9 .8 9 4 1 3 3 35 .5 14 1 .9 1 71 4 .3 1 9 2 7 5 .2 5 22 6 .6 2 2 1 9 .9 0 2 27 2 .6 3 36 3 .7 2 0 2 8 .6 4 36 9 .8 9 4 1 0 0 45 .5 15 2 .6 1 71 5 .7 7 9 2 7 .2 9 23 7 .5 5 1 1 6 3 .9 5 24 0 .83 .0 4 33 1 .6 5 0 2 5 .0 3 32 .8 8 5 1 0 7 5 5 .5 16 .5 8 68 .9 8 1 3 3 .2 6 28 .5 3 3 1 5 .9 7 26 .71 .5 3 33 .0 2 2 2 0 Designed Utilized Designed Utilized Designed Utilized Designed Utilized capacity Capacity capacity Capacity capacity Capacity capacity Capacity Dec’24 –Mar’25 April’25–July’25 Aug’25 –Nov’25 Dec’25 –Mar’26 Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal Total Figure 3.1: Designed and Utilized capacity (MLD) of STPs monitored during 2025-26

3.1.1.1 Compliance Status of STPs

3.1.1.1a – Compliance status of STPs for 2025-26 Table 3.5. Shows the status of compliance of operational STPs for December 2024 - March 2025 with respect to standards prescribed by MoEF&CC vide notification dated 13.10.2017.

Table 3.5: Details of STPs compliance (Dec’24-March’25) Details of STPs compliance for the duration of Dec 2024-March 2025 Compliant STPs Operational Capacity Range Designed Capacity pH BOD TSS FC STPs (No.) N % N % N % N % Small size STPs 53 72.61 50 94 39 74 49 92 19 36 (<5 MLD) Mid size STPs 54 655.49 52 96 47 87 53 98 33 61 (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs 35 2063 35 100 32 91.43 34 97.14 24 68.57 (>25 MLD) 142 2791.1 137 97 118 84 136 96 76 55 It may be observed that 53 smaller STPs cater to 72.61 MLD (2.60%) while 54 midsize STP cater to 655.49 MLD (23.49%) and the bigger 35 STPs cater to 2063 MLD (73.91%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH is 97% and TSS is 96%, whereas, for BOD the compliance status is 84%. It may be noted that non-compliance is primarily concentrated in smaller size (<5 MLD) STPs.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 55%, which requires optimization of the disisnfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

27MLD distribution across various STP capacity ranges (Dec'24-Mar'25) Mid size STPs (5-25 Small size STPs(<5 MLD), 655.49, 23% MLD), 72.61, 3% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 2063, 74% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.2: STPs Capacity distribution (Dec’24 – Mar’25) Compliance Pattern of STPs (Dec'24-Mar'25) 60 50 53 54 52 53 50 49 47 40 39 30 35 35 32 34 33 20 24 19 10 0 Count pH BOD TSS FC Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.3: Compliance status of STPs monitored during Dec 23- March 24

3.1.1.1b – Compliance status of STPs April’25 – July’25 Table 3.6: Shows the status of compliance of operational STPs for April’25 – July’25 with respect to standards prescribed by MoEF&CC vide notification dated 13.10.2017.

Table 3.6: Details of STPs compliance (April’25 – July’25) Details of STPs compliance for the duration of April 2025-July 2025 Capacity Range Operational Designed Compliant STPs STPs (No.) Capacity pH BOD TSS FC N % N % N % N % Small size STPs 57 76.83 53 93 43 75 53 93 15 26 (<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5- 53 669.05 52 98 52 98 53 100 23 43 25 MLD) Large size STPs 33 1983 33 100 31 93.94 32 96.97 18 54.55 (>25 MLD) 143 2728.88 138 97 126 89 138 97 56 41 It may be observed that 57 smaller STPs cater to 76.83 MLD (2.82%) while 53 midsize STP cater to 669.05 MLD (24.52%) and the bigger 33 STPs cater to 1983 MLD (72.6%).

28Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH is 97% and for TSS it is >97% as well. Whereas, for BOD the compliance status is 89%. It may be noted that non-compliance is primarily concentrated in smaller size (<5 MLD) STPs.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): FC compliance rate is 41%, requiring optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

MLD distribution across various STP capacity ranges (April-July 2025) Small size STPs(<5 Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD), 76.83, 3% MLD), 669.05, 24% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 1983, 73% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.4: STPs Capacity distribution (April-July 2025) Compliance Pattern of STPs (April-July 2025) 60 50 57 53 53 52 52 53 53 40 43 30 33 33 31 32 20 23 18 10 15 0 Count pH BOD TSS FC Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.5: Compliance status of STPs monitored during April-July 2025

3.1.1.1c – Compliance status of STPs August-November 2025 Table 3.7: Shows the status of compliance of operational STPs for August-November, 2025 with respect to standards prescribed by MoEF&CC vide notification dated 13.10.2017.

Table 3.7: Details of STPs compliance (August-November 2025) Details of STPs compliance for the duration of April 2025-July 2025 Compliant STPs Operational Designed Capacity Range pH BOD TSS FC STPs (No.) Capacity N % N % N % N % Small size STPs(<5 53 67.87 50 94 38 72 51 96 13 25 MLD) Mid size STPs (5- 53 665.29 52 98 52 98 52 98 34 64 25 MLD) Large size STPs 35 2078 35 100 32 91.43 35 100.00 27 77.14 (>25 MLD) 141 2811.16 137 97 122 87 138 98 74 56 29It may be observed that 53 smaller STPs cater to 67.87 MLD (2.41%) while 53 midsize STP cater to 665.29 MLD (23.67%) and the bigger 35 STPs cater to 2078 MLD (73.92%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is more than 97%, whereas, for BOD the compliance status is 87%. It may be noted that non-compliance is primarily concentrated in smaller size (<5 MLD) STPs.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 56%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

MLD distribution across various STP capacity ranges (Aug-Nov 2025) Small size STPs(<5 Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD), 67.87, 2% MLD), 665.29, 24% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 2078, 74% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.6: STPs Capacity distribution (Aug-Nov 2025) Compliance Pattern of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 60 50 53 53 50 52 52 51 52 40 38 30 35 35 35 34 32 27 20 10 13 0 Count pH BOD TSS FC Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.7: Compliance status of STPs monitored during Aug-Nov 2025

3.1.1.1d – Compliance status of STPs December 2025 to March 2026 Table 3.8 Shows the status of compliance of operational STPs for Dec’25 – Mar’26 with respect to standards prescribed by MoEF&CC vide notification dated 13.10.2017.

30Table 3.8: Details of STPs compliance (Dec’25 – Mar’26) Details of STPs compliance for the duration of Dec'25-Mar'26 Compliant STPs Operational Designed Capacity Range pH BOD TSS FC STPs (No.) Capacity N % N % N % N % Small size 48 60.41 45 94 29 60 43 90 9 19 STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5- 57 712.79 56 98 50 88 56 98 35 61 25 MLD) Large size STPs 40 2349 40 100 37 92.50 40 100.00 19 47.50 (>25 MLD) 145 3122.2 141 97 116 80 139 96 63 43 It may be observed that 48 smaller STPs cater to 60.41 MLD (1.93%) while 57 midsize STPs cater to 712.79 MLD (22.83%) and the bigger 40 STPs cater to 2349 MLD (75.24%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is 97% and 96%, respectively. Whereas, for BOD the compliance status is 80%. It may be noted that non-compliance is primarily concentrated in smaller size (<5 MLD) STPs.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 43%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

MLD distribution across various STP capacity ranges (Dec'25-Mar'26) Mid size STPs (5-25 Small size STPs(<5 MLD), 712.79, 23% MLD), 60.41, 2% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 2349, 75% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.8: STPs Capacity distribution (Dec’25-Mar’26) Compliance Pattern of STPs (Dec'25-Mar'26) 60 50 57 56 56 40 48 45 50 43 40 40 40 30 37 35 29 20 19 10 9 0 Count pH BOD TSS FC Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.9: Compliance status of STPs monitored during Dec’25-Mar’26 31Table 3.9: Overall Status of STPs (Dec'24- March'25) No. of Non-complying for Total no. of Designed capacity of Utilized capacity (average) of State Range operational parameters STPs operational STPs Operational STPs STPs pH TSS BOD FC <5 39 37 31.04 17.2 3 4 13 24 Uttarakhand 5 to 25 10 9 112.5 110.21 1 0 1 4 >25 4 4 189 137.54 0 0 0 2 A 53 50 332.54 264.95 4 4 14 30 <5 13 8 12.85 9.7 0 0 0 4 Uttar Pradesh 5 to 25 20 18 244.5 204.87 0 0 3 5 >25 17 17 1213 941.01 0 0 2 4 B 50 43 1470.35 1155.58 0 0 5 13 <5 1 1 3.5 1.3 0 0 0 0 Bihar 5 to 25 4 3 27.5 11 0 0 0 1 >25 6 6 262 155.93 0 1 0 3 C 11 10 293 168.23 0 1 0 4 <5 1 1 3.5 1 0 0 0 1 Jharkhand 5 to 25 2 2 12 5.2 0 0 0 0 >25 - - - - - - - - D 3 3 15.5 6.2 0 0 0 1 <5 10 6 21.72 15.63 0 0 1 5 West Bengal 5 to 25 25 22 258.99 131.25 1 1 3 11 >25 8 8 399 238.47 0 0 1 2 E 43 36 679.71 385.35 1 1 5 18 Grand Total (A 160 142 2791.1 1980.31 5 6 24 66 to E) All 5 States <5 64 53 72.61 44.83 3 4 14 34 5 to 25 61 54 655.49 462.53 2 1 7 21 >25 35 35 2063 1472.95 0 1 3 11 Total 160 142 2791.1 1980.31 5 6 24 66 32Table 3.10: Overall Status of STPs (April’25 – July’25) Designed capacity of Non-complying for Range Total no. of No. of Utilized capacity (sum) of State operational STPs (in parameters

(MLD) STPs operational STPs Operational STPs (in MLD) MLD) pH TSS BOD FC <5 39 38 31.3 16.37 4 3 12 29 Uttarakhand 5 to 25 10 9 112.5 107.78 0 0 0 7 >25 4 4 189 128.41 0 0 0 3 A 53 51 332.8 252.56 4 3 12 39 <5 12 10 15.42 12.63 0 1 2 5 Uttar Pradesh 5 to 25 20 18 250.5 216.31 0 0 0 11 >25 17 16 1178 997.68 0 0 2 6 B 49 44 1443.92 1226.62 0 1 4 22 <5 1 1 3.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 Bihar 5 to 25 6 4 47.5 28.4 0 0 0 3 >25 6 6 262 180 0 1 0 2 C 13 11 313 209.9 0 1 0 5 <5 1 1 3.5 2 0 0 0 1 Jharkhand 5 to 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 3 1 3.5 2 0 0 0 1 <5 10 7 23.11 15.79 0 0 0 7 West Bengal 5 to 25 25 22 258.55 144.64 1 0 1 9 >25 8 7 354 175.84 0 0 0 4 E 43 36 635.66 336.27 1 0 1 20 Grand Total (A 161 143 2728.88 2027.35 5 5 17 87 to E) All 5 States <5 63 57 76.83 48.3 4 4 14 42 5 to 25 63 53 669.05 497.13 1 0 1 30 >25 35 33 1983 1481.93 0 1 2 15 Total 161 143 2728.88 2027.36 5 5 17 87 33Table 3.11: Overall Status of STPs (August’25- November’25) Designed capacity of Utilized capacity (sum) of Non-complying for Range Total no. of No. of State operational STPs (in Operational STPs (in parameters

(MLD) STPs operational STPs MLD) MLD) pH TSS BOD FC <5 39 38 31.3 17.83 3 2 12 32 5 to 25 10 9 112.5 104.02 1 0 0 6 Uttarakhand >25 4 4 189 170.85 0 0 0 3

(A) 53 51 332.8 292.7 4 2 12 41 <5 12 8 12.39 5.66 0 0 2 7 5 to 25 20 17 232.7 193.77 0 0 0 2 Uttar Pradesh >25 17 16 1178 954.9 0 0 3 2

(B) 49 41 1423.09 1154.33 0 0 5 11 <5 1 1 3.5 2.3 0 0 0 0 5 to 25 7 5 58.5 35.8 0 0 0 3 Bihar >25 7 7 312 221.26 0 0 0 2

(C) 15 13 374 259.36 0 0 0 5 <5 1 1 3.5 1.25 0 0 0 0 5 to 25 2 2 12 6.79 0 0 0 0 Jharkhand >25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(D) 3 3 15.5 8.04 0 0 0 0 <5 7 5 17.18 18.96 0 0 1 1 5 to 25 21 20 249.59 134.65 0 1 1 7 West Bengal >25 8 8 399 186.69 0 0 0 1

(E) 36 33 665.77 340.3 0 1 2 9 Grand Total (A) to (E) 156 141 2811.16 2054.73 4 3 19 66 <5 60 53 67.88 46 3 2 15 40 5 to 25 60 53 665.29 475.03 1 1 1 18 All 5 States >25 36 35 2078 1533.7 0 0 3 8 Total 156 141 2811.16 2054.73 4 3 19 66 34Table 3.12: Overall Status of STPs (December’25- March’26) Designed Utilized capacity Non-complying for parameters No. of Total no. of capacity of (average) of State Range operational STPs operational Operational pH TSS BOD FC STPs STPs STPs <5 35 35 29.04 15.47 3 5 17 29 5 to 25 9 9 112.5 108.92 0 0 3 3 Uttarakhand >25 4 4 189 137.95 0 0 0 3 A 48 48 330.54 262.34 3 5 20 35 <5 12 7 10.89 6.26 0 0 2 6 5 to 25 20 18 248.7 221.19 0 0 1 8 Uttar Pradesh >25 19 19 1304 1108.29 0 0 2 11 B 51 44 1563.59 1335.74 0 0 5 25 <5 1 1 3.5 1.9 0 0 0 0 5 to 25 10 7 76.5 38.33 0 0 0 2 Bihar >25 9 9 457 239.3 0 0 0 4 C 20 17 537 279.53 0 0 0 6 <5 1 1 3.5 1.1 0 0 0 0 5 to 25 2 2 12 6.5 0 0 0 0 Jharkhand >25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 3 3 15.5 7.6 0 0 0 0 <5 4 4 13.48 12.68 0 0 0 4 5 to 25 22 21 263.09 137.14 1 1 3 9 West Bengal >25 8 8 399 185.23 0 0 1 3 E 34 33 675.57 335.05 1 1 4 16 Grand Total A+E 156 145 3122.2 2220.26 4 6 29 82 (A to E) All 5 States <5 53 48 60.41 37.41 3 5 19 39 5 to 25 63 57 712.79 512.08 1 1 7 22 >25 40 40 2349 1670.77 0 0 3 21 Total 156 145 3122.2 2220.26 4 6 29 82

353.1.1.2 Reduction in organic (BOD) load  The total designed capacity of monitored STPs during December 2024-March 2025, stood at 2791.10 MLD, with an actual utilization of 1980.32 MLD, indicating a utilization rate of 70.95%.

 The total designed capacity of monitored STPs during April-July 2025 amounted to 2728.88 MLD, with an actual utilization of 2027.36 MLD, indicating a utilization rate of 74.29%.  During the period August-November 2025, monitored STPs were found to have total designed capacity of 2811.16 MLD, of which 2054.74 MLD were actually utilized, representing a utilization rate of

73.09%.  The total designed capacity of monitored STPs during December 2025-March 2026 was 3122.2 MLD, with an actual utilization of 2220.26 MLD, indicating a utilization rate of 71.11%.

During the December 2024-March2025 round it was observed that the average pollution load reduction in terms of BOD was 87.09% by STPs operating across front towns of 5 river Ganga main stem States as detailed in Table 3.13.

Table 3.13: Reduction in BOD pollution load (%age) in 5 Ganga states during Dec’24-Mar’25 BOD pollution load (TPD) % reduction in State Number BOD pollution Inlet load Outlet load load Uttarakhand 50 29.93 1.32 95.59 Uttar Pradesh 43 148.43 21.63 85.43 Bihar 10 8.92 1.58 82.29 Jharkhand 3 0.48 0.007 98.54 West Bengal 36 18.49 4.88 73.61 Total 142 206.25 29.417 87.09 In the round April-July 2025, pollution load received at the STP inlet was 188.52 tons per day (TPD), while the discharged BOD pollution load was 27.70 TPD, indicating 83.95% reduction in pollution load (Table

3.14).

Table 3.14: Reduction in BOD pollution load (%age) in 5 Ganga states during April-July, 2025 BOD pollution load (TPD) % reduction in State Number BOD pollution Inlet load Outlet load load Uttarakhand 51 19.85 0.9 95.47 Uttar Pradesh 44 154.7 22.4 85.52 Bihar 11 5.7 1.04 81.75 Jharkhand 1 0.11 0.002 98.18 West Bengal 36 8.16 3.36 58.82 Total 143 188.52 27.702 83.95 During the monitoring round of August-November 2025, the BOD pollution load received at the STPs inlet was 230.7 TPD, whereas the discharged BOD pollution load was 24.12 TPD, demonstrating a reduction of 87% in BOD pollution load by STPs operating across front towns of 5 mainstem Ganga States (Table 3.15).

Table 3.15: Reduction in BOD pollution load (%age) in 5 Ganga states during Aug-Nov, 2025 BOD pollution load (TPD) % reduction in State Number BOD pollution Inlet load Outlet load load Uttarakhand 51 23.52 1.38 94.13 Uttar Pradesh 41 186.14 18 90.33 Bihar 13 8.07 1.17 85.50 Jharkhand 3 0.47 0.019 95.96 West Bengal 33 12.5 3.56 71.52 Total 141 230.7 24.12 87.49 During the monitoring round of December’25-March’26, the BOD pollution load received at the STPs inlet was 273.69 TPD, whereas the discharged BOD pollution load was 30.63 TPD, demonstrating an 36average reduction of 87% in BOD pollution load by STPs operating across front towns of 5 mainstem Ganga States (Table 3.16). Values of Outlet BOD in treated sewage (December’25-March’26) are shown in Table

3.17.

Table 3.16: Reduction in BOD pollution load (%age) in 5 Ganga states during Dec’25 to Mar’26 BOD pollution load (TPD) % reduction in State Number BOD pollution Inlet load Outlet load load Uttarakhand 48 58.71 2.59 95.59 Uttar Pradesh 44 182.35 20.58 88.71 Bihar 17 14.17 1.93 86.38 Jharkhand 3 0.916 0.032 96.51 West Bengal 33 17.55 5.5 68.66 Total 145 273.696 30.632 87.17 Table 3.17: Values of Outlet BOD treated sewage (Dec’25-Mar’26) Outlet BOD value Outlet BOD value Outlet BOD value Outlet BOD value State (<10 mg/L) range (10-20 mg/L) range (21-30 mg/L) (>30 mg/L) Uttarakhand 18 6 4 20 Uttar Pradesh 20 15 4 5 Bihar 14 3 0 0 Jharkhand 3 0 0 0 West Bengal 8 17 6 2 Total 63 41 14 27 The range of BOD at inlet and compliance for BOD (Dec’25-Mar’26) are shown in Table 3.18.

Table 3.18: Range of BOD at Inlet and compliance for BOD (Dec’25-Mar’26) Overall compliance Outlet BOD S. No. Inlet BOD (mg/l) Number of STPs w.r.t. ≤ 30 mg/L MoEF&CC norms 1 BDL-40 38 36 19 2 41-100 50 47 20 3 101-150 17 13 7 4 151-250 23 12 7 5 >250 17 10 3 Total 145 118 56 The analysis of BOD of raw sewage at inlet of STPs in the above table (Table 3.18) shows that 38 STPs were receiving BOD<40 mg/l, which indicates weak strength of raw sewage at inlet which may affect the performance efficiency of the STP.

3.1.1.3 Under-capacity operation Under-capacity utilization is one of the major issues observed in STP operation. STPs receiving less than 75% flow of its designed capacity is considered as under-utilized STPs. The status of under-capacity STPs during 2025-26 is given in Table 3.19.

Table 3.19: Summary of STPs working under-capacity during 2025-26 No. of STP working Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity Rounds of monitoring under-capacity (MLD) (MLD) December'24 - March'25 90 1687.12 871.51 April - July'25 81 1495.69 760.08 August - November'25 78 1405.88 709.15 December'25 - March'26 116 2512.75 1494.61 37The issue of under-utilization arises majorly because of i) incomplete sewerage network, ii) broken sewage line due to road construction and other activity, iii) less sewage generation in catchment area, iv) no connection of soak pits, v) less than targeted household connection, vi) deposition of sediments in sewer line and vii) lack of awareness in population. A large number of STPs located in Ganga Front Towns of five Ganga states were found working at under-capacity in at least two rounds of monitoring in 2025-26.

3.1.1.4 Over-capacity operation The STPs receiving flow above than their designed capacity are considered as over-capacity STPs.

The status of over-capacity STPs during 2025-26 is given in Table 3.20.

Table 3.20: Summary of STPs working over-capacity during 2025-26 No. of STP working over- Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity Rounds of monitoring capacity (MLD) (MLD) December'24 - March'25 34 688.53 711.61 April - July'25 18 435.51 531.86 August - November'25 29 704.04 829.9 December'25 - March'26 21 580.07 696.29 A large number of STPs located in following Ganga Front Towns of five Ganga States were found working at over-capacity during at least two rounds of monitoring during December,2024 – March, 2026.

Over-capacity operation of STPs may lead to hydraulic overloading, reduced treatment efficiency, inadequate retention time, deterioration in treated effluent quality, and increased risk of bypass/untreated sewage discharge. The excess flow may also indicate infiltration/inflow, storm-water mixing, or inadequate household sewer connectivity.

To minimize over-capacity operation of STPs, excess sewage flow may be diverted to other STPs within the city having adequate spare treatment capacity, subject to hydraulic feasibility and conveyance availability. Storm-water drains shall be physically separated from the sewerage network to prevent additional hydraulic loading, particularly during rainfall. 100% household connectivity for collection of greywater and blackwater shall be ensured to prevent direct discharge into open drains and facilitate treatment at designated STPs. Sources of extraneous flow, including illegal connections, groundwater infiltration and other non- revenue water entering the sewer network, shall be identified through flow monitoring and field inspections and suitably eliminated. Regular monitoring of STP inlet flows shall be undertaken to ensure appropriate load balancing among available STPs and to prevent both overloading and underutilization.

3.1.1.5 Performance Efficiency of STPs

Performance efficiency of STPs in terms of BOD removal was assessed and is categorized into four ranges: <50%, 50-70%, 70-90%, and >90%. The desired BOD removal efficiency for STPs based on modern technologies is >90%. In Uttarakhand, a significant portion of treatment plants demonstrates higher efficiency, with 9 facilities achieving 70-90% removal and 23 exceeding 90%. Meanwhile, Uttar Pradesh shows a trend, with 19 plants falling in the 70-90% range and 18 achieving over 90% efficiency. In Bihar, 09 STPs achieved 70-90% BOD removal and 06 STPs were found performing at 90% or higher BOD removal.

In Jharkhand, all three plants achieved >90% efficiency. West Bengal exhibits a mixed performance, with 7 and 9 plants in <50% and 50-70% categories, respectively whereas 16 STPs were achieving 70-90% BOD removal, while only 1 STP achieved over 90% efficiency (Figure 3.10).

38BOD Removal Efficiency (in percentage) 25 23 19 20 18 16 s 15 P T S 9 9 9 9 fo .o 10 6 6 7 N 4 5 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal <50% >50%-70% 70-90% >90% Figure 3.10: BOD removal efficiency (Percentage) in five Ganga states (Dec’25-Mar’26)

3.1.1.6 Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS) 99 STPs located in Ganga front towns have OCEMS installed at their outlet (Upto March 2026) (Table 4.18).

3.1.1.7 Disinfection of treated sewage Currently (March 2026), 34 STPs of Uttarakhand are equipped with disinfection system. In Uttar Pradesh, 41 STPs have installed disinfection system. In West Bengal 33 STPs are equipped with disinfection system.

Few more are in the phase of installing the facility. In Bihar 10 and Jharkhand all 3 STPs have functional disinfection system installed.

It was observed that, during cumulative 290 monitorings of operational STPs (multiple monitoring of different STPs) in 2025, considering STPs having an inlet Fecal Coliform (FC) number of > 10⁶ MPN/100 ml, analyzed for compliance for Faecal Coliform numbers, only 98 times met the Fecal Coliform standards, resulting in an overall compliance rate of approximately 34%.

However, a matter of concern is that even with disinfection system many STPs fail to meet compliance for FC. There remains scope to improve in the area of disinfection of treated sewage with optimization of disinfection system as per feed flow condition. The status of disinfection system installed at STPs in five Ganga states is summarized in Table 3.21.

Table 3.21 Status of OCEMS installed and disinfection system installed in five Ganga states State OCEMS installed Disinfection system installed* Uttarakhand 19 34 Uttar Pradesh 38 41 Bihar 12 10 Jharkhand 3 3 West Bengal 27 33 Total 99 121 *Actual number may vary as many units have under-commissioning disinfection systems

3.1.2 Major Issues and Challenges  Non-compliance for Faecal Coliform: About 82 STPs failed to meet Faecal Coliform norms; proper installation and optimization of disinfection systems is required.  Weak-strength sewage at STP inlets: 35 STPs, receive very low-strength sewage (BOD < 40 mg/L) instead of the expected 200–250 mg/L; during Dec’25 to Mar’26.

39 Rejuvenation of non-operational STPs: 11 STPs—particularly in Uttar Pradesh (7 STPs), Bihar (3 STPs) and West Bengal (1 STP)—remained non-operational in multiple monitoring cycles and are undergoing rejuvenation or reconstruction due to obsolete technologies.

 Under-capacity operation: STPs operating at <75% of design capacity remain widespread; network augmentation (I&D works, pumping, household connections) is needed. During Dec’25 to Mar’26, 98 STPs operated below capacity.

 Over-capacity operation: STPs in cities like Prayagraj and Haridwar operated beyond design capacity due to high floating populations (tourism, religious, educational, medical hubs). During Dec’25 to Mar’26, 30 STPs exceeded capacity.

 Status of STPs can be obtained from Appendix-3.1.

3.1.3 Comparison between 2024 Vs 2025

3.1.3.1 Designed and utilized capacities of STPs The designed and utilized capacities of STPs during 2024 & 2025 are shown in Figure 3.11 a &b.

Designed and Utilized Capacity of STPs (in MLD) -2024 5 9 5 9 .6 .2 2 8 3000 1 2 .3 2 6 2 2 3 122 505 000 000 9 .7 9 2 1 2 2 7 1 .5 0 5 5 .6 4 6 1 6 9 .7 3 3 1 3 2 .6 1 3 9 .0 0 8 1 6 9 .8 3 4 1 4 9 .2 9 6 1 10 5000 0 8 .9 2 3 5 .4 2 25 .5 11 5 .5 6 3 5 5 .7 2 21 1 1 6 .6 0 17 8 .65 3 .0 0 2 1 8 .6 4 3 5 .5 3 25 .5 18 1 .3 9 6 5 3 .5 9 21 1 8 0 .7 0 15 .67 7 .5 7 2 1 8 .6 4 3 2 0 35 .5 18 6 .9 1 7 5 5 .0 7 29 5 9 5 9 .1 5 15 .64 9 .4 0 3 0 Designed Utilized capacity Designed Utilized capacity Designed Utilized capacity capacity capacity capacity December’23 –March’24 April’24–July’24 August’24 –November’24 Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal Total Figure 3.11 (a): Designed and utilized capacities of STPs in 2024 Designed and Utilized Capacity of STPs (in MLD) 2025 112233 050505 50000000 000000 0 1 8 .6 4 36 6 .1 0 5 1 2 0 35 .5 18 5 .9 1 75 5 .5 8 8 2 5 9 .4 6 29 5 .5 5 1 1 3 2 .8 6 12 .65 3 .5 8 32 3 .0 8 9 1 1 8 .6 4 36 9 .8 9 4 1 3 3 35 .5 14 1 .9 1 71 4 .3 1 9 2 7 5 .2 5 22 6 .6 2 2 1 9 .9 0 2 27 2 .6 3 36 3 .7 2 0 2 8 .6 4 36 9 .8 9 4 1 0 0 45 .5 15 2 .6 1 71 5 .7 7 9 2 7 .2 9 23 7 .5 5 1 1 6 3 .9 5 24 0 .83 .0 4 33 1 .6 5 0 2 5 .0 3 32 .8 8 5 1 0 7 5 5 .5 16 .5 8 68 .9 8 1 3 3 .2 6 28 .5 3 3 1 5 .9 7 26 .71 .5 3 33 .0 2 2 2 0 Designed Utilized Designed Utilized Designed Utilized Designed Utilized capacity Capacity capacity Capacity capacity Capacity capacity Capacity Dec’24 –Mar’25 April’25–July’25 Aug’25 –Nov’25 Dec’25 –Mar’26 Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand West Bengal Total Figure 3.11 (b): Designed and utilized capacities of STPs in 2025 40The observations made during comparative analysis of designed and utilized capacities of STPs during 2024 & 2025 are as follows:

 December 2023–March 2024 Vs December 2024–March 2025: o During December 2023–March 2024, the total designed capacity of STPs monitored across the five states was approximately 2233.21 MLD with a utilization capacity of 1646.55 MLD, respectively, indicating 73.73% utilization efficiency. Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by West Bengal and Uttarakhand. Also, Uttar Pradesh had the highest utilization efficiency followed by Uttarakhand. Here, Jharkhand had the lowest utilization efficiency followed by Bihar.

o In December 2024–March 2025, the total designed capacity of STPs monitored across the five states was increased to 2885.55 MLD, with a utilization capacity of 1980.32 MLD, indicating an overall utilization efficiency of around 68.62%. In Dec’24-March 2025, Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by Uttarakhand and West Bengal, while Uttar Pradesh had higher utilization efficiency followed by Uttarakhand. Jharkhand had the lowest utilization efficiency followed by West Bengal.

 April–July 2024 Vs April–July 2025 o In April–July 2024, the total designed capacity of STPs monitored across the five states was approximately 2626.95 MLD, with a utilization capacity of 1800.93 MLD, indicating an overall utilization efficiency of around 68.55%. In April-July 2024, Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by West Bengal, wherein Uttarakhand had higher utilization efficiency followed by Uttar Pradesh. Here, Jharkhand had the lowest utilization efficiency followed by Jharkhand.

o During April–July 2025, the designed capacity and utilization capacity increased to 2913.41 MLD and 2027.36 MLD, respectively. However, indicating slightly higher utilization efficiency around 70% as compared to year 2024. Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by West Bengal. Here, Uttar Pradesh had the highest utilization efficiency followed by Uttarakhand.

Here, Jharkhand had the lowest utilization efficiency followed by West Bengal.  August–November 2024 Vs August–November 2025 o In Aug-Nov 2024, the total designed capacity of STPs monitored across the five states was approximately 2822.95 MLD, with a utilization capacity of 1692.94 MLD, indicating an overall utilization efficiency of around 60%. In Aug-Nov 2024, Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by West Bengal and Uttarakhand. Here, Uttarakhand had the highest utilization efficiency followed by Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand had the lowest utilization efficiency, followed by West Bengal.

o During Aug-Nov 2025, the designed capacity and utilization capacity slightly increased to 3198.8 MLD and 2220.3 MLD, respectively indicating high utilization efficiency around 70% as compared to year 2024. Uttar Pradesh had the maximum designed capacity followed by West Bengal and Uttarakhand. Here, Uttarakhand had the highest utilization efficiency followed by Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal had the lowest utilization efficiency followed by Jharkhand.

3.1.4 Action Taken by CPCB

1. Status of STPs monitored during April-July 2024 to 05 Ganga state agencies for action to 05 states agencies, STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG vide letter dated 31.01.2025 for suitable action against operation and compliance.

2. Status of STPs monitored during August-November 2024 to 04 Ganga state agencies except Jharkhand for action vide letter dated 03.04.2025 to STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG for suitable actions against operation and compliance.

413. Status of water quality monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Ganga front towns for the periods from December 2023 –March 2025 and data trends and data sheet for December 2024- March 2025 vide letter dated 26.05.2025 to submitted to NMCG.

4. Letter dated 24.06.2025 to 05 state agencies, STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG for suitable action against operation and compliance status of STPs monitored during December 2024- March 2025 including data trends for December 2023-March 2025.

5. Status of STPs monitored during April-July 2025 forwarded vide letter dated 30.10.2025 to 05 state agencies (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal), STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG for suitable actions against operation and compliance status.

6. Status of STPs monitored during August-November 2025 forwarded vide letter dated 27.02.2026 to 05 state agencies (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal), STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG for suitable actions.

7. Status of STPs monitored during December 2025 – March 2026 forwarded vide letter dated

03.06.2026 for Uttarakhand and letter dated 10.06.2026 to state agencies, including STP operating agencies, NMCG and SMCG for Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, for suitable actions against operational and compliance status.

3.1.5 Laboratory Audit of Ganga Main-stem States CPCB has carried-out audit of laboratories of SPCBs in Ganga main stem (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal), in context to the availability of infrastructural facilities w.r.t. sampling methodology and analysis to investigate causes behind anomalies in FC pollution measurement and Lab's QC exercises for microbiological parameters as per NABL requirement IS/ISO 17025:2017.

The laboratory audit was carried out in five states as per the below mentioned schedule:

1. Bihar SPCB – 5-7 November, 2024

2. West Bengal SPCB – 25-28 March, 2026

3. Jharkhand (Yuganthar Bharti Lab, Ranchi, a third party lab) – 01-04 April, 2025

4. Uttarakhand PCB - 24-27 November, 2025

5. Uttar Pradesh SPCB – 15-18 December, 2025 Based on the findings of the laboratory audits carried out by CPCB, the findings were forwarded to respective SPCBs to take remedial action against observations and findings made in the audit reports with letters detail

below:

UPPCB – 20.01.2026, UKPCB – 06.01.2026, BSPCB – 14.01.2025, JHPCB – 28.04.2026 AND WBPCB –

28.04.2026

3.1.6 Way Forward It is recommended that to ensure proper functioning or operation of STP and to enhance its performance,

following actions may be taken: a) All possible efforts shall be made to ensure consistent compliance of the standards referred. b) Proper disinfection system should be maintained to regulate the fecal coliform count in the treated sewage.

c) Reason of high/low values of BOD, COD, TSS, and other parameters at inlet to be investigated. d) Sewerage network to be augmented so that STP capacity may be optimally utilized. e) OCEMS shall be installed at outlet of STP and connected to CPCB/SPCB servers.

f) Environmental labs and skilled manpower to be made available at all STP for its smooth operation and maintenance. g) Flowmeters to be installed at inlet and outlet and respective logbooks may be maintained for inlet and outlet.

42h) Diversion of flow from over-capacity STPs to under-capacity STPs for optimum utilization and performance of STPs. i) Stopping/minimizing the dilution of sewage by mixing of freshwater from streams or household tap overflow.

j) Stopping of mixing of industrial effluent with sewage in industrial areas/towns for optimum performance of STPs.

3.2 Yamuna Central Pollution Control Board has carried out monitoring of 104 STPs located in 20 Yamuna Front towns of 04 states (Himachal Pradesh (01), Haryana (09), Delhi and Uttar Pradesh (09)) during August-November

2025. Out of 104 monitored STPs, 04 STPs were under commissioning and 100 STPs were commissioned.

Details of monitoring STPs in Yamuna front towns is mentioned at Table 3.23 and different treatment technologies in use is mentioned at Table 3.24.

Table 3.23: Details of monitoring STPs in Yamuna front towns State Monitored Commissioned Under No. of Operational Non- STPs STP commissioning towns operational Delhi 37 37 0 01 37 0 Uttar Pradesh 33 33 3 09 30 3 Haryana 28 27 1 09 26 1 Himachal Pradesh 03 3 0 02 3 0 Total 104 100 4 20 96 4 Table 3.23 depicts different treatment technologies in use in the 104 STPs monitored in Yamuna front towns.

Table 3.24: Different treatment technologies in use Technology in Use Himachal Pradesh Delhi Uttar Pradesh Haryana SBR 1 2 15 22 MBBR 2 1 1 1 UASB - - 8 3 ASP - 13 2 2 Oxidation pond - - 5 - FCR - - 1 - Bio Tower - - 1 - A2O + IFFAS - 3 - - IFFAS - 9 - - BIOFOR - 4 - - A2O + ASP - 4 - - WSP - - 3 - FAB - 1 - - Total 3 37 36 28  The performance evaluation of STPs located 04 States is provided herein –

3.2.1 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Delhi (August-November 2025) A total of 37 commissioned STPs were inventoried in Delhi with Delhi Jal Board and monitoring of these STPs was carried out by CPCB. The operational and compliance status of STPs situated in River Yamuna basin in Delhi was monitored during August to November 2025 is summarized below:

Table 3.25: Details of STP compliance (August-November 2025) Aug-Nov 2025 Operatio Designed Compliance % of STPs Category of nal STPs Capacity TS CO BO TN AN STPs pH % % % % % % FC % (No.) (MLD) S D D * * Small size 2 7.55 2 100 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0 1 50 0 0 STPs(<5 MLD) 43Mid size STPs 12. 62. 37.

8 134.56 8 100 1 5 3 0 0 2 25 0 0 (5-25 MLD) 5 5 5 Large size

96. 51. 51. 33. 51. 18.

STPs (>25 27 3423.58 26 14 14 9 0 0 14 5 2 8 8 3 8 5 MLD) 37 3565.69 36 - 16 - 20 - 12 - 0 - 17 - 5 - (TN- Total Nitrogen, AN- Ammonical Nitrogen) *DPCC Standards It may be observed that 2 smaller STPs cater to 7.55 MLD (0.21%) while 8 midsize STP cater to 134.56 MLD (3.77%) and the bigger 27 STPs cater to 3423.58 MLD (96.01%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is Approximately 99% and 23.6%, respectively. It may be noted that noncompliance is observed in all three categories of STPs.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 18.5%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

0.21%, Small size Mid size STPs (5-25 STPs(<5 MLD), 7.55, MLD), 134.5, 4% 0% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 3423.6, 96% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.12: MLDs distribution of STPs Capacity range in Delhi (Aug-Nov 2025) Design and Utilized Capacity of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 4000

3423.6 3500

3117.8 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

7.55 5.4 71.66 134.5 107.3 79.76 91.07 0 Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity % Utilization Figure 3.13: Category-wise comparison of Designed and Utilized Capacities of the STPs in Delhi (Aug-Nov 2025) As depicted in Figure 3.13, utilization capacity of small size STPs is 71.65%, Mid-size STPs is 79.76% and Large size STPs is 91.06%.

44Compliance Pattern of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 30 25 27 26 20 15 14 14 14 10 9 5 8 8 2 2 1 1 1 5 0 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 5 0 Count pH TSS COD BOD Total Ammonical FC Nitrogen Nitrogen Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.14: Compliance status of STPs monitored in Delhi (Aug-Nov 2025) Table 3.26: Overall Status of STPs in Delhi (Aug-Nov 2025) Status of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) Designed Utilized Non-complying for parameters Total No. of Range capacity capacity Stat no. operati (MLD of (sum) of Total e of onal TS CO BO Ammonica ) operation Operation pH Nitroge FC STPs STPs S D D l Nitrogen al STPs al STPs (in n (in MLD) MLD) <5 2 2 7.55 5.41 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 Del 5 to 25 8 8 134.56 107.28 0 7 3 5 8 6 8 hi >25 27 27 3423.58 3117.83 1 13 13 18 27 13 22 Total 37 37 3565.69 3230.52 1 21 17 25 37 20 32

STPs located in Delhi: i. DJB estimated sewage generation: 3596 MLD (792 MGD) based on 80% return flow of supplied water (990 MGD). ii. 37 operational STPs at 21 locations with installed treatment capacity of 3701 MLD (814 MGD).

iii. Actual treatment/utilization: 3383.6 MLD (744.30 MGD), equivalent to ~91.4% sewage treatment, leaving a gap of ~216.84 MLD (47.7 MGD). iv. 27 large STPs (>25 MLD) contribute 96.06% treatment capacity, while 8 mid-sized and 2 small STPs contribute 3.77% and 0.21%, respectively.

The major findings of this monitoring of STPs in Delhi is as follows:  Total STPs: 37 nos. o 2 smaller STPs cater to 7.55 MLD (0.21%) o 8 mid-size STP cater to 134.56 MLD (3.77%) o 27 large size STPs cater to 3423.58 MLD (96.01%)  Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is Approximately 99% and 23.6%, respectively. It may be noted that noncompliance is observed in all three categories of STPs.

 Tertiary Treament (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 18.5%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

453.2.2 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Haryana (August-November 2025) A total of 28 STPs were inventoried and monitored by CPCB in Haryana, 01 STP out of 28 was in un- commissioned stage located at Aterna, Sonipat, due to lack of sewage availability. The operational and compliance status of STPs situated in River Yamuna basin in Haryana was monitored during August to November 2025 is summarized below:

Table 3.27: Details of Haryana STPs compliance (August-November 2025) Aug-Nov 2025 Compliance % of STPs Design Total Utilized Operatio ed Total No. Capacit p TS CO BO F In MLD nal STPs Capaci % % % % nitroge % % of y H S D D C (No.) ty n STPs (MLD)

(MLD) Small size 10 3 STPs(<5 4 3 5.8 3.8 3 0 0 1 33 0 0 1 1 33 0 3 MLD) Mid size 1 10 43. 37.

STPs (5- 16 16 243 140.06 16 7 6 37.5 6 2 2. 0 0 0 7 5 25 MLD) 5 Large size 10 14. 14.

STPs (>25 7 7 350 161.67 7 1 1 14.3 1 0 0 1 14.3 0 3 3 MLD) 27 26 598.8 305.53 26 - 8 - 8 - 7 - 3 - 2 - Discharge standards of MoEF&CC dated 13.10.2017 are applicable here It may be observed that 4 smaller STPs cater to 5.8 MLD (1%), 16 mid-size STPs cater to 243 MLD (41%), and 7 large size STPs cater to 350 MLD (58%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is 100% and 19%, respectively.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 16%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

Small size STPs(<5 MLD), 5.8, 1% Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD), 243.0, 41% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 350.0, 58% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.15: MLDs distribution of STPs Capacity range in Harayana (Aug-Nov 2025) 46Design and Utilized Capacity of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 400

350.0 350 300

243.0 250 200

161.7

140.1 150 100 65.52 57.64

46.19 50

5.8 3.8 0 Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity % Utilization Figure 3.16: Category-wise comparison of Designed and Utilized Capacities of the STPs in Haryana (Aug-Nov 2025) As depicted in Figure 3.16, utilization capacity of small size STPs is 65.52, mid-size STPs is 57.64 and large size STPs is 46.19%.

Compliance Pattern of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 18 16 16 16 14 12 10 8 6 7 7 7 6 6 4 2 3 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 Operational pH TSS COD BOD Total Nitrogen FC STPs Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.17: Compliance status of STPs monitored in Haryana (Aug-Nov 2025) Table 3.28: Overall Status of STPs in Haryana (Aug-Nov 2025) Status of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) Non-complying for parameters Utilized Designed capacity Total No. of capacity of Range (sum) of Total State no. of operational operational pH TSS COD BOD FC

(MLD) Operational Nitrogen STPs STPs STPs (in STPs (in MLD) MLD) <5 4 3 5.8 3.8 0 3 2 3 2 2 Haryana 5 to 25 16 16 243 140.06 0 9 10 10 14 16 >25 7 7 350 161.67 0 6 6 6 7 6 Total 27 26 598.8 305.53 0 18 18 19 23 24 47STPs located in Haryana:

 Total STPs: 27 nos. commissioned o 4 smaller STPs cater to 5.8 MLD (1%) o 16 mid-size STPs cater to 243 MLD (41%) o 7 large size STPs cater to 350 MLD (58%)  Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is 100% and 19%, respectively.

 Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. Fecal Coliform (FC) is only 16%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

3.2.3 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Uttar Pradesh (August-November 2025) A total of 36 STPs were inventoried in 09 Yamuna front towns of Uttar Pradesh and their monitoring were carried out. Three STPs out of 36 were under commissioning stage. The operational and compliance status of STPs situated in River Yamuna basin in Uttar Pradesh was monitored during August to November 2025 is

summarized below:

Table 3.29: Details of STP compliance (August-November 2025) Aug-Nov 2025 Details Compliance % of STPs Operat Total Designed Utilized Total ional TS CO BO F In MLD No. of Capacity Capacity pH % % % % nitroge % % STPs S D D C STPs (MLD) (MLD) n (No.) Small size

66.

STPs(<5 4 3 9.03 7.86 2 1 33.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33.33 7 MLD) Mid-size 10 STPs (5- 13 12 175.74 133.25 12 3 25 1 8.3 1 8.3 2 16.67 3 25 0 25 MLD) Large size STPs 10 33.

16 15 804 655.06 15 10 66.7 6 40 5 2 13.33 6 40 (>25 0 3 MLD) 33 30 988.77 796.17 29 - 14 - 7 - 6 - 4 - 10 - Discharge standards of MoEF & CC dated 13.10.2017 are applicable here It may be observed that 3 smaller STPs cater to 9.03 MLD (1%), 12 mid-size STPs cater to 175.74 MLD (18%), and 15 large size STPs cater to 804 MLD (81%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is approx. 88.8% and 42%, respectively.

Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is only 32.8%, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

48Small size STPs(<5 MLD), 9.03, 1% Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD), 175.74, 18% Large size STPs (>25 MLD), 804, 81% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.18: MLDs distribution of STPs Capacity range in Uttar Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) Design and Utilized Capacity of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 900 804 800 700 655.1 600 500 400 300

175.74 200 133.3

87.04 75.82 81.48 100

9.03 7.9 0 Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity % Utilization Figure 3.19: Category-wise comparison of Designed and Utilized Capacities of the STPs in Uttar Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) As depicted in Figure 3.19, utilization capacity of small size STPs is 87.04, mid-size STPs is 75.82 and large size STPs is 81.48%.

49Compliance Pattern of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 16 14 15 15 12 12 12 10 10 8 6 6 6 4 5 2 3 3 3 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 Operational pH TSS COD BOD Total Nitrogen FC STPs Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Mid size STPs (5-25 MLD) Large size STPs (>25 MLD) Figure 3.20: Compliance status of STPs monitored in Uttar Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) Table 3.30: Overall Status of STPs in Uttar Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) Status of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) Non-complying for parameters Utilized Designed capacity Total No. of capacity of Range (sum) of Total State no. of operational operational pH TSS COD BOD FC

(MLD) Operational Nitrogen STPs STPs STPs (in STPs (in MLD) MLD) <5 4 3 9.03 7.86 1 2 3 3 3 2 Uttar 5 to 25 13 12 175.74 133.25 0 9 11 11 10 9 Pradesh >25 16 15 804 655.06 0 5 9 10 13 9 33 30 988.77 796.17 1 16 23 24 26 20

3.2.4 Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants of River Yamuna basin in Himachal Pradesh (August-November 2025) A total of 03 STPs located in Paonta Sahib, a Yamuna front town, were inventoried with State PCB and were monitored. The operational and compliance status of STPs situated in River Yamuna basin in Himachal Pradesh was monitored during August to November 2025 is summarized below:

Table 3.31: Details of STP compliance (August-November 2025) Compliance % of STPs In MLD Operational Designed pH % TSS % COD % BOD % Total % Ammonical % FC % STPs (No.) Capacity nitrogen nitrogen

(MLD) Small 3 3.16 3 100 3 100 3 100 2 67 3 100 3 100 0 0 size STPs(<5 MLD) 3 3.16 3 - 3 - 3 - 2 - 3.00 - 3 - 0 - Discharge standards of MoEF&CC dated 13.10.2017 are applicable here It may be observed that 3 smaller STPs cater to 3.16 MLD (100%).

Primary and Secondary Treatment: The compliance level for all operational STPs for pH and TSS is 100%.

50Tertiary Treatment (Disinfection System): Overall Compliance level w.r.t. FC is nil, which requires optimization of the disinfection system, proper operation & maintenance.

Small size STPs(<5 MLD), 3.16, 100% Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Figure 3.21: MLDs distribution of STPs Capacity range in Himachal Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) Design and Utilized Capacity of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025)

42.72 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

3.16 5 1.4 0 Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Designed Capacity Utilized Capacity % Utilization Figure 3.22: Category-wise comparison of Designed and Utilized Capacities of the STPs in Himachal Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) As depicted in Figure 3.22, utilization capacity of small size STPs is 42.72%.

Compliance Pattern of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 Count pH TSS COD BOD Total Ammonical FC Nitrogen Nitrogen Compliant STPs Small size STPs(<5 MLD) Figure 3.23: Compliance status of STPs monitored in Himachal Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) Table 3.32: Overall Status of STPs in Himachal Pradesh (Aug-Nov 2025) 51Status of STPs (Aug-Nov 2025) Non-complying for parameters Designed Utilized capacity of capacity Total No. of Range operational (sum) of Total Ammonica State no. of operationa pH TSS COD BOD FC

(MLD) STPs (in Operational Nitrogen l Nitrogen STPs l STPs MLD) STPs (in MLD) <5 3 3 3.16 1.35 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 Himachal 5 to 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pradesh >25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 3 3 3.16 1.35 0 0 0 1 0 0 3

3.1.7 Follow-up Actions on STP Performance: i. CPCB communicated STP status reports to DPCC, DJB & NMCG on 12.09.2025 and 04.02.2026 for necessary corrective actions. ii. Capacity building: CPCB conducted a 4-day hands-on training (29 Oct–1 Nov 2025) for 21 DJB officials on microbiological assessment and Faecal Coliform analysis as per APHA (2024).

iii. DJB invited bids for upgradation & augmentation of 09 STPs (56 MGD) and construction of 29 Decentralized STPs (170 MGD) targeted by December 2027. iv. Long-term augmentation plan: Treatment capacity proposed to increase from 814 MGD to 1500 MGD with advanced technologies (Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS), aeration, disc filters, UV disinfection & odour control) to achieve DPCC norms (BOD/TSS: 10/10 mg/L) by Dec 2028.

v. Pursuant to the directives of the Hon'ble Home Minister, Government of India, a High-Level Committee has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi to periodically review the progress of works being carried out for the rejuvenation of the River Yamuna. CPCB also issued letters to HSPCB and UPPCB vide letter dated

03.06.2026 to provide various information on efforts being undertaken/action plan formulated to reduce pollution in the drains/River Yamuna. vi. Status of STPs in Yamuna front towns shared with NMCG for further necessary action.

52SECTION 4: MONITORING OF DRAINS DISCHARGING INTO RIVER GANGA (& ITS TRIBUTARIES) AND RIVER YAMUNA

4.1 River Ganga Monitoring of drains discharging directly into river Ganga and its tributaries is carried out by CPCB on half- yearly basis i.e. Pre and Post monsoon seasons in Ganga & Yamuna main stem states (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal). These drains carry wastewater, which comprises sewage, industrial effluent, and surface run off. Inventory of drains is updated in- consultation of SPCBs, Jal Nigam/Jal Sansthan, NMCG and SMCG. Pollution source mapping of highly polluted drains was also conducted.

4.1.1 Work accomplished during 2025 Half yearly monitoring of 716 & 739 drains discharging directly into Ganga and its tributaries (Ganga forming tributaries in upper Ganga reaches, Suswa, Song, Sukhi, Banganga, Kali-East, Ramganga & its tributaries, Pandu, Yamuna, Varuna, Moorwa, Mansahaita, Jargo, Ojhala, Malini & Nandhaur) in Ganga main stem states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal) during pre-monsoon, 2025 & post-monsoon, 2025 season respectively. The inventory of drains discharging into river Ganga in West Bengal has also been updated from 104 to 158.

4.1.2 Half Yearly Monitoring of Drains Discharging into River Ganga and its Tributaries

4.1.2.1 Data Generation and Key findings During pre- & post -monsoon, 2025 monitoring of 716 & 739 drains discharging directly into river Ganga and its tributaries namely Ganga forming tributaries in upper Ganga reaches, Suswa, Song, Sukhi, Banganga, Kali-East, Ramganga & its tributaries, Varuna, Moorwa, Mansahaita, Pandu, Jargo, Ojhala, Malini & Nandhaur in Ganga main stem states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal) was conducted respectively.

A total of 61 drains during pre-monsoon 2025 and 124 drains during post-monsoon 2025 could not be measured for flow due to non-approachable sites, solid waste deposition, steep or uneven terrain, closed conduits, low/stagnant flow, temporary diversions, or dense macrophyte growth, although sampling was still carried out. Additionally, flow measurement and sampling could not be conducted in 53 drains (pre-monsoon) and 36 drains (post-monsoon) because of very low flow, stagnation, backflow from the river, or inaccessible locations. As a result, the total flow and BOD pollution load are likely higher than the reported values. State- wise status of monitored drains for Pre & Post monsoon 2025 is given in Tables 4.1 & 4.2.

53Table 4.1: State wise status of drains monitored during Pre-Monsoon 2025 No. of Pre-Monsoon 2025 States (Ganga) towns Ganga front Monitored BOD pollution Tapped Interim Remedial Flow (MLD) towns covered Drains load (TPD) Drains measures Uttarakhand 24 164 137.23 0.61 117 1 Uttar Pradesh 27 193 1064.19 54.29 81 68 Bihar 13 67 507.99 20.65 8 0 Jharkhand 2 6 0 0 6 0 West Bengal 45 104 7066.88 182.26 8 0 Total-A 111 534 8776.28 257.80 220 69 No. of towns non-Ganga States (Tributaries) front towns covered Uttarakhand (Ramganga tributaries- 5 25 959.66 58.25 10 0 Dhela, Kosi, Bahela, Pilakhar & Gaula) Uttarakhand (Nandhaur, Tributary of 1 1 0.54 0.01 0 0 Garra) Uttarakhand (Suswa, Song, Banganga & 5 8 363.79 26.12 0 0 Sukhi) Uttar Pradesh (Ramganga & its 6 30 653.08 30.74 1 20 tributaries-Kosi & Gagan) Uttar Pradesh (Kali East) 9 29 762.10 101.63 6 1 Uttar Pradesh (Malini) 2 2 0 0 0 0 Uttar Pradesh (Pandu) 1 9 134.19 3.03 6 6 Uttar Pradesh (Yamuna) 1 36 18.04 1.49 26 0 Uttar Pradesh (Varuna & Morwa) 2 21 294.29 28.85 14 4 Uttar Pradesh (Mansahaita) 1 12 - - 12 0 Uttar Pradesh (Jargo & Ojhala) 2 9 8.68 0.83 0 0 Total-B 35 182 3194.36 250.95 75 31 Grand Total (A+B) 146 716 11970.65 508.75 295 100

Note: Drains discharging into river Malini were found dry & having lean flow Table 4.2: State wise status of drains monitored during Post-Monsoon 2025 Post-Monsoon 2025 Status (State & River wise) No. of towns Ganga front States (Ganga) Monitored BOD pollution Tapped Interim Remedial towns covered Flow (MLD) Drains load (TPD) Drains Measures Uttarakhand 25 163 275.95 2.91 120 0 Uttar Pradesh 26 197 908.37 90.83 80 45 Bihar 14 68 447.66 19.14 11 0 Jharkhand 2 6 0 0 6 0 West Bengal 46 158 8862.02 243.54 13 0 Total-A 113 592 10494.00 356.42 230 45 No. of towns non-Ganga States (Tributaries) front towns covered Uttarakhand (Ramganga tributaries-Dhela, 5 26 441.42 218.24 17 0 Kosi, Bahela, Pilakhar & Gaula) Uttarakhand 1 1 0.57 0.03 0 0 (Nandhaur, Tributary of Garra) Uttarakhand (Suswa & Song) 5 6 69.12 0.277 0 0 Uttarakhand (Banganga & Sukhi) 6 2 77.62 1.09 0 0 Uttar Pradesh (Ramganga & its tributaries- 8 30 331.51 29.53 8 19 Kosi & Gagan) Uttar Pradesh (Kali East) 2 29 587.60 158.19 6 1 Uttar Pradesh (Malini) 1 2 16.78 3.37 0 0 Uttar Pradesh (Pandu) 1 9 201.90 24.79 6 0 Uttar Pradesh (Varuna & Morwa) 2 21 339.38 17.62 13 4 Uttar Pradesh (Mansahaita) 1 12 0 0 12 0 Uttar Pradesh (Jargo & Ojhala) 2 9 21.88 2.16 0 0 Total-B 34 147 2087.79 455.29 62 24 Grand Total (A+B) 147 739 12581.79 811.71 292 69 MLD -Millions Litre Per Day, TPD -Tonnes Per Day 54The monitored drains are also categorized based on flow i.e. <1 MLD, 1-10 MLD and >10 MLD and the

status is as follows:

Table 4.3: State wise tapped/untapped status of drains monitored during Pre-Monsoon 2025 Untapped Tapped Total BOD BOD State Flow Range Flow Complete Partial/ Flow number of pollution pollution

(MLD) (MLD) Tapped Overflow (MLD) drains load (TPD) load (TPD) <1 48 0.54 0.01 10 0.52 0.0421 1-10 7 8.9 1.3 114 3 128.97 7.0992 Uttarakhand >10 16 1322.3 76.6 0 0 0 Total A 71 1331.73 77.85 114 13 129.49 7.14 <1 82 10.642 0.713 11 2.348 0.1052 1-10 66 197.08 18.42 108 14 46.84 2.85 Uttar Pradesh >10 47 1829.62 92.45 13 848.03 106.31 Total B 195 2037.34 111.59 108 38 897.22 109.27 <1 19 5.74 0.405 0 0 0 1-10 30 89.48 4.99 8 0 0 0 Bihar >10 10 412.77 15.26 0 0 0 Total C 59 507.99 20.65 8 0 0.00 0.00 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-10 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Jharkhand >10 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total D 0 0 0.00 6 0 0.00 0.00 <1 24 1.56 0.0391 1 0.03 0.00024 1-10 22 92.46 7.35 2 2 2.88 0.043 West Bengal >10 50 6901.93 172.27 3 68.02 2.56 Total E 96 6995.95 179.65 2 6 70.93 2.60 Grand Total 421 10873.01 389.74 238 57 1097.64 119.01 (A+B+C+D+E)

Note: Actual no. of drains required to be tapped is 361 out of 421 untapped drain excluding 60 nos. of dry/megre flow/lean flow drains. List of 60 no. of drains is attached at Appendix-4.1.

Table 4.4: Status of drains categorised on the basis of flow during Pre-Monsoon 2025 Total number of BOD pollution load Untapped/ Tapped Flow Range (MLD) Flow (MLD) drains (TPD) <1 173 18.48 1.17 1-10 125 387.88 32.03 Untapped >10 123 10466.65 356.54 Total (Untapped) 421 10873.01 389.74 <1 22 2.90 0.15 1-10 19 178.69 10.00 Tapped >10 16 916.05 108.87 Complete Tapped 238 0 0 Total (Tapped) 295 1097.64 119.01 Grand Total (Untapped+Tapped) 716 11970.64 508.75

Note: Actual no. of drains required to be tapped is 361 out of 421 untapped drain excluding 60 nos. of dry/megre flow/lean flow drains. List of 60 no. of drains is attached at Appendix-4.1.

55Table 4.5: State wise tapped/untapped status of drains monitored during Post-Monsoon 2025 Untapped Tapped BOD Flow Total BOD State Flow pollution Complete No. of Partial/ No. of Flow Range number pollution

(MLD) load Tapped STPs Overflow STPs (MLD)

(MLD) of drains load (TPD)

(TPD) <1 38 0.57 0.03 5 5 0 0 1-10 8 14.6 1.2 123 4 4 11.26 1.53 Uttarakhand 41 >10 15 748.2 216.3 5 5 90.08 3.49 Total A 61 763.34 217.52 123 14 14 101.34 5.02 <1 70 13.06 39.65 4 5 1.360 0.17 1-10 71 241.44 33.37 88 19 14 88.21 7.56 Uttar Pradesh 32 >10 43 1439.28 108.80 14 13 624.07 136.93 Total B 184 1693.78 181.82 88 37 32 713.64 144.66 <1 18 6.37 0.58 0 0 0 0 1-10 21 75.29 3.98 11 0 0 0 0 Bihar 5 >10 18 366 14.57 0 0 0 0 Total C 57 447.657 19.13 11 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-10 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 Jharkhand 3 >10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total D 0 0 0.00 6 0 0 0 0 <1 36 5.68 0.664 2 1 0.972 0.079 1-10 60 186.40 11.36 1 5 4 15.73 0.895 West Bengal 1 >10 49 8503.91 222.72 5 4 149.33 7.831 Total E 145 8695.99 234.74 1 12 9 166.03 8.81 Grand Total 447 11600.76 653.21 229 82 63 55* 981.01 158.49 (A+B+C+D+E)

Note: Actual no. of drains required to be tapped is 389 out of 447 untapped drain excluding 58 no. of dry/megre flow/lean flow drains. List of 58 no. of drains is attached at Appendix-4.1. *55 STPs are also included within the no. of 82 STPs (Appendix-4.2) Table 4.6: Status of drains categorised on the basis of flow during Post-Monsoon 2025 Total number of BOD pollution load Untapped/ Tapped Flow Range (MLD) Flow (MLD) drains (TPD) <1 162 25.68 40.92 1-10 160 517.69 49.87 Untapped >10 125 11057.39 562.4 Total (Untapped) 447 11600.76 653.21 <1 11 2.33 0.25 1-10 28 115.20 9.99 Tapped >10 24 863.48 148.25 Complete Tapped 229 0 0 Total (Tapped) 292 981.01 158.49 Grand Total (Untapped+Tapped) 739 12581.77 811.70

Note: Actual no. of drains required to be tapped is 389 out of 447 untapped drain excluding 58 no. of dry/megre flow/lean flow drains. List of 58 no. of drains is attached at Appendix-4.1.

4.1.2.2 Interim remedial measures and alternate treatment technology 292 drains are diverted/tapped to 82 Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) for the treatment of wastewater whereas many drains are discharging domestic sewage or mixed effluent in to river Ganga and its tributaries directly without any treatment. In absence of conventional treatment (STP), interim remedial measure can be strategically helpful as a provisional measure until domestic sewage treatment plant is constructed or become functional. Interim remedial measure includes in-situ remediation techniques- bio-remediation, phytoremediation, constructed wetland and ex–situ remediation techniques- Waste Stabilization Pond and Mechanically Aerated Lagoons. In-situ treatment methods such as constructed wetland system, 56phytoremediation and bio remediation are most favourable methods for alternative biological treatment technology of drains.

Advantage of alternate treatment technology: i. Alternative biological treatment technology methods such as phytoremediation or wetland systems are efficient in terms of nutrient removal such as removal of nitrogen and phosphorous.

ii. All alternative biological treatment technologies are low in energy incentive and not only reduces carbon footprint thereby minimizing climate change impact but also contributes to carbon sequestration.

iii. The technologies provide benefits like increase in the biodiversity and biomass production apart from habitat conservation. iv. Constructed Wetlands may attract migratory birds, as well as provide aesthetic and recreational services to the public. It also contributes to groundwater recharge as well as results in buffering of ambient temperature and odor.

v. Studies indicate that there is massive reduction in pathogenic microbes in alternative biological treatment technology as compared to conventional treatment. vi. In-situ remediation is more efficient in restoring self-purification system of river and also immobilization of heavy metals.

vii. In-situ remediation technique does not require much energy, its maintenance cost is relatively low, it is easy to develop, operate and manage as compared to conventional technology. viii. Besides high reduction efficiency of BOD, different alternative treatment technologies are efficient in increasing Dissolve Oxygen (DO) and reducing Fecal Coliform (FC) e.g. Phytoremediation technique can reduce FC by 50% and increase DO from 0 to 5 mg/l; Oxidation Pond can reduce FC by more than 95% and increase DO from 0 to 5mg/l; similarly, lagoons are efficient in reduction of FC by 50-70%.

ix. The cost of alternative biological treatment technology is extremely low.

Status of interim remedial measures adopted in drains discharging into river Ganga and tributaries: i. Interim measures adopted in 69 drains (Ganga-45 and tributaries-24) in (69) in Uttar Pradesh.

Interim measures were not adopted in most of the untapped drains in Uttrakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal due to tidal effects. ii. Bio-remediation (microbial) is the most common in-situ remediation measures adopted in drains discharging into river Ganga and its tributaries. However, in few drains Constructed Wetland and Phyto-remediation is also adopted.

iii. Interim measures were found non-functional/defunct, bypass, poorly maintained and installed at inappropriate location in 13 drains in Uttar Pradesh (Ganga). iv. Ineffective remedial measure in terms of BOD reduction (increase in BOD value at downstream of interim measure in comparison of upstream value) was observed in 18 drains (Ganga-07, Gagan-01, Ramganga-07, Morwa-02, and Varuna-01) in Uttar Pradesh. However, in 11 drains reduction in terms of BOD (> 40%) was observed in Uttar Pradesh.

a) Solid waste deposition observed in drains Solid waste was found dumped along 41 drains in Uttarakhand, 176 drains in Uttar Pradesh, 60 drains in Bihar and 118 drains in West Bengal. The list of drains is attached as Appendix-4.3 and solid waste disposal along drains is depicted at Figure 4.1.

b) Monitoring status of drains from 2016 onwards:  In the year 2016, CPCB monitored 210 drains discharging into River Ganga and its tributaries draining about 10,492 MLD of wastewater having 520.6 TPD of pollution load.

 An increase in pollution load has been observed in 2025 w.r.t. previous year due significant increase in pollution load in river Ganga segment in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, River Ramganga segment in Uttarakhand and River Pandu segment in Uttar Pradesh.

57 In 2016, 3% (6 drains) of monitored drains were found tapped and diverted to sewage treatment plants for treatment of wastewater. However, the number of tapped drains increased from 3% to 39.5% (292 out of 739 monitored drains) during post-monsoon 2025. Monitoring status of drain from 2016 onwards is shown in Figure 4.2.

c) Towns identified for immediate action:

Drains discharging waste water into river Ganga and its tributaries from 13 cities/towns namely Kashipur, Meerut, Bulandshahar, Moradabad, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna, Kolkata, Bahrampore, Bhatpara, Uluberia and Howrah contributes 60.3% of the total flow and 73.0% of the total BOD pollution load. The contribution of BOD pollution load and flow from drains discharging from 13 identified cities is given in Table 4.7.

Kalyani river, Rudrapur Pandey wala Drain, Haridwar Ganda Drain, Kanpur Odean Nala, Meerut Devipura drain, Bulandshahar Adil drain, Bulandshahar Nishal Ghat drain, Bulandshahar Lal Bagh Drain, Moradabad Figure 4.1 Solid waste disposal observed along the drains 58MONITORING OF DRAINS: 2016-2025 7 .1 1 8 6 .0 4 .1 5 6 5 .2 2 6 1 7 3 60 .4 0 6 2 7 6 9 .5 6 1 75 .6 9 6 7 2 7 4 .3 8 5 9 3 7 2 5 .1 8 1 5 4 4 3 3 5 9 7 2 2 9 2 0 5 8 7 9 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 62 .1 1 8 19 .2 1 8 38 .3 1 4 68 .1 1 3 .3 1 7 .9 6 .4 1 0 .1 1 6 .2 1 2016 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Drains Monitored BOD Load (TPD) Tapped Drains Flow (thousand MLD) Figure 4.2 Monitoring status of drains from 2016 onwards Table 4.7 Contribution of BOD pollution load and flow from drains discharging from identified cities State Town/City Flow (MLD) BOD pollution load (TPD) Uttarakhand Kashipur 143.59 212.26 Meerut 397 131.59 Moradabad 164.58 23.21 Bulandshahar 86.55 12.28 Kanpur 325.81 38.15 Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj 138.54 48.73 Varanasi 388.7 20.82 Bihar Patna 164.51 6.14 Kolkata 897.94 37.49 Bahrampore 103.16 9.7 Bhatpara 103.03 9.67 West Bengal Uluberia 3160.37 20.11 Howrah 1515.64 23.34 Total 7589.42 593.49

Note: Flow in certain drains was not measured, therefore, flow & load could be higher.

4.1.2.3 Action taken by CPCB CPCB issued letters to the Pollution Control Boards of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar:  To identify the source of pollution in drains and take appropriate action against contributing source/industrial unit.

 To direct concerned authorities to ensure that drains having broken/damaged/temporary tapping provisions shall be repaired immediately and sewage pumping stations shall be operated regularly so that no wastewater is discharged through tapped drains.

 To direct concerned authorities to remove solid waste dumped along identified drains and dispose it safely.

4.1.3 Monitoring of Rivers and Drains in Kanpur-Unnao Region The CPCB, jointly with UPPCB, carried out regular monitoring of 29 drains (27 in Kanpur, 2 in Unnao), nine river water quality stations (eight on the Ganga, one on the Pandu) in the Kanpur–Unnao region during April 592025 and March 2026. Total 23 rounds of monitoring were conducted. Out of 27 drains, 18 have gradient towards River Ganga and 09 towards River Pandu. Out of 18 drains discharging towards River Ganga, 12 drains were tapped and 01 partially tapped. Overflow was observed in 8 tapped drains namely Sisamau drain, Parmath drain, Tafco drain, Muir Mill (3 MLD), Bhagwatdas drain (2.07 MLD), Sheetla Bazar (14.8 MLD), Budhiya Ghat and Wazidpur. Significantly high BOD (upto 1236 mg/L), COD (upto 2159 mg/L) and total chromium (upto 78.99 mg/L) concentrations were found in drains namely Wazidpur, Sheetla Bazar and Dabka. Out of 9 drains having gradient towards river Pandu, 2 drains were tapped and 4 are partially tapped Overflow (upto 216 MLD) was observed in both tapped drains namely COD drain (142.77 MLD) and ICI drain. High BOD (upto 523 mg/L) and COD (1944 mg/L) were observed in Panki, Shiv Nagar-Pipauri and Sagarpuri drains. In Unnao, there are two drains- City Jail drain and Loni drain and both are untapped, have their gradients towards river Ganga, and carry industrial wastewater besides sewage. High levels of BOD (200 mg/L), COD (580 mg/L) and total chromium concentration (2.4 mg/L) were observed in City Jail drain.

River water quality assessment across nine locations revealed that while dissolved oxygen levels in the Ganga met bathing criteria throughout, the river failed to comply with BOD and faecal coliform norms at all locations. In River Pandu, BOD levels were found up to 16.3 mg/L and did not meet DO, BOD or faecal coliform norms. Exceedance analysis showed that in River Ganga, the percent exceedances were 66.0% for BOD and 53% for faecal coliforms, while River Pandu exhibited percent exceedances of 44% for DO, 87% for BOD and 57% for faecal coliforms.

CPCB issued letter to UPPCB & Chief Secretary, Government of Uttar Pradesh, regarding pollution-source identification, repair of damaged tapping systems, strict operation of sewage pumping stations, surveillance of tanneries and illegal industrial units, and imposition of environmental compensation on violators. Major issues identified include non-compliance of river water quality with bathing norms, discharge from untapped drains, overflow from tapped drains, inadequate sewerage networks, insufficient pumping capacities and illegal industrial discharges. The recommended way forward includes preparation and implementation of robust pollution-control action plans, tapping and diversion of remaining drains, expansion of sewerage infrastructure and STPs, enhancement of pumping station capacity and maintenance, separation of sewage and stormwater systems, capping of leakage points, strengthened vigilance to ensure uninterrupted operation of sewage management systems. These coordinated actions by Municipal Corporation, UPPCB, CPCB, Development Authority and UP Jal Nigam are essential for effective river rejuvenation in the Kanpur–Unnao region.

4.2 River Yamuna Monitoring of drains discharging directly into river Yamuna is being carried out by CPCB on half-yearly basis i.e. Pre and Post monsoon seasons in five Yamuna main stem states (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh). These drains carry wastewater, which comprises sewage, industrial effluent, and surface run off. Inventory of drains is updated in-consultation of SPCBs, Jal Nigam/Jal Sansthan, NMCG and SMCG. Pollution source mapping of highly polluted drains was also conducted.

4.2.1 Work Accomplished During 2025

1. Half yearly monitoring of 163 drains discharging directly into river Yamuna in main stem states (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh) during post-monsoon, 2025 season.

2. Delhi-Yamuna drains monitoring at 52 finalized locations (40 in Sahibi river including its sub-drains and 12 in Shahdara drain including its sub-drains)

4.2.2 Half Yearly Monitoring of Drains

4.2.2.1 Data Generation and Key findings During post-monsoon 2025, monitoring of 163 drains discharging directly into river Yamuna in main stem states (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh) was conducted. A total of 12 drains during post-monsoon 2025 could not be measured for flow due to non-approachable sites, solid waste/ 60religious waste deposition, scattered flow or low/ meagre/ stagnant flow although sampling was still carried out. Additionally, 12 drains were found dry. As a result, the total flow and BOD pollution load are likely higher than the reported values. State-wise status of monitored drains for Post monsoon 2025 is given in Tables 4.8 & 4.9 (a & b).

Table 4.8: State wise status of drains monitored during Post-Monsoon 2025 Yamuna drains Post-Monsoon 2025 Status States Monitored Flow BOD pollution Tapped/ Interim remedial Drains (MLD) load (TPD) Drains measures adopted Uttarakhand 20 3.40 0.488 0 2 Himachal Pradesh 5 3.72 0.70 0 0 Haryana 4 2181.06 170.85 0 0 Delhi 2 2531.53 175.65 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 132 1365.54 152.48 51 7 Total-A 163 6085.25 500.16 51 9 MLD -Millions Litre Per Day, TPD -Tonnes Per Day The monitored drains are also categorized based on flow i.e. <1 MLD, 1-10 MLD and >10 MLD and the

status is as follows:

Table 4.9a: Status of drains categorised on the basis of flow during Post-Monsoon 2025 Untapped Tapped Partial Total BOD No. tapped/ BOD State Flow Range Flow Complete No. of Flow number Load of Tapped Load

(MLD) (MLD) Tapped STPs (MLD) of drains (TPD) STPs with (TPD) Overflow <1 17 0.00 0.000 0 0 0 0 1-10 3 3.40 0.488 0 0 0 0 0 0 Uttarakhand >10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total A 20 3.4 0.49 0 0 0 0 0 <1 4 0.203 0.030 0 0 0 0 Himachal 1-10 1 3.520 0.665 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pradesh >10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total B 5 3.72 0.70 0 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Haryana >10 4 2181.06 170.85 0 0 0 0 Total C 4 2181.06 170.85 0 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Delhi >10 2 2531.52 175.65 0 0 0 0 Total D 2 2531.52 175.65 0 0 0 0 0 <1 40 13.19 1.36 7 4 3.30 0.483 1-10 32 115.74 16.70 33 9 7 5 32.88 12.74 Uttar Pradesh >10 9 1058.63 50.79 4 4 141.8 70.40 Total E 81 1187.56 68.85 33 9 18 11 177.98 83.63 Grand Total 112 5907.27 416.53 33 9 18 11* 177.98 83.63 (A+B+C+D+E)

Note: Actual no. of drains required to be tapped is 90 out of 112 untapped drain excluding 22 nos. of dry/megre flow/lean flow drains. List of 22 no. of drains is attached at Appendix-4.5. *The 11 STPs include 06 STPs that receive flow too from fully tapped drains. Therefore, 51 drains have been tapped or partially tapped across only 14 STPs.

61Table 4.9 b: Status of drains monitored during Post-Monsoon 2025 categorised on the basis of Flow Untapped/ Tapped Flow Range (MLD) Total number of drains Flow (MLD) BOD pollution load (TPD) <1 61 13.39 1.39 1-10 36 122.66 51.94 Untapped >10 15 5771.21 363.20 Total (Untapped) 112 5907.27 416.54 <1 7 3.30 0.48 1-10 7 32.88 12.74 Tapped >10 4 141.80 70.40 Complete Tapped 33 0 0 Total (Tapped) 51 177.98 83.63 Grand Total (Untapped + Tapped) 163 6085.25 500.16

4.2.2.2 Status of interim remedial measures adopted in drains discharging into river Yamuna  Interim measures were adopted in 8 untapped/ partially tapped drains of Yamuna in Uttarakhand (2 untapped drains) and in Uttar Pradesh (5 untapped drains and 1 partiallt tapped drain). One drain, namely, Bhairo Nalla is partially tapped to 78 MLD Dhandupur STP and also has insitu interim measure.

 Interim measures were not adopted in 112 untapped drains in Uttarakhand (18), Himachal Pradesh (5), Haryana (4), Delhi (2) and Uttar Pradesh (76).  Interim measures were found non-functional/defunct in 2 drains (near Naseem house, Dhakrani and near old gharaat, Dhakrani) in Uttarakhand and 1 drain (Radha Nagar Drain Balkeshwar) in Uttar Pradesh.

 Ineffective remedial measure in terms of BOD reduction (increase in BOD value at downstream of interim measure in comparison of upstream value) was observed in 1 drain namely, Kailash Mandir drain in Uttar Pradesh. However, in 1 drain namely Islam Nagar drain, in Uttarakhand showed reduction in terms of BOD (> 15.8 %).

4.2.2.3 Solid waste deposition observed in drains Solid waste was found dumped along 13 drains in Uttarakhand, 2 drains in Himachal Pradesh and 97 drains in Uttar Pradesh. The list of drains is attached as Appendix 4.4. Figure 4.3 shows solid waste disposal along

drains:

Near Panda Samiti Shops Yamunotri Near Primary School Drain, Narayanpur, Janki Chatti 62Drain near Bridge / near Vidhayak Parking drain, Patleshwar Mandir Drain, Hamirpur

Janki Chatti:

Budhi Ka Nagla, Agra Katra Wazir Khan Drain-1, Agra Seksaria Drain, Agra Lohia Nagar Drain, Agra Artoni Drain, Agra Gailana Drain, Agra 63Jaswant Singh Ki Chatri - I, Agra Gokul Nagar Drain, Agra Figure 4.3 Solid waste disposal observed along the drains discharging into Yamuna

4.2.2.4 Status of drains tapped to various STPs State wise status of drains tapped to various sewage treatment plants is given in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 Status of drains tapped to various STPs Ganga Name of STP STP Capacity (MLD) No. of Drains Tapped States Mand Road Vrindavan , Mathura 8 1 Masani, Mathura (U.P.) 30 1 Trans Yamuna, Laxmi Nagar, Mathura 16 1 Dhadhupura 78 6 Peelakhar 10 5 Budi ka Nagla 2.25 1 Uttar Jaganpur, Sikandarpur 14 1 Pradesh Karanpur 10.445 1 Mauja Umrain 34.5 1 Numayadahi 50 5 Naini Old 80 9 New Naini 42 16 Devri Road 12 1 Mohammadpur 67 2 Total 51

4.2.3 Joint Monitoring of Drains discharging into River Yamuna in Delhi-NCR Stretch at 52 Locations Joint monitoring of drains discharging into river Yamuna in Delhi-NCR stretch was carried out by CPCB in coordination with NMCG, DPCC & DJB on monthly basis from May, 2025 to April, 2026. The monitoring program was designed to assess pollution loads entering the river, identify major sources of contamination, and support targeted interventions for improving water quality.

4.2.3.1 Data Generation and Key findings Two major drains- Sahibi river (Najafgarh drain) and Shahdara drain- were identified for monitoring, along with their second-, third- and fourth- order drains, to facilitate detailed pollution source mapping. The monitoring programme covers a total of 52 sampling locations comprising 40 locations in the Sahibi River (Najafgarh Drain) network and 12 locations in the Shahdara Drain network. Subsurface samples were collected in accordance with the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA,

2025). The collected samples were analysed at the CPCB Head Office laboratories for 12 key water quality parameters, namely Colour, pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 64Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrate Nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), Nitrite Nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammonical Nitrogen (NH₃-N), Total Nitrogen (calculated as NO₃⁻-N + NO₂⁻-N + TKN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Faecal Coliform (FC) following the procedures prescribed in Standard Methods (APHA, 2025).

4.2.3.2 Sahibi river (Najafgarh drain) network The Sahibi River enters Delhi at Dhansa Border and joins the Yamuna River on its right bank near the Wazirabad Bridge. Of the 40 monitoring locations within the Sahibi River network, 12 are located on the main channel of the Sahibi River, while the remaining 28 are situated on drains discharging into it. These include 13 locations on major drains, 9 locations on interstate drains shared with the neighbouring states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh; and 6 locations on supplementary drains (Figure 4.4).

The schematic diagram of Sahibi river drainage network is shown in Figure 4.4. The spatial distribution of BOD along the Sahibi River and its associated drains indicated a progressive deterioration in water quality.

The lowest BOD concentrations were observed at Locations 1 & 2 (Dhansa at Regulator and the Sahibi River at Ghumanhera) with BOD values up to 51 mg/L indicating comparatively lower organic pollution at the entry point. As the river flows downstream, it receives wastewater from several drains, resulting in a gradual increase in BOD concentrations suggesting substantial organic loading and seasonal fluctuations. The highest pollution hotspots are associated with Leg 1 drain (318 mg/L), Outfall of Draili Nala (362 mg/L), Outfall of New Moti Nagar drain (514 mg/L), New Drain (AB7) A/C of Alipur Link Drain & Drain No.6 (314 mg/L), Mungeshpur L. drain before entering Delhi (552 mg/L), and Mandauri drain (Upstream of Mungeshpur drain near Auchandi Border) (825 mg/L) with maximum BOD concentrations exceeding 300 mg/L. Despite dilution after mixing with the Supplementary Drain, the Sahibi River (Location code 12) continues to exhibit elevated BOD (23–154 mg/L) before discharging into the Yamuna, reflecting the cumulative impact of urban wastewater inputs. Several locations contained outliers demonstrating episodic spikes in organic pollution, possibly resulting from intermittent wastewater discharges, storm water runoff, or seasonal changes in flow (Figures. 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8).

Figure 4.4: Monitoring locations on Sahibi River1, its major drains2, Interstate drains3 and Supplementary drains4 651On Sahibi river 2Major drains 3Interstate drains 4Supplementary drains (12 locations) (13 locations) (09 locations) (06 locations) Location Location Location Location Code Code Code Code 1- Dhansa at regulator 30 A- Leg 3 drain 41- Mungeshpur Drain A/C 21- Outfall of 2- Sahibi river at 30 B- Leg 2 drain Bupania Churania Drain Supplementary Ghummanhera 30 C- Leg 1 drain (NB9) (near Nilwal) Drain at Kakrola 3- Sahibi river at Jhatikara 31- Palam drain (NB2) 41 A- Entry Point of Bhupania Mor bridge 32- Pankha Road Drain Churania drain (NB9) into 22- A/C of Kirari 4- A/C of Mundhela drain (NB7) Delhi Suleman Nagar

(NB10) 33- Ramesh nagar Drain 42- Mungeshpur Drain before Drain (KB12) 5- A/C of Bijwasan drain 34- Kirari Suleman entering Haryana (Near 23- A/C of Nangloi

(NB6) Nagar Drain (KB12) Nizampur) Drain (KB10) 6- A/C of Palam drain 35- Nagloi Drain (KB10) 43- Drain No. 6 (Delhi- 24- A/C of New Drain

(NB2) 36- JJ Colony Drain Haryana Border near (AB7) 7- A/C of Mangeshpur 37- Nasirpur Link Drain Narela) 25- A/C of Burari Creek drain (NB5) 44- New Drain (AB7) A/C of (AB5) 8- A/C of Pankha Road 38- Outfall of Driali Nala Alipur Link Drain & Drain 26- A/C of Toe Drain drain 39- Outfall of No.6 (AB17) and Jagatpur 9- A/C of Ramesh Nagar Shakurbasti Drain 45- New Drain (AB7) B/C to Link Drain (AB13) drain 40- Outfall of New Moti Supplemenatry Drain 10- A/C of JJ Colony + Nagar 46- Mungeshpur L. Drain Wazirpur Link drain before entering Delhi 11- A/C Jahangirpuri drain 46 A- Mundgeshpur drain (re-

(AB16) entry, 2nd entry) into 12- After merging of Sahibi Delhi river & Supplementary 47- Mandauri drain (Upstream drain of Mungeshpur drain near Auchandi Border) A/C- after confluence B/C- before confluence 66Figure 4.5: Schematic Diagram of Sahibi River drainage network (BOD Range observed at various locations during May, 2025- April, 2026) 67Figure. 4.6: BOD distribution at 12 monitoring locations of Sahibi river Figure. 4.7: BOD distribution at 13 monitoring locations on Major drains of Sahibi river 68Figure. 4.8: BOD distribution at 9 monitoring locations of Interstate drains of Sahibi river Figure. 4.9: BOD distribution at 6 locations on Supplementary drains of Sahibi river 69Sahibi River -12 Locations

250.00

224.33

186.42

200.00 174.92

148.08 156.25 151.83 146.58

150.00 131.50 129.25

118.50

83.00

100.00

64.91 68.67

54.58 57.92 55.50 57.58 55.17

43.42 36.33 45.42 41.00

50.00

16.08 17.45 28.09

14.78 14.95 20.87 22.33 21.46 19.48 17.66 17.64 17.12

0.00 5… 6.03 )1 ( r o ta lu g e r tA a s n a h D )2 ( a r e h n a m m u h G ta r e v ir ib ih a S e g d ir b a r a k ita h J ta r e v ir ib ih a S)3 ( )4 ( )0 1 B N ( n ia r d a le h d n u M fo C /A )5 ( )6 B N ( n ia r d n a s a w jiB fo C /A )6 ( )2 B N ( n ia r d m a la P fo C /A )7 ( n ia r d r u p h s e g n a M fo C /A )8 ( n ia r d d a o R a h k n a P fo C /A )9 ( n ia r d r a g a N h s e m a R fo C /A r u p r iz a W + y n o lo C J J fo C /A)0 1 ( n ia r d k n iL )6 1 B A ( n ia r d ir u p r ig n a h a J C /A)1 1 ( d n a r e v ir ib ih a S fo g n ig r e m r e tfA)2 1 ( n ia r d y r a tn e m e lp p u S Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.10: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 12 monitoring locations of Sahibi river Interstate drains of Sahibi River -09 Locations

700.00

594.56

600.00

500.00

418.18

400.00

288.27

257.09

300.00 228.67 247.56

221.00

173.00

200.00 118.25 152.91 120.86

85.64 78.67 104.55 82.29

100.00 60.08

35.75 17.50 31.77 26.29 18.65 25.29 40.00 20.66

24.07

0.00 14.60 12.91 a in a p u B C /A n ia r D r u p h s e g n u Mr a e n ( )9 B N ( n ia r D a in a r u h C)1 4 ( )la w liN g n ir e tn e e r o fe b n ia r D r u p h s e g n u M)2 4 ( )r u p m a z iN r a e N ( a n a y r a H r e d r o B a n a y r a H -ih le D ( 6 .o N n ia r D)3 4 ( )a le r a N r a e n r u p ilA fo C /A )7 B A ( n ia r D w e N)4 4 ( 6 .o N n ia r D d n a n ia r D k n iL o t C /B )7 B A ( n ia r D w e N)5 4 ( n ia r D y r ta n e m e lp p u S e r o fe b n ia r D .L r u p h s e g n u M)6 4 ( ih le D g n ir e tn e fo m a e r ts p U ( n ia r d ir u a d n a Mid n a h c u A r a e n n ia r d r u p h s e g n u M)7 4 ( )r e d r o B a in a r u h C a in a p u h B fo tn io P y r tn E)A 1 4 ( ih le D o tn i )9 B N ( n ia r d d n 2 ,y r tn e -e r ( n ia r d r u p h s e g n u M)A 6 4 ( ih le D o tn i )y r tn e Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.11: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 09 monitoring locations at Interstate drains of Sahibi River 70Major drains of Sahibi River -13 Locations

600.00

551.80

486.43

500.00

394.67 378.42 393.86

400.00 341.50 331.00

306.17 309.43

268.67

300.00

232.40 210.29

156.50 160.43

200.00 138.42 168.92 137.86

123.67 112.00 140.25 134.17 116.50

100.00 39.50 53.75 28.50 29.23 30.06 32.00 30.63 38.08

9.50 19.39 25.55

0.00 34.67 22.60 29.64 21.14 43.80 3.50 )1 3 ( )2 B N ( n ia r d m a la P )2 3 ( )7 B N ( n ia r D d a o R a h k n )3 3 ( n ia r D r a g a n h s e m a R n ia r D r a g a N n a m e lu S ir a r iK)4 3 ( )2 1 B K ( )5 3 ( )0 1 B K ( n ia r D io lg a N )6 3 ( n ia r D y n o lo C J J )5 B N ( n ia r D k n iL r u p r is a N)7 3 ( )8 3 ( a la N ila ir D fo lla ftu O n ia r D its a b r u k a h S fo lla ftu O)9 3 ( r a g a N ito M w e N fo lla ftu O)0 4 ( )A 0 3 ( n ia r d 3 g e L )B 0 3 ( n ia r d 2 g e L )C 0 3 ( n ia r d 1 g e L a P Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.12: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 13 monitoring locations at Major drains of Sahibi River Supplementary drain -06 Locations

165.83

180.00

147.58

160.00

133.00

140.00 117.50

109.42

120.00

86.00

100.00

80.00 57.50 53.17 59.92

60.00 39.33 43.25

26.08

40.00

20.00 20.23 17.87 14.93 18.01 17.22

7.85

0.00 y r a tn e m e lp p u S fo lla ftu O)1 2 ( e r o M a lo r k a K ta n ia r D n a m e lu S ir a r iK fo C /A)2 2 ( )2 1 B K ( n ia r D r a g a N n ia r D io lg n a N fo C /A)3 2 ( )0 1 B K ( )7 B A ( n ia r D w e N fo C /A)4 2 ( )5 B A ( k e e r C ir a r u B fo C /A)5 2 ( )7 1 B A ( n ia r D e o T fo C /An ia r D k n iL r u p ta g a J d n a)6 2 ( )3 1 B A ( Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.13: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 06 monitoring locations at Supplementary drains

714.2.3.2.1 Shahdara drain network Shahdara Drain joins the Yamuna River on its left bank. A total of 12 sampling locations have been established within the Shahdara Drain network. Of these, 06 monitoring locations are on the main channel of the Shahdara Drain, while the remaining 06 are on interstate drains that discharge into the Shahdara Drain (Figure 4.14).

Figure 4.14: Monitoring locations on Shahdara drain1 and its Interstate drains2 1On Shahdara drain 2Interstate drains (06 locations) (06 locations) Location Location Code Code 51- Shahdara outfall drain (TY3) before entering UP 61- At origin of Karawal Nagar Drain (TY6) (Border of 52- Shahdara Link Drain (TY5) B/C to Ghazipur Drain UP-Delhi) 53- Ghazipur drain A/C of Sahibabad drain & B/C with 62- Karawal Nagar Drain near Shiv Vihar (Delhi-UP Shahdra Link Drain (TY5) Border) 54- Ghazipur drain (TY4) A/c of Vinod Nagar Drain 63- A/C of Escape Drain I (TY9) with Trunk drain no. 1 55- Sahibababd drain at Delhi-UP Border near Ghazipur 64- Brahampuri drain (Gokalpur Drain) near Poultry Mandi Brahampuri drain SPS 56- At confluence of Trunk drain no. I & Trunk drain 65- Trunk Drain No. 1 A/C of GT Road drain No. 2 66- Sahibabad drain near Shaheed Nagar metro station at GT Road The schematic diagram of Shahdara drainage network is shown in Figure 4.15. The spatial distribution of BOD along the Shahdara drain and its associated interstate drains indicated substantial organic load. The central stretches of the drain system (Locations 52–55) experience considerable organic pollution, with Location 55 (Sahibababd drain at Delhi-UP Border near Ghazipur Poultry Mandi) being the most critically affected with maximum BOD 438 mg/L. In contrast, Location 51 (Shahdara outfall drain (TY3) before entering UP) represents the least organic load with maximum BOD concentrations up to 211 mg/L. Although some reduction is observed at the confluence of Trunk drain no. 1 & Trunk drain no. 2 (Location 56), but BOD levels remain elevated, reflecting persistent impacts of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater on the drain network. Among interstate drains, Locations 61, 62 & 66 carry ample organic load with BOD concentrations exceeding 300 mg/L whereas Location 64 showed comparatively lower and more stable BOD concentrations (Figures 4.15).

72Figure 4.15: Schematic Diagram of Shahdara drainage network (BOD range observed at various locations during May, 2025- April, 2026) 73Figure. 4.16: BOD distribution at 06 locations on Shahdara drain Figure. 4.17: BOD distribution at 06 locations on Interstate drains of Shahdara drain 74Shahdara drain -06 Locations

500.00 464.67 453.55

450.00 385.82 397.33

400.00

350.00 303.50

300.00

219.33 224.75

250.00 197.55

200.00 175.82 163.08

150.00 114.00 95.42

100.00

30.77 30.07 36.03 33.01

50.00 31.40 31.05

0.00 )3 Y T ( n ia r d lla ftu o a r a d h a h S)1 5 ( P U g n ir e tn e e r o fe b C /B )5 Y T ( n ia r D k n iL a r a d h a h S)2 5 ( n ia r D r u p iz a h G o t d a b a b ih a S fo C /A n ia r d r u p iz a h Gk n iL a r d h a h S h tiw C /B & n ia r d)3 5 ( )5 Y T ( n ia r D fo c /A )4 Y T ( n ia r d r u p iz a h G)4 5 ( n ia r D r a g a N d o n iV P U -ih le D ta n ia r d d b a b a b ih a Sy r tlu o P r u p iz a h G r a e n r e d r o B)5 5 ( id n a M .o n n ia r d k n u r T fo e c n e u lfn o c tA)6 5 ( 2 .o n n ia r d k n u r T d n a I Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.18: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 06 monitoring locations at Shahdara drains Interstate drains of Shahdara drain -06 Locations

1000.00

858.67

900.00

800.00

700.00

600.00 484.82

500.00 389.42 393.25

400.00 312.67 312.58 319.58

300.00 198.55

200.00 157.17 119.17 115.08 134.92

37.30

100.00 32.29 34.92 30.87 30.91 31.26

0.00 n ia r D r a g a N la w a r a K fo n ig ir o tA)1 6 ( )ih le D -P U fo r e d r o B ( )6 Y T ( v ih S r a e n n ia r D r a g a N la w a r a K)2 6 ( )r e d r o B P U -ih le D ( r a h iV h tiw )9 Y T ( I n ia r D e p a c s E fo C /A)3 6 ( 1 .o n n ia r d k n u r T r u p la k o G ( n ia r d ir u p m a h a r Bn ia r d ir u p m a h a r B r a e n )n ia r D)4 6 ( S P S d a o R T G fo C /A 1 .o N n ia r d k n u r)5 6 ( n ia r d d e e h a h S r a e n n ia r d d a b a b ih a Sd a o R T G ta n o ita ts o r te m r a g a N)6 6 ( T Average BOD (mg/l) Average COD (mg/l) Average NH3-N (mg/l) Figure. 4.19: Average BOD, COD and ammoniacal nitorgen at 06 monitoring locations at interstate drains of Shahdara drains

754.2.3.2.2 Solid waste dumping along the drains Solid waste dumping along the drains was observed as another significant concern during monitoring program at 32 drains.

4.2.3.2.3 Tapping provisions Tapping provisions were found to be inadequate or non-functional for several months at 11 locations of drains as per Table 4.11.

Table 4.11: List of drains with inadequate Tapping provision at 11 locations Sr. Location Location Name Monitoring team Observations No. Code New Drain (AB7) B/C to

1. 45 Non-functional (overflow) Supplementary Drain

2. 31 Palam drain (NB2) Submerged and Non-functional Functional but screens installed are non-operational and Solid waste observed

3. 32 Pankha road drain (NB7) all over the tapping point

4. 33 Ramesh nagar Drain Non-functional (bypass) Also, bar screens choked with solid waste Kirari Suleman Nagar Drain Functional but overflow observed. Also, huge sludge deposited upstream of

5. 34

(KB12) tapping arrangement and screens broken Functional but inadequate due to overflow observed in June, September,

6. 35 Nagloi Drain (KB10) October, November 2025 and January 2026

7. 36 JJ Colony Drain Non-functional Outfall of Driali Nala in Sahibi Tapping arrangement constructed but not handed over to DJB. And, now

8. 38 River defunct and submerged. Also, Mechanical screens installed were non-functional At origin of Karawal Nagar Drain

9. 61 Non-functional (by-pass)

(TY6) (Border of UP-Delhi) Karawal Nagar Drain near Shiv

10. 62 Non-functional (by-pass) vihar (Delhi-UP border) Brahampuri drain (Gokalpur Drain)

11. 64 Non-operational near Brahampuri drain SPS Dhansa at regulator (Location code-1) Leg 1 drain (Location code: 30 C) Entry point of Sahibi river in Delhi Untapped Major drain of Sahibi river Drain no. 6 (Delhi-Haryana Border near Narela) A/C of Toe Drain (AB17) and Jagatpur Link Drain (Location code- 43) Solid waste dumping (AB13) (Location code: 26) (Interstate drain of Sahibi river) (Supplementary drain of Sahibi river) 76At Ghazipur drain A/C of Sahibabad drain & B/C Sahibabad drain near Shaheed nagar metro station with Shahdara Link Drain (TY5) (Location code: at GT Road, Uttar Pradesh (Location code: 66)

53) Shahdara drain (Interstate drain of Shahdara) Figure 4.20: Some representative photographs of drain monitoring locations discharging into river Yamuna in Delhi-NCR stretch

4.2.3.3 Conclusion

1. Two major (first order) drains were identified —the Sahibi River (Najafgarh Drain) and the Shahdara Drain—for monitoring, along with their associated second-, third- & fourth-order drains comprising 19 drains discharging into Sahibi river and 06 drains discharging into Shahdara drain encompassing a total of 52 sampling locations.

2. Highest average values were observed: i. BOD: 393.25 mg/l; COD: 858.67 mg/l and TSS: 533.92 mg/l at Sahibabad drain near Shaheed Nagar metro station at GT Road (Interstate drain of Shahdara drain) due to discharge from non- confirming industrial area and dumping of solid wastes and silt/sludge along the bank of drains.

ii. NH -N: 43.8 mg/l at Nagloi drain (KB10) (Major drain of river Sahibi) due to discharge from 3 local dairies and animal sheds. iii. Faecal Coliform: 2 x 1015 Mandauri Drain (upstream of Mungeshpur drain near Auchandi Border) (interstate drains of river Sahibi) due to discharge from local dairies and animal sheds.

3. The top polluting drains were identified as below:

Sr. Location Average Value (BOD / COD / Drain Name Observations No. Code TSS / NH₃-N / FC)

160.43 / 393.86 / 280.29 / Predominantly municipal sewage and 1 Leg-1 Drain 30 (c)

38.08 / 2.30x 1013 commercial wastewater discharge; Animal waste Non-functional tapping (Pappankalan STP);

123.67 / 306.17 / 101 / 364.67 2 Palam Drain (NB-2) 31 sewage bypass, solid waste dumping and / 2.95 x 1012 overflow observed.

Tapping inadequate; untreated sewage bypassing

140.25 / 341.5 / 194.75 / 29.64 3 Ramesh Nagar Drain 33 directly into Sahibi River; solid waste choking / 8.45 x 1013 bar screens

134.17 / 331 / 180.17 / 43.80 / Untreated sewage, industrial effluent and 4 Nagloi Drain (KB-10) 35

3.38 x 1013 overflow from tapping arrangements.

Outfall of New Moti 232.4 / 551.8 / 243.6 / 30.06 / Severe municipal & industrial pollution 5 40 Nagar Drain 1.84 x 1014 observed.

78.67 / 228.67 / 144.17 / 31.77 Interstate drain with village sewage, industrial 6 Drain No. 6 43 / 2.08 x 1010 discharge and solid waste dumping.

104.55 / 288.27 / 306.64 / Industrial wastewater, vehicle washing, 7 New Drain (AB-7) 44

26.29 / 9.2 x 1013 hospitality units; nutrient enrichment observed.

Mandauri Drain (upstream of

247.56 / 594.56 / 291.22 / Metallic colour, oil & grease, acidic water 8 Mungeshpur drain 47

25.29 / 2.0 x 1015 indicating industrial contamination. near Auchandi Border) 77Shahdara Link Drain 175.82 / 385.82 / 234.18 / Domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, C&D 9 52 (TY-5) 30.77 / 1.02 x 1014 waste and animal carcass disposal observed.

219.33 / 464.67 / 338.33 / Mixed industrial discharge; sludge deposition 10 Shahdara Drain 54

36.03 / 3.65 x 1011 and solid waste accumulation.

Yamuna vihar STP discharge; small scale units

119.17 / 312.67 / 493.08 / 11 Trunk Drain no. 1 63 working in dyeing & washing, PVC granules and

30.87 / 1.62 x 1013 e-waste recycling Sahibabad Drain near

393.25 / 858.67 / 533.92 / Textile/dyeing industries, slaughterhouse & 12 Shaheed nagar metro 66

37.30 / 3.97 x 1012 poultry waste major pollution contributors. station at GT Road

4. Solid waste dumping was observed at 32 locations.

5. Tapping arrangements were observed as inadequate for 11 drains (non-functional at 07 drains, non- operational at 01 drain and functional but overflowing at 03 drains), of which, 08 drains are on Sahibi river network and 03 drains are on Shahdara drain network.

4.2.3.4 Follow-up Actions

1. Pursuant to the directives of the Hon'ble Home Minister, Government of India, a High-Level Committee has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi to periodically review the progress of works being carried out for the rejuvenation of the River Yamuna. CPCB also issued letters to HSPCB and UPPCB vide letter dated 03.06.2026 to provide various information on efforts being undertaken/action plan formulated to reduce pollution in the drains/River Yamuna.

2. DPCC issued directions dated 05.02.2026 to MCD, I&FCD, CPWD, PWD GNCTD, DDA, NDMC, UDD GNCTD, DSIIDC and Delhi Cantonment Board, to submit the ATR w.r.t. the solid waste removal at the various locations. However, action taken report from any concerned agencies yet not received.

3. A detailed mapping of the drains originating from Haryana and UP, may be carried out by HSPCB and UPPCB, to identify the possible reasons for severe pollution in the drains and to assess the effectiveness of pollution control measures being taken so far.

4. HSPCB & UPPCB directed to intensify monitoring of interstate drains and industrial pollution sources.

78SECTION 5: WATER QUALITY STUDY IN RIVER GANGA AND YAMUNA CPCB has undertaken various initiatives to monitor the water quality status of the River Ganga and its tributaries. These initiatives include:

1. Manual water quality monitoring of River Ganga through the concerned SPCBs at 112 locations;

2. Manual water quality monitoring of River Yamuna through the concerned SPCBs at 33 locations;

3. Real time water quality monitoring of river Ganga and its tributaries through sensor-based system at 40 locations; and

4. Half-yearly biomonitoring (pre- and post-monsoon) of River Ganga, River Yamuna and their tributaries.

5.1 Manual water quality monitoring in river Ganga Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) carried out monitoring for assessment of water quality of River Ganga at 112 locations from 2023 onwards on main stem of river Ganga (Uttarakhand-19, Uttar Pradesh-41, Bihar-33, Jharkhand-04 and West Bengal-15) through SPCBs of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Manual monitoring locations on river Ganga are shown in Figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Manual monitoring locations on river Ganga Frequency of monitoring in Upper Ganga reaches i.e. at Gangotri, Kedarnath & Badrinath is on annual basis, from Rudraprayag to Devprayag on quarterly basis and thereafter remaining stretch i.e. from Swarg Ashram

(Uttarakhand) to Ganga at Patikali (West Bengal) on fortnightly basis (except bindughat, Haridwar on monthy basis). Water samples are analysed by respective SPCBs. The state-wise distribution of monitoring stations is given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Monitoring frequency and state-wise distribution of water quality monitoring stations Manual monitoring network Monitoring State Monitoring Monitoring frequency agency stations Yearly Quarterly Monthly Bi-monthly Uttarakhand 19 3 6 1 9 UKPCB Uttar Pradesh 41 - - - 41 UPPCB Bihar 33 - - - 33 BSPCB 79Manual monitoring network Monitoring State Monitoring Monitoring frequency agency stations Yearly Quarterly Monthly Bi-monthly Jharkhand 4 - - - 4 JSPCB West Bengal 15 - - - 15 WBPCB Total 112 3 6 1 102 Water samples have been analysed for up to 65 parameters viz. field observations-7 (fortnightly), core parameters-11 (fortnightly), general parameters-19 (fortnightly), trace metals-9/toxic substance-1 (twice in a year), pesticides-15 (twice in a year), biomonitoring-3 (on need basis). The detailed list of parameters along with monitoring frequency is shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Details of parameters monitored on river Ganga Parameters Present Frequency Field Observations (7) Weather, Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water table, Colour and intensity, Odor, Visible effluent discharge, Human activities around station, Fortnightly station detail.

Core Parameters (11) Temperature, pH, Conductivity DO, BOD, Nitrate -N, ammonia- N, Total Fortnightly coliform, Fecal Coliform, Fecal Streptococci & E. coli General Parameters (19) COD, TKN, Ammoniacal -N, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Hardness, Fluoride, Boron, Chloride, Sulphate, Fortnightly Total Alkalinity, P-Alkalinity, Phosphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium Trace Metals (9) Twice in a year Arsenic, Nickel, Copper, Mercury, Chromium, Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Iron (April and October) Pesticide (15) Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gama BHC (Lindane), OP DDT, PP DDT, Alpha Twice in a year Endosulphan, Beta Endosulphan, Dieldrin, Carboryl (Carbamate), 2.4D, Aldrin, (April and October) Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos

5.1.1 Data Generation and Salient Findings Monitoring data of manual monitoring stations (112 locations out of 112 sanctioned manual monitoring stations) is submitted through Environmental Water Quality Data Entry System (EWQDES). Thereafter, the data is compiled, verified, validated, communicated to NMCG, also shared with National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC) since 2018 by CPCB, and is being made available in public domain on India Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS).

5.1.2 Water Quality Status River water quality is assessed for notified primary water quality criteria for bathing water w.r.t parameters pH (6.5-8.5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO≥ 5 mg/l), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD≤ 3 mg/l), Fecal Coliforms (FC≤ 2500 MPN/100 ml) and Fecal Streptococci (FS≤ 500 MPN/100 ml) (Appendix 5.1).

Water quality data of River Ganga for water quality parameters, specifically pH, DO, BOD, FC and FS, for the period January-December, 2025 was analysed based on the median values (central tendency of the data) to identify river stretches/locations which are not conforming the primary water quality criteria for bathing waters for the mentioned set of parameters. However, in terms of pH the water quality of river Ganga observed to be meeting primary water quality criteria for bathing at all monitoring locations during all occasions.

80There is a significant variability in the values on various parameters, viz. pH, DO, BOD and FC for the samples taken from the same location on different dates. The values of the parameters also vary at different locations for the samples collected on the same day. The present data represents a snapshot of water quality at a specific location and time and may vary significantly depending upon factors such as upstream anthropogenic activities, rate of flow, depth of sampling, time of sampling, river current and mixing of currents, sampling location and such other multiple factors. As a result, these values reflect water quality parameters at the exact time and place from where these water samples were collected and may not fully represent the overall characteristics of the river, therefore, not necessarily reflecting the overall river water quality throughout the river stretch.

5.1.3 Status of water quality of River Ganga during 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) For assessment of river water quality during 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec), Median values which is simply a measure of central tendency of parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD) and Faecal Coliform (FC) of year 2024 and 2025 (Jan-Dec) (fortnightly data) are compared in Appendix 5.2 and following observations have been made:

A. pH

1. pH (Median) has been observed to be meeting water quality criteria for bathing at all the compared locations during 2024 & 2025 (110 locations compared).

B. BOD

1. BOD (Medain) has been observed to be meeting water quality criteria for bathing at all locations exept for three stretches/locations from (i) Farrukhabad to Purana Rajapur, Kanpur, (ii) Dalmau, Raebareli, and

(ii) d/s of Mirzapur to Tarighat, Ghazipur (However, BOD (median) at two locations- U/s of Varanasi & U/s of Ghazipur of this stretch met water criteria for bathing) in Uttar Pradesh during 2025. (Appendix

5.2, Figure. 3).

2. Non- Compliance observed in 2025 as compared to 2024:  Dalmau, Raibareilly in Uttar Pradesh during 2025

3. BOD (Median) has improved at 67 locations, out of 110 locations compared.

C. Dissolved Oxygen DO (Median) has been observed to be meeting water quality criteria for bathing at 110 locations in 2025 as compared to 2024.

1. DO (Median) has improved at 91 locations at 110 compared loctions.

D. Faecal Coliform

1. Compliance observed in 2025 as compared to 2024:  Entire stretch of Bihar except U/s Munger, Patna in Bihar.

2. Non-Compliance observed in 2025 as compared to 2024:  Gorabazar, Behrampore and Shitlatala Palta in West Bengal.

3. FC (Median) has been improved at 65 locations, out of 110 locations compared.

E. Faecal Streptococci

1. Non-Compliance observed in 2025 as compared to 2024:  U/s Vindhyachal & U/s Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh

2. FS (Median) has been improved at 50 locations, out of 100 locations compared.

815.2 Manual water quality monitoring in river Yamuna Manual water quality monitoring of River Yamuna is carried out by CPCB through SPCBs/PCCs at 33 locations across Uttarakhand (4), Himachal Pradesh (4), Haryana (6), Delhi (7), and Uttar Pradesh (12). Manual monitoring locations on river Yamuna are shown in Figure 5.2.

Figure 5.2 Manual monitoring locations on river Yamuna The state-wise distribution of monitoring stations is given in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Monitoring frequency and state-wise distribution of water quality monitoring stations Monitoring Monitoring frequency State stations Yearly Quarterly Monthly Uttarakhand 4 2 2 - Himachal 4 - - 4 Pradesh Haryana 6 - 1 5 Delhi 7 - - 7 Uttar Pradesh 12 - - 12 Total 33 2 3 28

5.2.1 Data Generation and Salient Findings Monitoring data of manual monitoring stations (33 locations) is submitted through Environmental Water Quality Data Entry System (EWQDES). Thereafter, the data is compiled, verified, validated, and communicated to NMCG.

5.2.2 Water quality status River water quality is assessed for notified primary water quality criteria for bathing water w.r.t parameters pH (6.5-8.5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO≥ 5 mg/l), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD≤ 3 mg/l), Fecal Coliforms (FC≤ 2500 MPN/100 ml) and Fecal Streptococci (FS≤ 500 MPN/100 ml) (Appendix 5.1).

82There is a significant variability in the values on various parameters, viz. pH, DO, BOD and FC for the samples taken from the same location on different dates. The values of the parameters also vary at different locations for the samples collected on the same day. The present data represents a snapshot of water quality at a specific location and time and may vary significantly depending upon factors such as upstream anthropogenic activities, rate of flow, depth of sampling, time of sampling, river current and mixing of currents, sampling location and such other multiple factors. As a result, these values reflect water quality parameters at the exact time and place from where these water samples were collected and may not fully represent the overall characteristics of the river, therefore, not necessarily reflecting the overall river water quality throughout the river stretch.

Water quality data of River Yamuna for water quality parameters, specifically pH, DO, BOD, FC and FS, for the period January-December, 2025 was analysed based on the median values (central tendency of the data) to identify river stretches/locations which are not conforming the primary water quality criteria for bathing waters for the mentioned set of parameters.

5.2.3 Status of water quality of River Yamuna during 2025 (Jan-Dec): i. The river is conforming with bathing criteria for pH (median) throughout the monitored stretch (Appendix 5.3). ii. DO (median) is conforming the bathing criteria at all locations except Nizamuddin to Okhla after Shahdara drain (Delhi), Mohena Palwal Road (Haryana), and Shahpur (Uttar Pradesh).

iii. BOD (median) is conforming in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, four locations in Haryana (Hathnikund, Yamunanagar to Manglaura, Karnal and Sonepat), and Prayagraj D/s (Uttar Pradesh); non-conforming at Khojikpur, Panipat & Mohena Palwal Road (Haryana); Wazirabad to Okhla after Shahdara drain (Delhi), and Shahpur & Kesighat Vrindavan to Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh).

iv. FC (median) is conforming in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, two locations in Delhi (Wazirabad & Palla), Haryana, and Hamirpur to Prayagraj D/s (Uttar Pradesh), while non-conforming the criteria from Nizamuddin to Okhla after Shahdara drain (Delhi), Mohena Palwal Road (Haryana), Shahpur, and Kesighat Vrindavan to Juhika before Chambal confluence with Chanbal, Etawah (Uttar Pradesh).

v. FS (median) complied throughout Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, with exceedance observed at Mohena Palwal Road (Haryana).

5.3 Real time water quality monitoring of river Ganga and its tributaries CPCB, in Phase I under the National Ganga River Basin project, established a network of 36 Real Time Water Quality Monitoring (RTWQM) stations, based on data purchase model for five years’ duration. The project commenced on 11.03.2017 and ended on 11.09.2023.

In Phase II, the network of RTWQM stations was further expanded by setting up additional 40 RTWQM stations on River Ganga and its tributaries, based on same model (i.e. data purchase model). The project was awarded to the eligible firm for five-years duration. Data commencement from 40 RTWQM stations commenced from 14th February 2022. Of the 40 RTWQM stations, 17 stations are on river Ganga (17), and 23 stations on tributaries, namely, Yamuna (06), Damodar (04), Kali-East (02), Hindon (02) and one station each at River Kosi, Ramganga, Ghaghra, Gandak, Koshi, Punpun, Burhi Gandak, Sone and Sai River. State- wise distribution of 40 RTWQM stations is given below: Twelve water quality parameters are monitored uniformly at all 40 stations, namely, BOD, DO, COD, TOC, Chloride, Water level, Water depth, pH, Conductivity, Nitrate, Turbidity and Temperature and provides data on hourly basis. List of 40 RTWQM stations is attached at Appendix 5.4.

83Table 5.4: State-wise distribution of 40 RTWQM stations State Stations Uttarakhand 05 (All on River Ganga) Haryana 01 (Tributary-01) Uttar Pradesh 15 (Ganga-03, Tributaries-12) Bihar 10 (Ganga-04, Tributaries-06) West Bengal 06 (Ganga-03, Tributaries-03) Jharkhand 03 (Ganga-02, Tributary-01) Total 40 Table 5.5: River wise distribution of 40 RTWQM Stations River No. of Stations River Ganga 17 Tributaries 23  Yamuna 06  Hindon 02 02  Kali East 04  Damodar 01  Ramganga 01  Koshi 01  Kosi 01  Ghaghara 01  Burhi Gandak 01  Gandak 01  Sone 01  Punpun 01  Sai 01 Total 40 Road bridge on Burhi Gandak, Fafamau, Lord Curzon Bridge, Marhapur, Auraiya Khagaria Allahabad 84D/s of Har Ki Pauri, Dam Kothi, Durgapur barrage, Road Bridge D/s of Bhagalpur, Road Bridge on Haridwar River Ganga Figure 5.3: 40 RTWQM stations (both fixed and floating stations)

5.3.1 Field Visits undertaken to witness calibration check of RTWQM stations As per contract conditions, calibration is required to be performed at every 14 days for all the RTWQM stations. For 40 RTWQM stations, the calibrations of the sensors are witnessed by representatives of DQSC at every 14 days, which are carried out by the representatives of the Data Service Provider (DSP). A field visit mobile app has been developed and provided to the field technicians of DQSC for capturing important data during site visits for witnessing calibration checks. As part of the data qualification process, all sensors are subject to self-audit by the DSP. DQSC’s responsibility is to witness all self-audits and document the audits/calibration checks as part of the data qualification process. The details of the required calibration and calibration performed during January to December 2025 are tabulated below:

Table 5.6: Actual visits performed for Calibration checks Actual visits performed for S. No. Period Calibration checks

1. January-March, 2025 266

2. April-June, 2025 247

3. July-September, 2025 279

4. October-December, 2025 257 Total 1049 Samples for the parameters such as BOD, COD and TOC - validation of which cannot be done at site using a portable instrument, are collected, preserved and analysed in the laboratory. The laboratories for this purpose has been set up by the DSP. Based on the data qualification, hourly, daily and monthly data qualification reports are generated automatically through the WISKI software, developed by the DQSC. The automatic reports are further reviewed by the DQSC for modifications, if any, as per the ground realities and contract conditions.

5.3.2 Analysis of RTWQM data availability & qualification The RTWQM data generated at all the locations is transmitted initially to the Data Service Provider’s dedicated server, placed at the CPCB’s data centre. The data is then transferred to the CPCB server, for onward transmission and validation by the DQSC.

The data availability for the period January-December 2025 for 40 RTWQM project reveals that the total data received was maximum in February, 2025 (284640 hrs, i.e. 88.2%) followed by May, 2025 (314780 hrs, i.e., 88.2 %) whereas minimum data was received in August, 2025 (278187 hrs, i.e., 77.9 %) followed by October, 2025 (278966 hrs, i.e., 78.1%). The total data received from the operational stations is 82.1 % (excluding stations under Force Majeure Conditions (FMC).

85Table 5.7: Month-wise availability of RTWQM data from January 2025 to December 2025 Months Total Total % of Qualified % of Disqualified % of Dis- Targeted received Received Data Qualified Data Qualified

Data Data Data: (QD) data: (DD) data:

(TTD) (TRD) TTD Received Received Data Data Jan-25 357120 280807 78.6 271520 96.7 9287 3.3 Feb-25 322560 284640 88.2 274480 96.4 10160 3.6 Mar-25 357120 313804 87.9 310215 98.9 3589 1.1 Apr-25 345600 286750 83.0 280400 97.8 6350 2.2 May-25 357120 314780 88.1 313233 99.5 1547 0.5 Jun-25 345600 280464 81.2 276475 98.6 3989 1.4 Jul-25 357120 289281 81.0 287801 99.5 1480 0.5 Aug-25 357120 278187 77.9 272371 97.9 5870 2.1 Sep-25 345600 271761 78.6 266227 98.0 5534 2.0 Oct-25 357120 278966 78.1 270574 97.0 8392 3.0 Nov-25 345600 277416 80.3 270424 97.5 6992 2.5 Dec-25 357120 292344 81.9 276319 94.5 16025 5.5 TOTAL 42,04,800 3449200 82.1 3370039 98.0 79215 2.0

5.3.3 Data generation and salient findings

5.3.3.1 RTWQM data for stations set up on main stem of River Ganga for the period Jan-Dec, 2025 Of the total 40 RTWQM stations, 17 stations are located on the main stem of River Ganga and 23 stations on tributaries. All 17 stations were found operational and generated data on regular basis. The data for the

important parameters is tabulated below:

Table 5.8 Average value of important parameters from 17 RTWQM stations on River Ganga for the period 01.01.2025 to 31.12.2025 Station DO BOD COD S. No Station Name pH Code (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) 1 UK51 Rudraprayag 9.5 0.5 5 8.1 2 UK52 Tehri Garhwal 9 0.5 5 8.09 3 UK53 Tehri 8.1 0.5 5 7.7 4 UK54 Dehradun 8.8 0.5 5 8.09 5 UK55 D/s of Har Ki Pauri, Dam Kothi, Haridwar 8.8 0.5 5 8.2 6 UT64 Fafamau, Lord Curzon Bridge, Allahabad 8.4 3.3 14.8 8.4 7 UT65 Balu ghat bridge, Chunar 7.7 3.5 16 8.2 8 UT66 Ghazipur 8.4 3.9 16.9 8.4 9 BH72 River Ganga at Chausa, U/s of Buxar 7.6 2.4 11 7.9 10 BH74 Road bridge on River Ganga, D/s of Buxar 7.4 2.5 11.1 8.1 D/s of Bhagalpur, Road Bridge on 11 BH75 7.8 1.9 9.09 8.2 River Ganga 12 BH77 U/s of Patna city, Khurji 7.8 2.3 10.8 8.1 13 JH83 Sahebganj 6.9 2.3 10.4 8.09 14 JH84 Rajmahal at Malgodam 7.1 1.8 8.6 8.06 15 WB86 Farakka Barrage, Road Bridge 7.2 1.6 8.3 7.9 16 WB87 Nabadwip Bathing Ghat 7.6 1.8 12.4 8.1 17 WB88 Chinsura, Near Hooghly, Road Bridge 6.9 1.9 9.5 8.1

5.3.3.2 Assessment of Real Time water quality data for DO, BOD, pH and COD average values compliance in terms of bathing criteria. a. Dissolved Oxygen (Primary water quality criteria for bathing: DO ≥ 5 mg/l) Dissolved Oxygen was found complying with primary water quality criteria for bathing at all 17 locations during the period from January'25 to December'25. The maximum value for DO was reported as 9.5 mg/l at 86Rudraprayag (UK-51), and the minimum value was reported at Bhagalpur Road (D/s) as 6.9 mg/l (JH-83 & WB-88).

Trend Analysis of DO (mg/l) at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from Jan-Dec'25

9.5 l/g 10 89 9 8.1 8.8 8.8 8.4 7.7 8.4 7.6 7.4 7.8 7.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.6 6.9 m 7 n 6 i s e 45 u 3 la 2 V 1 0 … … g a y a r p a r d u R la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D ,ir u a P iK r a H fo s /Dr a w d ir a H ,ih to K m a D d r o L ,u a m a fa F,e g d ir B n o z r u C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la Br a n u h C r u p iz a h G ta a g n a G r e v iRr a x u B fo s /U ,a s u a h C r e v iR n o e g d ir b d a o Rr a x u B fo s /D ,a g n a G ,r u p la g a h B fo s /Dn o e g d ir B d a o R a n ta P jn a g b e h a S ta la h a m ja Rm a d o g la M ,e g a r r a B a k k a r a Fe g d ir B d a o R g n ih ta B p iw d a b a Nta h G r a e N , a r u s n ih Ce g d ir B d a o R ,y lh g o o H UK51 UK52 UK53 UK54 UK55 UT64 UT65 UT66 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84 WB86 WB87 WB88 RTWQMS DO (mg/l) Jan-Dec'25 Criteria Figure 5.4: Average DO (mg/l) at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from January'25 to December'25 b. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Primary water quality criteria for bathing: BOD ≤ 3mg/l) BOD values were found meeting the criteria for bathing at 14 RTWQM stations, while 3 stations were found non-complying, namely Fafamau, Lord Curzon Bridge (UT-64), Balu Ghat Bridge Chunar (UT-65) and Ghazipur (UT-66). The maximum value for BOD was reported as 3.9 mg/l at Ghazipur, while the minimum value was observed at all the stations in Uttarakhand as 0.5 mg/l.

Trend Analysis of BOD (mg/l) at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from Jan-Dec'25

4.5 3.9 4 3.5

3.3 )l/g m

3.5 3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 ( n i e

2.5 2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.9 u 1.5 la V 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5 0 g a y a r p a r d u R la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D m a D ,ir u a P iK r a H fo s /Dr a w d ir a H ,ih to K n o z r u C d r o L ,u a m a fa Fd a b a h a llA ,e g d ir B r a n u h C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la B r u p iz a h G s /U ,a s u a h C ta a g n a G r e vr a x u B fo r e v iR n o e g d ir b d a o Rr a x u B fo s /D ,a g n a G d a o R ,r u p la g a h B fo s /Da g n a G r e v iR n o e g d ir B a n ta P jn a g b e h a S m a d o g la M ta la h a m ja R d a o R ,e g a r r a B a k k a r a Fe g d ir B ta h G g n ih ta B p iw d a b a N ,y lh g o o H r a e N , a r u s n ih Ce g d ir B d a o R iR UK51UK52UK53UK54UK55 UT64 UT65 UT66 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84WB86WB87WB88 RTWQMS BOD (mg/l) Jan-Dec'25 Criteria 87Figure 5.5: Average BOD (mg/l) at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from January'25 to December'25 a. pH (Primary water quality criteria for bathing 6.5 to 8.5) pH was found complying at all 17 RTWQM stations during the said period located on the main stem of River Ganga. The maximum value of pH was observed as 8.4 at UT-64 and UT-66, while the minimum value of pH was observed as 7.7 at Tehri (UK-53).

Average pH values at 17 RTWQMS located at main stem of River Ganga from Jan- Dec'25 9 8.1 8.09 7.7 8.09 8.2 8.4 8.2 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.09 8.06 7.9 8.1 8.1 )l/g 78 m 6 ( n 45 i e 3 u 2 la 1 V 0 … … … … … … g a y a r p a r d u R la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D iK r a H fo s /Dm a D ,ir u a P d r o L ,u a m a fa F,e g d ir B n o z r u C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la Br a n u h C r u p iz a h G ta a g n a G r e v iRfo s /U ,a s u a h C n o e g d ir b d a o Rs /D ,a g n a G r e v iR ,r u p la g a h B fo s /Dn o e g d ir B d a o R a n ta P jn a g b e h a S ta la h a m ja Rm a d o g la M ,e g a r r a B a k k a r a Fe g d ir B d a o R g n ih ta B p iw d a b a Nta h G r a e N , a r u s n ih Cd a o R ,y lh g o o H UK51 UK52 UK53 UK54 UK55 UT64 UT65 UT66 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84 WB86WB87WB88 RTWQMS pH Jan-Dec'25 Criteria(Min) Criteria (Max) Figure 5.6: Average pH at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from January'25 to December'25 c. Average COD (mg/l) during the period January-December 2025.

The COD values varied between 5 mg/l to 16.9 mg/l. The minimum COD value of 5 mg/l was observed at all the stations in Uttarakhand and the maximum value was observed at Ghazipur (UT-66).

Average COD values at 17 RTWQMS located at main stem of River Ganga from Jan- Dec'25 18 14.8 16 16.9 )l/g m 111 246 11 11.1 9.09 10.8 10.4 8.6 8.3

12.4

9.5 ( n 10 8 5 5 5 5 5 i e 6 u 4 la 2 V 0 … … … … … … g a y a r p a r d u R la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D iK r a H fo s /Dm a D ,ir u a P d r o L ,u a m a fa F,e g d ir B n o z r u C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la Br a n u h C r u p iz a h G ta a g n a G r e v iRfo s /U ,a s u a h C n o e g d ir b d a o Rs /D ,a g n a G r e v iR ,r u p la g a h B fo s /Dn o e g d ir B d a o R a n ta P jn a g b e h a S ta la h a m ja Rm a d o g la M ,e g a r r a B a k k a r a Fe g d ir B d a o R g n ih ta B p iw d a b a Nta h G r a e N , a r u s n ih Cd a o R ,y lh g o o H UK51 UK52 UK53 UK54 UK55 UT64 UT65 UT66 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84 WB86WB87WB88 RTWQMS COD (mg/l) Jan-Dec'25 Figure 5.7: Average COD at 17 RTWQMS located at Main Stem of River Ganga from January'25 to December'25

885.3.3.3 Comparative Analysis of water quality data January 2024- December 2024 v/s January 2025 –December 2025 a. Dissolved Oxygen During the period from Jan-Dec 2024 and Jan-Dec 2025, 15 stations, out of 17 stations on main stem of River Ganga were found operational. Comparative analysis reveals that DO values were higher or equivalent at all stations except UK-52, UK-53, UK-54, UK-55, UT-65, JH-84 and WB-88. Furthermore, the DO values at all stations met the primary water quality standards for bathing (DO > 5 mg/l).

Comparative analysis of average DO (mg/l) values at mainstem stations of River Ganga

9.3 )l/g m 10 789 99.2 8.18.7 8.89.1 8.8 8.48.08 7.77.9 7.67.4 7.47.1 7.8

5.8

7.8 7.2 6.96.4 7.17.3 7.26.9 7.67.3 6.9 7.2 ( n 56 i eu 34 la 2 V 1 0 la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D ,ih to K m a D ,ir u a P iK r a H fo s/Dr a w d ir a H ,e g d ir B n o z r u C d r o L ,u a m a fa Fd a b a h a llA r a n u h C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la B r a x u B fo s/U ,a su a h C ta a g n a G re v iR fo s/D ,a g n a G r e v iR n o e g d ir b d a o Rr a x u B r e v iR n o e g d ir B d a o R ,r u p la g a h B fo s/Da g n a G a n ta P jn a g b e h a S m a d o g la M ta la h a m ja R e g d ir B d a o R ,e g a rr a B a k k a r a F ta h G g n ih ta B p iw d a b a N e g d ir B d a o R ,y lh g o o H r a e N , a r u sn ih C UK52 UK53 UK54 UK55 UT64 UT65 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84 WB86 WB87 WB88 RTWQMS DO (mg/l) Jan-Dec'25 DO (mg/l) Jan-Dec'24 Figure 5.8: Comparative Analysis of average DO (mg/l) values at 15 main stem stations of River Ganga b. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Data analysis reveals that during the period between Jan-Dec 2024, BOD values varied in the range 1.04 mg/l to 5.8, whereas during the period Jan-Dec 2025, BOD values varied in the range 0.5 mg/l to 3.5 mg/l. During the period Jan-Dec 2024, BOD values exceeded the bathing water quality criteria of BOD ≤ 3mg/l at 02 stations, whereas during the period between Jan-Dec 2025 the values exceeded the criteria limits at 02 locations.

Comparative analysis of average BOD (mg/l) values at mainstem stations of River Ganga 7 5.8 )l/g m ( n i eu 123456

0.50.9 0.5 0.5 0.50.9 0.51.3

3.3 3.53.8

2.42.1 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.3 2.3 1.6 2.3 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.04 1.8 1.6 1.91.6 la V 0 la w h r a G ir h e T ir h e T n u d a r h e D ,ih to K m a D ,ir u a P iK r a H fo s/Dr a w d ir a H ,e g d ir B n o z r u C d r o L ,u a m a fa Fd a b a h a llA r a n u h C ,e g d ir b ta h g u la B fo s/U ,a su a h C ta a g n a G re v iRr a x u B ,a g n a G r e v iR n o e g d ir b d a o Rr a x u B fo s/D e g d ir B d a o R ,r u p la g a h B fo s/Da g n a G r e v iR n o a n ta P jn a g b e h a S m a d o g la M ta la h a m ja R e g d ir B d a o R ,e g a rr a B a k k a r a F ta h G g n ih ta B p iw d a b a N d a o R ,y lh g o o H r a e N , a r u sn ih Ce g d ir B UK52 UK53 UK54 UK55 UT64 UT65 BH72 BH74 BH75 BH77 JH83 JH84 WB86 WB87 WB88 RTWQMS BOD (mg/l) Jan-Dec'25 BOD (mg/l) Jan-Dec'24 89Figure 5.9: Comparative Analysis of average BOD (mg/l) values at 15 main stem Stations of River Ganga

5.3.3.4 Display of RTWQM data from 40 locations in public domain The real time water quality instant data has been placed in public domain through CPCB website [rtwqmsdb1.cpcb.gov.in/#/].

Figure 5.10: Screenshot of RTWQM data display at CPCB website

5.4 Biomonitoring

5.4.1 Work accomplished during 2025 Choice of Bio-indicators- The dynamism of the river ecosystems provide habitat to a wide range of organisms from viruses and bacteria (microscopic), to invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals (macroscopic). Each group of organisms can indicate the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem characteristics in one way or another but a specific approach makes the bio-monitoring study more relevant.

The ecologists always quest for the ideal indicator organisms, the monitoring of which can represent the impact of environmental conditions and pollutants on the entire inhabiting biota. An ideal indicator organism

should have two main attributes:

1. It should be macroscopic (clearly visible to naked eyes); and

2. It should be non-migratory (should not migrate with the impact of pollution).

The members of the phyla Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca are both macroscopic and spend one part or the entire life attached to the substratum of the river, thus, qualify as the ideal indicators for the purpose of bio-monitoring of lotic ecosystems. These organisms are collectively referred to as the benthic macro-invertebrates (Figure 5.11). Macro-invertebrates visible to the naked eyes and retained on a US standard no. 30 sieve of mesh size 595-600 µm (APHA, 2017).

90Figure 5.11 Choice of Bio-indicators in Bio-monitoring CPCB is regularly conducting bio-monitoring of two major rivers of the country with study area spread along 2525 kms of River Ganga and 1370 kms of River Yamuna. During the period, total 126 bio-monitoring events were conducted in 2 rounds of bio-monitoring at 42 locations of River Ganga and at 26 locations of River Yamuna, as presented in Table 5.9 below:

Table 5.9 Study area with Bio-monitoring events Locations No.

Sampling Bio-monitoring Rivers From Origin To Confluence Main Tributaries Frequency events Stream River Gangotri Garden Reach 42* 08** (Twice a year) 100 Ganga (Uttarakhand) (West Bengal) River Yamunotri Prayagraj 26# 08## ×2 68 Yamuna (Uttarakhand) (Uttar Pradesh) Total Events (Ganga + Yamuna) = 168 *Locations coordinates are listed as Appendix 5.5 for river Ganga #Locations coordinates are listed as Appendix 5.6 for river Yamuna **Locations coordinates are listed as Appendix 5.7 for tributaries of river Ganga ##Locations coordinates are listed as Appendix 5.8 for tributaries of river Yamuna * During second round, at 02 locations viz., Gangotri and Harshil, monitoring could not be conducted due to flooding condition. At Varanasi d/s during first round and at Haridwar barrage, Jagjeetpur U/S and Jagjeetpur D/S, during second round, biological water quality could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample collection.

** During first round, Biological water quality at river Ramganga Farukkabad and river Pandu at Kanpur could not be assessed as sufficient number of macroinvertebrates were not observed. During second round, at 02 locations namely River Pandu (Kanpur) & River Varuna, the BWQ couldn’t be determined due to insufficient collection of Benthic macroinvertebrates.

#During the round, Biological Water Quality (BWQ) of 2 locations (Yamunotri and Syana Chetti,) could not be assessed due to weather conditions and 2 locations (Dak Pathar A/c and Okhla D/s) because of insufficient sample collection.

##During both the rounds, the Saprobic score at River Bata and Hindon could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample and this may be caused by the discharge of wastewater, also at river Bata insufficient collection might be due to unavailability of proper substratum.

Each bio-monitoring event typically lasted for 1-2 days and involved 3-4 team members including Scientists, Scientific Assistants, Researchers and Attendants.

915.4.2 Sample collection and analysis a. Sampling procedure:

Benthic macro-invertebrates sampling was carried out using the standard procedure mentioned in American Public Health Association (APHA), 2017 and International Standard ISO 16665: 2014. The sampling process was standardized according to the nature of substratum. Benthic macro-invertebrate collected by kick-net method and picking up insects from stones using forceps. In the sandy river bed, D-net (mesh size 0.6mm) was placed firmly on the river bed against the water current and organisms were collected from the sieve (mesh size 0.6 mm) after washing. Locations, where river bed consisted of clay and silt, grab samples are picked up by the shovel. The collected organisms were preserved in 4% formalin/70% Ethanol and transported to the laboratory for further analysis.

b. Sample analysis:

The collected organisms were washed using sieve in the laboratory to remove excess preservative and used for the calculation of diversity and saprobic scores. Diversity Score is being evaluated using Sequential Comparison Index (SCI) method. It ranges from 0.02 to 1, where, low score indicates less diverse macro- invertebrate community and high score indicates highly diverse community. The method involves pair–wise comparison of sequentially encountered individuals. The organism similar to the previous one is scored as ‘0’ and different are scored as ‘1’ run. The formula for calculation of diversity score is as below:

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒔 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆= 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒎𝒔 Saprobic score is a qualitative method which is calculated after identification of organisms upto family level.

The identification is done using a stereo zoom microscope and taxonomic keys. Saprobic Score/ASPT is based on the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) scoring chart. All the families are classified on a BMWP score scale of 1 to 10 according to their preference for saprobic water quality. The families which are most sensitive to pollution are getting a score of 10 & 9 while the pollution-tolerant families are getting a score of 1 and 2. The remaining intermediately sensitive families are placed in between the scoring scale of 3 to 8. The formula for Saprobic score calculation is as below:

𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 Saprobic value = 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 Where, Multiplied Score = No. of families encountered in a particular group × BMWP score of that group.

5.4.3 Data Generation and Salient Findings To assess the biological health of water bodies, CPCB has derived a Biological Water Quality Criteria

(BWQC). This is based on the range of Saprobic Score values of taxonomic groups of benthic macro- invertebrate families with respect to water quality. The water quality is classified into five different classes from Very Good to Severe and evaluated with corresponding Saprobic Score range from 1 to 10 (Table 5.10).

Table 5.10 Biological Water Quality Classification Saprobic Score Biological Water Quality Class (BWQC)

7.0 to 10.0 Very Good

5.0 to 6.9 Good

3.0 to 4.9 Moderate

1.1 to 2.9 Poor

1.0 Severe

925.4.3.1.1 River Ganga (Pre-monsoon, first round)  The saprobic scores at locations of river Ganga in Pre-monsoon season are given in Figures 5.14 &

5.15. Biological water quality map of river Ganga in pre-monsoon season is given in Figures 5.12. Out of 42 locations in main stream of river Ganga, Very Good biological water quality was observed at 02 locations, Good was observed at 25 locations, while Moderate was observed at 12 locations. At 03 locations, biological water quality could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample collection None of the locations showed poor or severely polluted biological water quality.

 In Uttarakhand state, the stretch from Gangotri to Jagjeetpur D/S, Very Good of BWQ was observed at Gangotri and Harshil with saprobic scores 7.7 and 7.3 respectively, with the presence of pollution sensitive families (Heptageniidae, Leuctridae, Capniidae and Perlodidae) having BMWP score 10.

BWQ Good was observed at 03 locations namely, Uttarkashi U/S, Uttarkashi D/S and Haridwar barrage with saprobic score values 5.6, 6.1 and 6.4 correspondingly. At Jagjeetpur U/S and Jagjeetpur D/S, biological water quality could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample collection in view of high water flow from barrage.

 In Uttar Pradesh state, river stretch from Madhya Ganga barrage to Kacchla ghat, Good biological water quality was observed at Anupshahr and Kacchla ghat while Moderate was observed at Madhya Ganga Barrage and Narora. This might be due to the stress caused by obstruction and/or sudden discharge of water from the reservoir of barrages affecting benthic macro-invertebrates’ colonization.

In Kanpur stretch, from Panchal Ghat Farrukhabad to Deorighat Kanpur, BWQ of river Ganga was observed in Good at 05 locations viz., Kannauj D/S, Ganga barrage U/S Kanpur, Shuklaganj, Jajmau and Deorighat Kanpur while Moderate was observed at 02 locations namely, Panchal Ghat Farrukhabad and Bithoor. In Prayagraj-Varanasi stretch, Good was observed at 04 locations viz., Asni village Fatehpur, Sirsa Tamas D/S, Varanasi U/S and Rajwari while Moderate was observed at 02 locations namely Prayagraj D/S and Bridge on GT Road Prayagraj. At Varanasi D/S, biological water quality could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample collection.

 In Bihar stretch of river Ganga, at 06 locations, BWQ was found to be in good category while in Jharkhand stretch, both monitoring stations showed moderate BWQ. Presence of high BMWP score

(8) families such as Libellulidae and Coeagrionidae and absence of low BMWP score or tolerant families indicated Good BWQ while at Jharkhand, presence of Moderately tolerant families having low BMWP score (5 to 6) were observed which indicated Moderate BWQ.

 In West Bengal stretch, out of 09 locations, BWQ was found to be in good category at 05 locations namely, Khiddirpur bridge, Behrampore d/s, Belghoria, Ballykhal and Garden reach and Moderate was observed at Behrampore u/s, Serampore, Khardakhal and Howrah. Moderate BWQ was indicated by the presence of Families such as Lubricidae and Lumbriculidae from Oligochaeta group with BMWP score 1. The macroinvertebrates having BMWP score 1 to 6 was found to be the predominant group in West Bengal stretch of river Ganga. The presence of such families may be attributed to localized stagnation of water due to dense aquatic vegetation. The moderate BWQ values observed at specific locations could be associated with limited water flow, anthropogenic pressures, organic enrichment, and nearby construction activities contributing to localized degradation of water quality.

5.4.3.1.2 Tributaries of River Ganga (Pre-monsoon, first round)  The saprobic scores at 07 locations on tributaries of river Ganga in Pre-monsoon season are given in Fig. 5.16. Out of 07 locations, Good biological water quality was observed at 01 locations, namely, river Kali at Khudaganj, with Saprobic Score of 5.2 while Moderate was observed at 04 locations (river Saloni (Shukratal Ghat) at Muzaffarnagar, river Ramganga at Moradabad D/S, river Varuna and river Gomti at Varanasi with respective Saprobic Score values of 4.9, 4.7, 3.2 and 4.8. Biological water quality at river Ramganga Farukkabad and river Pandu at Kanpur could not be assessed as sufficient number of macroinvertebrates were not observed.

935.4.3.1.3 River Ganga (Post-monsoon, second round)  The saprobic scores at locations of river Ganga in Post-monsoon season are given in Figures 5.14 &

5.15. Biological water quality map of river Ganga in post-monsoon season is given in Figures 5.13.

Out of 42 locations in main stream of river Ganga, Very Good biological water quality was observed at 02 locations, Good was observed at 20 locations, while Moderate was observed at 15 locations. None of the locations showed poor or severely polluted biological water quality. At 02 locations viz., Gangotri and Harshil, monitoring could not be conducted due to flooding condition. At 03 locations viz., Haridwar barrage, Jagjeetpur U/S and Jagjeetpur D/S, insufficient collection of benthic macroinvertebrates due to high water level.

 In Uttarakhand state, the stretch from Gangotri to Jagjeetpur D/S, Very Good of BWQ was observed at Uttarkashi U/S and Uttarkashi D/S with saprobic scores 7.3 and 7.0 respectively with the presence of pollution sensitive families (Heptageniidae, Leptoceridae, Brachycentridae and Glossosomatidae) having BMWP score 10. At Gangotri and Harshil, monitoring could not be conducted due to flooding condition. At Haridwar barrage, Jagjeetpur U/S and Jagjeetpur D/S, biological water quality could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample collection in view of high water flow from barrage.

 In Uttar Pradesh state, river stretch from Madhya Ganga barrage to Kacchla ghat, Good biological water quality was observed at Madhya Ganga barrage, Anupshahr and Kacchla ghat (Badaun) with presence of pollution-intermediate families (Palaemonidae, Atyidae, Belatomatidae and Corixidae etc.) having BMWP score 5-6 while Moderate BWQ was observed at Narora. This might be due to the stress caused by obstruction and/or sudden discharge of water from the reservoir of barrages affecting benthic macro-invertebrates’ colonization. In Kanpur stretch, from Panchal Ghat Farrukhabad to Deorighat Kanpur, BWQ of river Ganga was observed in Good at 03 locations viz., Panchal Ghat Farrukhabad, Jajmau and Deorighat Kanpur while Moderate BWQ was observed at 04 locations namely, Kannauj D/S, Bithoor, Ganga barrage U/S Kanpur and Shuklaganj. In Prayagraj-Varanasi stretch, Good BWQ was observed at 05 locations viz., Asni village Fatehpur, Prayagraj D/S, Bridge on GT Road Prayagraj, Sirsa Tamas D/S and Rajwari A/C Gomti while Moderate was observed at 02 locations namely Varanasi U/S and Varanasi D/S.

 In Bihar state, out of 06 locations, BWQ fluctuated from Good to Moderate class in the river stretch from Buxer U/S to Kewala ghat. D/s (Figure 5.15). Saprobic score varied from 4.7 to 5.3 where minimum score observed at Buxer d/s and maximum observed at Digha ghat. Good biological water quality observed at Buxer U/S, Dighat ghat u/s and Kangan ghat with saprobic scores 5.2, 5.3 and 5.25 respectively. Moderate BWQ was observed at Buxer d/s, Gandhi ghat and Kewala ghat with saprobic scores, 4.7, 4.8, 4.8 respectively. Moderate class may be attributed to various anthropogenic activities, construction activities, solid waste dumping etc. Good BWQ was indicated by the presence of families having high BMWP score (8) Benthic Macro Invertebrates i.e. Odonata group.

 In Jharkhand state, out of 02 monitoring locations, Good BWQ was observed at Sahebganj with saprobic score 6.0 and Moderate BWQ at Rajmahal with saprobic score 4.3 (Figure 5.15). The high number of low BMWP score (2 & 3) families from Mollusca, Hirudinea and Diptera group indicated Moderate class of BWQ which is due to solid waste dumping and open defecation. Whereas, absence of low score families from Diptera group indicated Good BWQ at Sahebganj.

 In West Bengal, out of 09 locations from Balighat to Garden reach, BWQ was found to be Good at 5 locations namely, Behrampore D/S, Khardakhal, Belgharia, Ballykhal and Howrah Bridge while Moderate class was observed at 04 locations namely, Balighat, Behrampore u/s, Serampore and Garden reach. Presence of low BMWP scored families (2 & 3) such as chironomidae, syrphidae and psychodidae indicated Moderate BWQ which might be due to solid waste dumping at most of the locations (Figure 5.15).

5.4.3.1.4 Tributaries of River Ganga (Post-monsoon, second round)  The saprobic scores at 06 locations on tributaries of river Ganga in Post-monsoon season are given in Fig. 5.16. Out of 08 locations, Good biological water quality was observed at 01 location namely, River 94Saloni (Shukratal Ghat) at Muzaffarnagar with Saprobic Score of 5.0 while Moderate was observed at 04 locations (River Kali at Khudaganj, River Ramganga at Moradabad D/S and River Ramganga

(Farukkabad) and River Gomti (Varanasi) with respective Saprobic Score values of 4.9, 4.1, 4.6 and

4.7. At 02 locations namely River Pandu (Kanpur) & River Varuna, the BWQ couldn’t be determined due to insufficient collection of Benthic macroinvertebrates.

Figure 5.12 Biological water quality map of River Ganga (Pre monsoon) Figure 5.13 Biological water quality map of River Ganga (Post monsoon) 95The data collected during all the events are meticulously documented and analysed. Below are some key

metrics:

9

7.67 8 7.3 7.3 7 e r o c S c ib o 4567 5.6 6.1 6.4 3.5 7.45. 57 .2 4.45.6 6 5 4.65 5. 43 .6 4.4 2.75. 33 .7 5 4.45.8 5 55.45.55.4 4.5 5.1 4.5 6.9 5.53.15. 46 .8 3.36. 52 .1 r p a 3 S 2 1 * * # ## ## # 0 … ir to g n a G lih s r a H S /U ih s a k r a ttU S /D ih s a k r a ttU e g a r r a B r a w d ir a H r a w d ir a H ,S /U r u p te e jg a J r a w d ir a H ,S /D r u p te e jg a J e r o n jiB ,e g a r r a B a g n a G a y h d r a h a h s p u n A e g a r r a B a r o r a N n u a d a B ,ta h G a lh c c a K d a b a h k u r r a F ,ta h G la h c n a P S /D ju a n n a K r u p n a K ,r o o h tiB r u p n a K ,S /U e g a r r a B a g n a G r u p n a K ,jn a G a lk u h S r u p n a K ,u a m ja J r u p n a K ,ta h g ir o e D r u p h e ta F ,e g a lliV in s A ja r g a y a r P ,d a o R T G n o e g d ir S /D ja r g a y a r P ja r g a y a r P ,S /D s a m a T ,a s r iS S /U is a n a r a V S /D is a n a r a V ,itm o G r e v iR C /A ir a w ja R a B M First Round Second Round Poor Moderate Good Very good *Monitoring could not be conducted due to flooding condition #Insufficient collection of benthic macroinvertebrates at Haridwar barrage, Jagjeetpur U/S, Jagjeetpur D/S due to high water level Figure 5.14 Saprobic Score at locations of River Ganga (Gangotri to Varanasi) 8 7

6.0 e r o 56 4.65.2 5 4.7 5.15.3 5.1 4.8 5.35.3 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.3 5.2 4.4 4.8 4.5 5.25.1 4.9 4.6 4.85.3 5.25.1 5.15.4 4.55.3 5.1 4.4 c S c ib 4 o r p 3 a S 2 1 0 S /U r e x u B )s /d ( r a x u B )s /u ( ta h G a h g iD ta h G ih d n a G ta h G n a g n a K )s /d ( ta h G a la w e K jn a g b e h a S la h a m ja R r u p ig n a J ,e g d ir b ta S /U e r o p m a r a h e B S /D e r o p m a r a h e B e r o p m a r e e r S la h k h a d r a h K a ir o h g le B la h k y lla B e g d ir b h a r w o H h c a e R n e d r a G h g ila B First Round Second Round Poor Moderate Good Very good Figure 5.15 Saprobic Score at locations of River Ganga (Bihar to West Bengal) 966 5.7

5.2 5 4.9 5 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.5

4.1 4 e r o 3.2 c S c ib 3 o r p a S 2 1 * * * * 0 River Saloni River River Kali River River Pandu River Varuna River Gomti River Falgu Ramganga Ramganga, Farrukhabad First Round Second Round Poor Moderate Good *Insufficient collection of benthic macroinvertebrates Figure 5.16: Saprobic Score at Tributaries of River Ganga

5.4.3.2.1 River Yamuna (Pre-monsoon, First round)  The saprobic scores of all the 26 locations of river Yamuna are given in Figure 5.19, followed by the BWQ map of the River Yamuna during the studied period is displayed in Figure 5.17. Out of 26 locations on main stream of river Yamuna, ‘Very Good’ BWQ was observed at 02 locations, ‘Good’ BWQ at 09 locations, while ‘Moderate’ quality was observed at 15 locations. None of the locations showed poor or severely polluted BWQ.

 In Uttarakhand state, the BWQ in the stretch from Yanumotri to Dak pathhar, varies between ‘Very Good’ and ‘Good’ category. The observed saprobic score was maximum at Syanachetti (7.4) indicated by presence of 05 pollution sensitive families namely Glossosomatidae, Lepidosomatidae, Ephemerelidae, Taeniopterigydae and Heptagenidae. Minimum score was observed at Yamunotri (6.0) which is indicated by the presence of more intermediately tolerant families (Psychodidae, Limoiidae, Chironomidae etc.) in comparison to other locations. It may be due to the ongoing anthropogenic activities at the time of sample collection. At Dakpathhar, saprobic score increased after confluence of river Tons from 6.3 to 7.0.

 In Himachal Pradesh, at Paonta Sahib location the BWQ observed was ‘Good’ with 5.2 saprobic score.

Decline in richness among high BMWP (score 9 and 10) families and abundance of intermediately tolerant families (BMWP scores 2,3 & 8) reflects decline in the saprobic score. Absence of macrophytic vegetation might indicate this decline, as this substratum is an excellent source or rich diversity of BMIs.

 In Haryana, a total of 6 locations were monitored, with a BWQ as ‘Moderate’ in the upper stretch from Hathnikund to Panipat U/S, while it improved to ‘Good’ at Panipat D/S and Sonepat. This may be attributed to reduced human influences observed at the time of sampling at these locations compared to the previous locations. As the human, ecological influences increased, the biological water quality again declined to ‘Moderate’ at Palwal.

 In the Delhi stretch, saprobic score declined as the river flows from Palla, Nizamuddin to Okhla D/s with the saprobic scores 4.7, 4.0 and 3.4 respectively. This decline in BWQ may be attributed to the anthropogenic activities along the river stretch in Delhi. At Nizamuddin and Okhla D/S, abundance of pollution-tolerant families like Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Ephydridae and Syrphidae was observed indicating high organic load due to river bed farming.

 In Uttar Pradesh, the upper stretch of the river starting form Mathura U/s to Auraiya the BWQ was found to be consistently ‘Moderate’ with an exception at Agra U/S where it was ‘Good’ with saprobic score

5.3. The presence of macrophytic vegetation at Agra U/s, providing a suitable substratum, may have 97contributed to the increase in the saprobic score. In the lower stretch of River Yamuna starting from Hamirpur to Bainda Ghat the BWQ again improved to ‘Good’ except at Chilla ghat and Bainda ghat where it declined to ‘Moderate’, this may be due to absence of high BMWP score families indicating high organic load due to river bed farming. The improvement in BWQ at Hamirpur may be attributed to rich, diverse and abundant collection of Benthic macroinvertebrates with a BMWP score as high as 8, which otherwise is contrary to the locations upstream of Hamirpur. Additionally, the BWQ is improved in the lower part of Uttar Pradesh due to dilution of river water with tributaries. At Prayagraj where River Yamuna confluences with river Ganga, the BWQ found to be Good indicating presence of sensitive organisms at this location and moderately tolerant organisms (BMWP score between 3-6).

5.4.3.2.2 Tributaries of River Yamuna (Pre-monsoon, First round)  The BWQ observed in tributaries of river Yamuna during Pre-Monsoon 2025-26 is depicted in Figure

5.20 below. Out of 8 locations, 6 were found to be in ‘Good’ BWQ with a saprobic score in the range of

5.5-6.8. A maximum saprobic score (6.8) was found at river Hanuman Ganga (Uttarakhand) and a minimum value (5.1) was observed in river Ken (Uttar Pradesh) however, overall a declining trend was observed. The Saprobic score at River Bata and Hindon could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample and this may be caused by the discharge of wastewater, also at river Bata insufficient collection might be due to unavailability of proper substratum.

5.4.3.2.3 River Yamuna (Post Monsoon, Second round)  The saprobic scores of all the 26 locations of river Yamuna are given in Figure 5.19. The BWQ map of the River Yamuna during the studied period is displayed in Figure 5.18. Biological Water Quality

(BWQ) of 2 locations (Yamunotri and Syana Chetti,) could not be assessed due to weather conditions and 2 locations (Dak Pathar A/c and Okhla D/s) because of insufficient sample collection. ‘Good’ BWQ was observed at 12 locations, ‘Moderate’ quality was observed at 10 locations. None of the locations showed Very good, poor or severely polluted BWQ.

 In Uttarakhand Stretch, out of the 4 locations the BWQ could only be determined at Dak Pathar B/c, where the saprobic score was calculated to be 6.4 and the BWQ fell in the ‘Good’ category. The observed saprobic score is indicated by the presence of families of EPT taxa (Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae and Stenopsychidae). This is evident because of very less anthropogenic activities in the adjoining areas.

 In Himachal Pradesh, at Paonta Sahib location the BWQ observed is ‘Good’ with 6.4 saprobic score. A similar saprobic score as compared to the previous location is indicated by the presence of families of EPT taxa. This is evident because a high dissolved oxygen was observed at the time of sampling that supports the survival of such families.

 In Haryana, a total of 6 locations were monitored, where BWQ observed ‘Good’ in the upper stretch from Hathnikund to Sonepat. As the human, ecological influences increased downstream, the biological water quality again declined to ‘Moderate’ at Palwal.

 In the Delhi stretch, saprobic score declined as the river flows from Palla to Nizamuddin with the saprobic scores 5.5 and 4.4 respectively. This decline in BWQ may be attributed to the anthropogenic activities along the river stretch in Delhi. At Nizamuddin, abundance of pollution-tolerant

(Chironomidae) and intermediate families (Pleidae, Corixidae, Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae) in the BMWP range of 2-5 were observed indicating high organic load due to river bed farming. Also, massive construction activity in the adjoining area could have contributed to a less diverse sample.

 In Uttar Pradesh, the upper stretch of the river starting form Mathura U/s to Hamirpur the BWQ was found to be consistently ‘Moderate’. In the lower stretch of River Yamuna starting from Patrioda Danda to Bainda Ghat the BWQ improved to ‘Good’. The improvement in BWQ at Patrioda Danda may be attributed to rich, diverse and abundant collection of Benthic macroinvertebrates with a BMWP score as high as 8, which otherwise is contrary to the locations upstream of this point. Additionally, the BWQ improved in the lower part of Uttar Pradesh due to dilution of river water with tributaries like Betwa. At Prayagraj, where River Yamuna confluences with river Ganga, the BWQ was found to be ‘Good’.

985.4.3.2.4 Tributaries of River Yamuna (Post Monsoon, Second round)  The BWQ observed in tributaries of river Yamuna during Post-Monsoon 2025-26 is depicted in Figure

5.20 below. Out of 5 locations, 4 were found to be in ‘Good’ BWQ with a saprobic score in the range of

5.2-6.8. A maximum saprobic score (6.8) was found at river Tons (Uttarakhand) and a minimum value (4.7) was observed in river Asan (Uttarakhand) however, overall a declining trend was observed. The Saprobic score at River Bata and Hindon could not be evaluated due to insufficient sample and this may be caused by the discharges of wastewater, might be due to unavailability of proper substratum.

Figure 5.17 Biological water quality map of River Yamuna (Pre monsoon) Figure 5.18 Biological water quality map of River Yamuna (Post monsoon)

998.0 7.4

7.0

7.0 6.36.4 6.4 56 .. 00 6.0 5.2 4.5 5.3 4.5 9.6 4.5 3.15.5 6.86. 51 .2 4.5 7.5

4.4

4.4 4.6

4.5

4.4 3.85. 43 .54. 45 .2

4. 46 .34.4 4.85. 41 .85. 56 .3 4.5 8.7 4.5 7.15.5 2.4

4.0

3.8 3.8

4.0 3.4 3.5

3.0

2.0

1.0 # # * *

0.0 First Round Second Round Poor Moderate Good Very good Figure 5.19 Saprobic Score at locations of River Yamuna *Sampling could not be carried out due to heavy flooding at Yamunotri and Syana Chatti in Uttarakhand #Insufficient collection at Dak Pathar A/c (Uttarakhand) and Okhla D/s in Delhi 8

6.8 6.8 7

6.2 6 5.9 6 5.6 5.6 5.5

5.2 5.3 5 4.7 4 3 2 1 # * * * * 0 Hanuman Tons Asan Bata Hindon Chambal Betwa Ken Ganga First Round Second Round Poor Moderate Good Very good Figure 5.20 Saprobic Score at locations of River Yamuna (Tributaries) #Sampling could not be carried out due to heavy flooding at Hanuman Ganga in Uttarakhand *Insufficient collection at Bata in Himachal Pradesh and Hindon in Delhi

5.4.4. Biological water quality trend of River Ganga and Yamuna

5.4.4.1 River Ganga (from 2017-18 to 2025-26)  In Uttarakhand stretch, the BWQ trend during 2022-23 to 2025-26 at 4 locations in upper mountainous stretch of Uttarakhand i.e. Gangotri, Harshil, Uttarkashi U/s and Uttarkashi D/s remain between Very Good to Good category. The overall BWQ during past 8 years (from 2017- 18 till 2024-25) indicated Good quality at Haridwar Barrage and Upstream of Jagjeetpur, while Moderate at Downstream of Jagjeetpur. However, the biological water quality has improved from Poor to Moderate at D/s of Jagjeetpur location.

100 In Uttar Pradesh stretch, out of 18 locations, the overall BWQ has been in Good class at 7 locations viz. Anupshahar, Kachla Ghat, Prayagraj D/s, Sirsa Tamas D/s, Varanasi U/S, Varanasi D/s and Rajwari A/c River Gomti while Moderate class at remaining 11 locations. The trend in Bihar stretch shows that the biological water quality at 1 location, Digha ghat remained in Good quality while fluctuates from Good to moderate at remaining 5 locations. In Jharkhand stretch, BWQ trend indicated Moderate quality. In West Bengal stretch, BWQ data trend indicated Good quality at 3 locations viz. Khiddirpur bridge, D/S Behrampore and Ballykhal while Moderate category atSerampore and BWQ at remaining locations fluctuates between Good to moderate category. (Figure 5.21).

5.4.4.2 River Yamuna (from 2019-20 to 2025-26) The BWQ in the upper stretch of River Yamuna from Syana Chatti to Dak Pathar A/c remains between ‘Very good’ to ‘Good’ class, with an exception of Yamunotri where it falls in the ‘Good’ class. As, the river moves down from Paonta Sahib to Palla the BWQ has been observed to majorly fall in the ‘Good’ class with an exception of Panipat D/s, Panipat U/s and Palla where it falls between ‘Moderate’ to ‘Good’ class. From Nizamuddin in Delhi onwards till Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, the BWQ has been observed in the ‘Moderate’ class except at Bateshwar where it falls between ‘Moderate’ to ‘Good’. Before the confluence of River Yamuna with River Ganga at Prayagraj, from Auraiya to Prayagraj B/c river Ganga the BWQ was consistently found in the ‘Good’ class BWQ (Figure 5.22).

101Note: The biological water quality trend at 2 locations in Bihar stretch namely Buxar U/s & D/s and 2 locations of Jharkhand stretch compared from the year 2022-23 and 2024-25.

Figure 5.21 Biological Water quality trend of River Ganga since 2017-18 102Figure 5.22 Biological Water quality trend of River Yamuna since 2019-2025 103CHAPTER 6: GOVERNANCE INTERFACES: RTI, PUBLIC GRIEVANCES, VIP REFERENCES & PARLIAMENTARY MATTERS Transparency, accountability, and responsiveness are the keystones of good governance in a democracy. In this context, the mechanisms of the Right to Information (RTI), Public Grievance Redressal Systems, VIP References, and Parliamentary Matters play a critical role in ensuring effective communication between the State and its stakeholders. While RTI empowers citizens to demand information, grievance redressal platforms provide a formal avenue to resolve issues. VIP references reflect the concerns raised by Members of Parliament, State legislators, and other dignitaries on matters of public importance.

Parliamentary matters, such as questions, assurances, and committee recommendations, reinforce the accountability of the executive to the legislature. These mechanisms collectively strengthen transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in public administration.

Status of governance and public interface handled during the year 2025-26 and covering primary areas including Right to Information (RTI) applications, Public Grievances, VIP References, and

Parliamentary Matters are as under:

Table 6.1: Status RTI, Public Grievances, VIP References & Parliamentary Matters handled during the FY 2025-26 Type Description / Key Points Status Right to  RTI Act, 2005 empowers citizens to seek information from RTI Applications Information public authorities, ensuring transparency and accountability. Received/ disposed –

(RTI)  Replaced the Freedom of Information Act, 2002; fully 101/79 operational from 12 October 2005.  Administered by DoPT under Ministry of Personnel, Public Remaining 22 RTIs Grievances & Pensions. disposed of during  RTI Portal Gateway provides centralized access to PIOs, FAAs, April, 2026 and disclosures by public authorities.

 Public authorities must respond within 30 days, or 48 hours if the request concerns life or liberty.

Public  Public grievance redressal is essential for good governance and Grievances Received/ Grievances / citizen satisfaction. disposed – 72/72 Public  CPGRAMS acts as a single-window online portal for lodging, Complaints monitoring, and resolving complaints. Appeal Received/  Tracks actions taken at various administrative levels for timely disposed – 08/08 resolution.

VIP  Pertains to communications from MPs, MLAs, and other VIP References References dignitaries on public matters. Received/ disposed –  Such references are prioritized and processed systematically. 14/14  Must be addressed within 7 days of receipt.

Parliamentary  CPCB handles Parliamentary Questions (Starred/Unstarred), Parliamentary Matters Assurances, and Committee References. questions – 60  Provides Draft Reply Material to MoEF&CC and other Ministries. Matters raised under  Parliament sessions: Budget (Feb–May), Monsoon (July–Sep), Rule 377 – 03 Winter (Nov–Dec); special sessions may be held.

 Zero Hour: immediately after Question Hour; MPs raise urgent matters without prior notice.  Rule 377 (Lok Sabha): Allows MPs to raise matters of public importance in brief written form.

104APPENDICES Appendix 1.1 Three projects sanctioned by NMCG are under implementation by CPCB. A summary of these projects along

with major activities undertaken therein are tabulated as under:

Expenditure Sanctione Sr. No. Projects 2025-26 Major Activities d on (Rs. In Crore)

1. Annual inspection of GPIs

2. Tri-annual Pollution Inventorization, monitoring of Sewage Treatment

24.05.2023 1 Assessment and 27.42 Plants (STPs) & Common for 3 years Surveillance (PIAS) Effluent Treatment Plants

(CETPs)

3. Half-yearly monitoring of drains

4. Half-yearly monitoring of drains in River Yamuna

5. Tri-annual monitoring of STPs in River Strengthening of Yamuna

07.05.2025 2 Environmental 5.47 6. Manual water quality for 3 years Regulators (SER) monitoring of river Ganga & Yamuna on fortnightly/monthly basis

7. Training programme of staff and infrastructure development

8. Real-time water

20.06.2020 quality monitoring of river Ganga Water Quality 3 for 6 years 10.54 with data consultancy.

Monitoring (WQM)

(extended) 9. Bio-monitoring of river Ganga and its tributaries 105Appendix-3.1 Status of STPs monitored during December, 2025 to March, 2026 Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter Uttarkash 1 Gangotri Gangotri Uttarakhand 30.995 78.935 SBR 1.00 - - - - Not Monitored - - i 2 Badrinath Badrinath Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.742 79.493 SBR 1.00 - - - - Not Monitored - - 3 Badrinath Badrinath Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.744 79.491 MBBR 0.01 - - - - Not Monitored - - 4 Badrinath Badrinath Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.742 79.491 SBR 0.26 - - - - Not Monitored - - Old Suspension 5 Chamoli Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.406 79.331 EC 0.05 0.02 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC bridge 6 Chamoli Ghat Chamoli Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.401 79.330 EC 0.76 0.07 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Vivekanand 7 Colony STP Gopeshwar Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.403 79.339 EC 1.19 0.20 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC (Leesa Bend) BOD,TSS, 8 Pokhari Band Gopeshwar Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.412 79.326 EC 1.25 0.09 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Deen Dayal 9 Gopeshwar Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.416 79.313 EC 1.12 0.09 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Uppadyay Park 10 Pokhri Joshimath Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.558 79.577 SBR 1.08 0.20 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - 11 Marwari Joshimath Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.565 79.552 SBR 2.70 1.34 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - EC Nandpraya 12 Forest Nala Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.329 79.320 followed by 0.10 0.02 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC g Ozonation) EC Nandpraya pH , 13 Sangam Nala Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.331 79.319 followed by 0.05 0.01 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying g BOD,FC Ozonation) EC Near Police Karanpraya 14 Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.264 79.215 followed by 0.05 0.04 - - TRUE Operational Complying - Chowki STP 01 g Ozonation) Old Bridge STP Karanpraya Electrocoag pH, BOD, 15 Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.261 79.217 0.10 0.05 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying 02 g ulation TSS Near Ward 1 & Karanpraya Electrocoag 16 Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.261 79.218 0.10 0.10 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC 3 STP 05 g ulation EC BRO Bridge Karanpraya 17 Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.263 79.216 followed by 0.05 0.02 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC STP 04 g Ozonation) EC Subhash Nagar Karanpraya 18 Chamoli Uttarakhand 30.256 79.221 followed by 0.05 0.04 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC STP 03 g Ozonation) 106Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter pH, Near SBI Bank Rudrapraya Rudrapra Electrocoag 19 Uttarakhand 30.286 78.983 0.10 0.04 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,TSS, STP g yag ulation FC Near Dart Pull Rudrapraya Rudrapra Electrocoag 20 Uttarakhand 30.285 78.982 0.08 0.03 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC STP g yag ulation Army Bend (Rudra Rudrapraya Rudrapra Electrocoag Non-Complying 21 Uttarakhand 30.286 78.979 0.10 0.08 - - - Operational TSS, FC Complex) STP g yag ulation (By-pass) 02 Near Steel Rudrapraya Rudrapra Electrocoag 22 Uttarakhand 30.287 78.984 0.13 0.08 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Bridge g yag ulation Rudrapraya Rudrapra Electrocoag 23 Baleni Road Uttarakhand 30.286 78.983 0.05 0.04 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC g yag ulation Uttarkash 24 Gyansu Uttarkashi Uttarakhand 30.730 78.419 MBBR 2.00 1.94 - - - Operational Complying - i Tehri Tehri 25 Tehri Uttarakhand 30.378 78.465 ASP 5.00 2.45 TRUE - - Operational Complying - Bhagirathipuram Garhwal Junior High Srinagar Pauri FAB 0.08 0.10 26 Uttarakhand 30.225 78.814 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC School, Srikot (Srikot) Garhwal FAB Taulia STP Srinagar Pauri FAB 0.05 0.02 27 Uttarakhand 30.221 78.811 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Srikot (Srikot) Garhwal FAB Srinagar Old Pauri 28 Srinagar Uttarakhand 30.227 78.784 FAB 3.50 3.56 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Bus Stand Garhwal Near ITI, Pauri 29 Srinagar Uttarakhand 30.219 78.766 SBR 1.00 0.70 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC Srinagar, Garhwal Tehri FAB 0.05 0.03 BOD,TSS, 30 Kirtinagar Kirti Nagar Uttarakhand 30.214 78.748 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying Garhwal FAB FC Tehri 31 Kirtinagar Kirti Nagar Uttarakhand 30.214 78.750 FAB 0.01 0.01 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Garhwal Tehri 32 Bah Bazar Devprayag Uttarakhand 30.137 78.597 SBT 1.40 0.09 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Garhwal Tehri 33 Sangam Bazar Devprayag Uttarakhand 30.147 78.598 SBR 0.15 0.10 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Garhwal Tehri 34 Shanti Bazar Devprayag Uttarakhand 30.148 78.597 SBR 0.08 0.02 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC Garhwal Tehri 35 Tapovan Tapovan Uttarakhand 30.134 78.332 SBR 3.50 1.70 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Garhwal Lakkarghat, 36 Rishikesh Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.059 78.263 SBR 26.00 19.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Rishikesh Muni ki Reti Muni ki Tehri 37 Uttarakhand 30.124 78.276 MBBR 5.00 3.60 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC

(Chorpani) Reti Garhwal 107Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter Chandreshwar Muni ki Tehri 38 Uttarakhand 30.107 78.308 MBBR 7.50 7.70 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC STP Reti Garhwal Swargashra Pauri 39 Swarg Ashram Uttarakhand 30.116 78.307 SBR 3.00 3.10 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC m Garhwal 40 Jagjeetpur Haridwar Haridwar Uttarakhand 29.901 78.137 SBR 27.00 24.86 - - - Operational Complying - 41 Jagjeetpur Haridwar Haridwar Uttarakhand 29.899 78.139 SBR 68.00 70.42 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC 42 Jagjeetpur Haridwar Haridwar Uttarakhand 29.901 78.138 ASP 18.00 21.24 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC 43 Sarai, Jawalapur Haridwar Haridwar Uttarakhand 28.895 78.089 SBR 14.00 16.91 - TRUE - Operational Complying - Sarai, Jawalapur 44 Haridwar Haridwar Uttarakhand 29.893 78.090 SBR 18.00 18.00 - - - Operational Complying - STP 45 Old Mothrowala Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.263 78.042 SBR 20.00 19.25 - - - Operational Non-Complying BOD New 46 Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.261 78.042 SBR 20.00 15.27 - - - Operational Complying - Mothrowala 47 Kargi Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.286 78.016 SBR 68.00 23.67 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC 48 Jakhan Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.358 78.058 SBR 1.00 0.14 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 49 Salawala Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.341 78.053 SBR 0.71 0.27 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC 50 Vijay Colony Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.344 78.040 SBR 0.42 0.24 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC 51 Indira Nagar Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.309 77.997 SBR 5.00 4.50 - - - Operational Non-Complying BOD Bajawala, 52 Dehradun Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.352 77.991 SBR 3.00 0.91 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Kaulagarh, Bijnor, Near 53 Bijnor Bijnor Uttar Pradesh 29.374 78.103 UASB 24.00 23.50 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC Hemraj Colony Garhmukte Non- 54 Brajghat Hapur Uttar Pradesh 28.750 78.083 SBR 3.00 - - TRUE - - - shwar Operational Garhmukte 55 Garhmukteshwar Hapur Uttar Pradesh 28.776 78.119 UASB 6.00 3.50 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - shwar Narora NAPS Bulandsh 56 Narora Uttar Pradesh 28.203 78.380 ASP 2.25 1.00 TRUE - - operational Non-Complying FC Township ahar Bulandsh 57 Narora Town Narora Uttar Pradesh 28.212 78.378 SBR 4.00 2.00 TRUE - - operational Non-Complying FC ahar Bulandsh Non- 58 Anupsahar Anupshahr Uttar Pradesh 28.370 78.263 MBBR 1.50 - - TRUE - - - ahar Operational Bulandsh 59 Anupsahar Anupshahr Uttar Pradesh 28.369 78.262 WSP 0.81 0.81 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC ahar Bulandsh 60 Anupsahar Anupshahr Uttar Pradesh 28.350 78.271 WSP 1.75 0.88 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC ahar Bulandsh 61 Anupsahar Anupshahr Uttar Pradesh 28.350 78.271 MBBR 1.00 0.50 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC ahar 62 Jalalpur Amara Kannauj Kannauj Uttar Pradesh 27.075 79.927 SBR 13.00 9.50 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 63 Jajmau Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.417 80.420 ASP 130.00 116.05 - - - Operational Complying - 64 Jajmau Knpur Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.418 80.421 ASP 43.00 28.01 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 108Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter Non- Non- 65 Jajmau Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.418 80.421 UASB 5.00 - TRUE - Complying - Operational Operational 66 Bingawan Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.368 80.317 UASB 210.00 142.50 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 67 Pankha Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.467 80.205 SBR 30.00 30.32 - TRUE - Operational Complying - 68 Sajari Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.367 80.387 ASP 42.00 26.42 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying BOD Old CETP, 69 Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.418 80.421 UASB 36.00 19.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying BOD, FC Jajmau Constructed 70 Bithoor Bithoor Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 26.612 80.275 0.08 0.08 - - - Operational Complying - wetland Non- 71 Nandauli Village Unnao Unnao Uttar Pradesh 26.531 80.533 FSTP 0.03 - - TRUE - - - Operational Non- Non- 72 Dakari Unnao Unnao Uttar Pradesh 26.457 80.452 SBR 15.00 - TRUE - - - Operational Operational FAB 73 Salori Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.467 80.202 29.00 34.60 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC reactor Salori (Bakshi 74 Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.467 80.202 SBR 14.00 13.11 - - - Operational Complying - Bandh) 75 Rajapur Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.491 81.842 UASB 60.00 85.12 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC BTT 76 Ponghat Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.461 81.759 followed by 10.00 16.37 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying BOD,FC ASP BTT 77 Kodra Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.465 81.776 followed by 25.00 29.10 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC ASP 78 Naini Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.418 81.854 ASP 80.00 125.23 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC 79 New Naini Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.419 81.871 FCR 42.00 46.85 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC BTT 80 Numayadahi Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.382 81.781 followed by 50.00 57.60 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC ASP 81 Phaphamau Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 25.524 81.851 FCR 14.00 18.22 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC 82 Jhunsi Prayagraj Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh 24.413 81.911 FCR 16.00 16.28 - TRUE - Operational Complying - Mirzapur (Pakka 83 Mirzapur Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh 25.146 82.589 UASB 14.00 13.01 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC Pokhra) Vindhyacha 84 Vindhyachal, Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh 25.161 82.510 SBR 7.00 4.17 TRUE - - Operational Complying - l, Mirzapur New STP, Pakka 85 Mirzapur Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh 25.146 82.589 SBR 8.50 7.18 - - - Operational Complying - Pokhra 86 Bisundarpur Mirzapur Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh 25.176 82.598 SBR 8.50 2.09 TRUE - - Operational Complying - Non- 87 Chunar Chunar Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh 25.100 82.868 FSTP 0.01 0.01 - TRUE - - - Operational 88 Dinapur Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.346 83.046 TF & ASP 80.00 70.05 - - - Operational Non-complying FC 109Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter 89 Ramanna Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.244 83.005 SBR 50.00 50.11 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC Near Bairoghat Farrukhaba Farrukha Non- 90 Uttar Pradesh 27.402 79.615 ABR 0.03 0.00 TRUE - - - - Temple d bad Operational Near Bhairoghat Farrukhaba Farrukha 91 Uttar Pradesh 27.348 79.629 SBR 30.00 28.85 - - - Operational Complying - Temple, d bad Farrukhaba Farrukha 92 Fatehgarh Uttar Pradesh 27.348 79.629 SBR 17.70 16.00 - - - Operational Complying - d bad 93 Dinapur Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.346 83.046 ASP 140.00 111.73 - - - Operational Complying - 94 Ramnagar Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.278 83.023 A2O 10.00 11.30 - TRUE - Operational Complying - 95 Bhagwanpur Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.270 83.005 ASP 8.00 9.40 - TRUE - Operational Non-complying FC 96 Goithaha Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.389 82.997 SBR 120.00 50.30 TRUE - - Operational Complying - BLW ( former 97 Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.290 82.965 ASP 12.00 4.50 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - known as DLW) 98 Bhagwanpur Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 25.270 83.006 SBR 55.00 25.79 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Extended 99 Sarai Talfi Bareilly Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 28.356 79.392 35.00 17.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Aeration 100 Girdharipur Bareilly Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 28.419 79.417 SBR 1.00 1.00 - - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 101 Chaubari Bareilly Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 28.287 79.405 SBR 20.00 19.35 - - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 102 Harunagla Bareilly Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 28.364 79.486 SBR 42.00 42.76 - TRUE - Operational Non-Complying FC 103 Jamuna Deva Ghazipur Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh 25.632 83.569 SBR 21.00 4.62 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 104 Beur New Patna Patna Bihar 25.575 85.097 SBR 43.00 34.00 - - - Operational Complying - 105 Karmali Chak Patna Patna Bihar 25.572 85.232 SBR 37.00 34.50 - - TRUE Operational Complying - 106 Pahari (New) Patna Patna Bihar 25.580 85.195 SBR 60.00 26.63 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 107 Saidpur Patna Patna Bihar 25.611 85.164 SBR 60.00 56.50 - - - Operational Complying - 108 Sonepur Sonepur Saran Bihar 25.702 85.175 SBR 3.50 1.90 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - Bhagalpu Non- Not 109 Naugachia Naugachia Bihar 25.383 87.106 SBR 9.00 - - TRUE - Not applicable r Operational applicable 110 Barh Barh Patna Bihar 25.487 85.717 SBR 11.00 7.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - Bhagalpu 111 Sultanganj Sultanganj Bihar 25.246 86.749 MBBR 10.00 4.33 TRUE - - Operational Complying - r 112 Chhapra Chhapra Saran Bihar 25.757 84.786 SBR 32.00 8.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 113 Maner Patna Patna Bihar 25.639 84.897 SBR 6.50 2.50 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 114 Munger Munger Munger Bihar 25.392 86.488 SBR 30.00 16.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 115 Phulwarishariff Patna Patna Bihar 25.577 85.052 SBR 6.00 3.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 116 Danapur Patna Patna Bihar 25.647 85.105 SBR 25.00 15.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC Bakhtiyarp 117 Baktiyarpur Patna Bihar 25.456 85.531 SBR 10.00 3.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - ur Non- 118 Fatuha Fatuha Patna Bihar 25.519 85.295 SBR 7.00 - - TRUE - - - Operational 119 Kankarbagh Patna Patna Bihar 25.579 85.195 ASP 50.00 20.67 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC 120 Mokama Mokama Patna Bihar 25.058 85.348 SBR 8.00 3.50 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - 110Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter 121 Digha Patna Patna Bihar 25.644 85.108 ASP 100.00 33.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Bhagalpu Operational 122 Bhagalpur Bhagalpur Bihar 25.248 86.954 FCR 45.00 10.00 TRUE - - Non-Complying FC r (under trial ) Begusara Non- Not 123 Begusarai Begusarai Bihar 25.409 86.168 SBR 17.00 - Not applicable i Operational applicable

3.50 1.10 Sahebgan 124 Rajmahal Rajmahal Jharkhand 25.043 87.844 SBR TRUE - - Operational Complying Nil j Sahebgan 125 Talbanna Sahebganj Jharkhand 25.242 87.614 SBR 5.00 2.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying Nil j Channan,Kabuta Sahebgan 126 Sahebganj Jharkhand 25.244 87.659 SBR 7.00 4.50 TRUE - - Operational Complying Nil r Khopi j North 24 127 Titagarh Titagarh Paragana West Bengal 22.732 88.379 ASP 4.54 4.54 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC s North 24 Oxidation 128 Titagarh Titagarh Paragana West Bengal 22.732 88.379 4.54 4.54 - - - Operational Non-Complying FC Pond s North 24 129 Bandipur Bandipur Paragana West Bengal 22.727 88.399 WSP 14.10 6.90 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC s 130 Bansberia Bansberia Hooghly West Bengal 22.987 88.401 WSP 0.30 0.30 - - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC North 24 131 Kamarhati Kamarhati Paragana West Bengal 22.648 88.394 ASP 60.00 25.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - s North 24 132 Garulia Garulia Paragana West Bengal 22.819 88.359 WSP 4.10 3.30 - - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC s 133 Bhadreswar Bhadreswar Hooghly West Bengal 22.790 88.318 AL 7.60 5.02 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC 134 Baidyabati Baidyabati Hooghly West Bengal 22.790 88.318 AL 6.00 1.20 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC Howrah 135 Howrah Howrah West Bengal 22.597 88.297 ASP 65.00 35.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC

(Arupara) Bally, ASP + 136 Bally-Kona Howrah West Bengal 22.628 88.305 62.00 27.26 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - Howrah WSP Oxidation 137 Champadani Champdani Hooghly West Bengal 22.811 88.343 1.00 - Not Monitored Not monitored Pond North 24 138 Panihati Panihati Paragana West Bengal 22.699 88.414 WSP 12.00 6.90 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying FC s 139 Gayeshpur Gayeshpur Nadia West Bengal 22.960 88.492 SBR 8.33 5.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - 111Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter North 24 140 Halisahar Halishahar Paragana West Bengal 22.929 88.418 SBR 16.00 11.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - s 141 Serampore Serampore Hooghly West Bengal 22.744 88.342 TF 18.00 - Not Monitored Not monitored 142 Konnagar Konnagar Hooghly West Bengal 22.693 88.323 WSP 22.00 14.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - Murshidaba Murshida Oxidation 143 Murshidabad West Bengal 24.163 88.269 1.96 - Not Monitored Not monitored d bad Pond Berhampor Murshida 144 Berhampore West Bengal 24.104 88.258 WSP 3.70 - Not Monitored Not monitored e bad Jiaganj- Jiaganj- Murshida 145 West Bengal 22.235 88.275 WSP 1.39 - Not Monitored Not monitored Azimganj Azimganj bad North 24 146 Naihati-1 Naihati Paragana West Bengal 22.893 88.412 ASP 11.56 5.70 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC s North 24 Naihati-2 ( Near 147 Naihati Paragana West Bengal 22.905 88.407 WSP 6.50 3.70 TRUE - - Operational Non-Complying FC Ramghat ) s Chandanna 148 Chandannagar Hooghly West Bengal 22.862 88.349 TF + WSP 22.70 5.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - gar Jaggadal – North 24 149 Bhatpara West Bengal 22.852 88.397 FBAS 31.00 16.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - Bhatpara Paragana Jagaddal, North 24 150 Bhatpara West Bengal 22.852 88.397 ASP 9.50 2.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying FC Bhatpara Paragana North 24 151 Kankinara Kankinara Paragana West Bengal 22.874 88.417 WSP 10.00 6.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-complying FC s North 24 Barrackpor 152 Barrackpore-1 Paragana West Bengal 22.759 88.387 SBR 6.00 3.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-Complying pH e s North 24 Barrackpor 153 Barrackpore-2 Paragana West Bengal 22.752 88.367 SBR 18.00 9.39 TRUE - - Operational Complying - e s 154 Garden Reach Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 22.522 88.286 ASP 57.50 28.75 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying BOD,FC North 24 155 Bangur Kolkata West Bengal 22.606 88.415 ASP 52.00 26.00 TRUE - - Operational Complying - Paragana 156 Haridevpur Kolkata KOlkata West Bengal 22.469 88.331 AL 45.00 23.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Non-complying FC Shyamnaga North 24 157 Shyamnagar West Bengal 22.837 88.389 FBAS 10.00 1.46 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - r Paragana FC, TSS, 158 Baghajatin Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 22.481 88.390 AL 15.00 8.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying BOD 159 Hatisur Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 22.519 88.394 ALCT 10.00 5.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying BOD 112Compliance Non- Ganga Latitude Longitude Treatment Designed Utilized S. Under Overcap Weak Operational w.r.t. MoEF Complyin Name of STP Front District State (in (In Technolog Capacity capacity No. capacity acity Sewage Status &CC norms dt. g Town decimal) decimal) y (MLD) (MLD)

13.10.2017 parameter South 24 Budge- 160 Budge Budge Paragana West Bengal 22.474 88.188 SBR 9.30 5.87 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - Budge s Non- 161 Nabadwip Nabadwip Nadia West Bengal 23.402 88.372 WSP 10.00 - - TRUE - - - Operational 162 Nabadwip Nabadwip Nadia West Bengal 23.396 88.370 ASP 9.50 4.00 TRUE - - Operational Non-complying BOD 163 Katwa Katwa Nadia West Bengal 23.652 88.132 WSP 2.50 - Not Monitored Not monitored 164 Kalyani Kalyani Nadia West Bengal 22.976 88.419 TF + WSP 21.00 18.00 - - - Operational Complying - Diamond 2.03 - South 24 Harbour Diamond 165 Paragana West Bengal - - WSP Not Monitored Not monitored Near Police Harbour s Station Kanchrapar 166 Kanchrapara Nadia West Bengal 22.952 88.444 AL 18.00 10.00 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - a 167 Chinsurah Chinsurah Hooghly West Bengal 22.880 88.378 SBR 26.50 4.22 TRUE - TRUE Operational Complying - ASP – Activated sludge process; TF – Trickling filter; AL – Aerated lagoon; BT- Biotower; UASB –Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket; OP-Oxidation pond/WSP-waste stabilization ponds/ Aerated lagoon with or without lining; EA - Extended Aeration; BD –Biodigester; SBR – Sequential Batch Reactor; MBR – Membrane Bio Reactor;

MBBR/FAB – Moving Bed Bio Reactor/Fluidized Aerobic Bed; SBT- Soil Biotechnology 113Appendix 4.1 Pre Monsoon 2025 drains status (60 nos. of Dry/lean flow/meagre flow observed in untapped drains) in river Ganga State District Name of drain (60 drains) Uttarkashi Dunda-1 and Dunda-2 drain Chamoli Leesa Bend Drain; Stadium drain and Alkapuri drain Patwari Chowk Drain Vijay Nagar 4 drain, Augustyamuni;

Degree Collage Drain , Augustyamuni; BSNL Drain Baniyadi; Anoop Negi Drain, Rudraprayag and Syndicate Bank Drain/ Uttarakhand Rudraprayag Makari Bazar drain near Indian Oil Petrol Pump Tehri Garhwal Medical college Drain , Srikot; New Drain, Kirtinagar; Police Guest House drain and Omkaranand Public Ghat Dehradun IDPL STP drain, Rishikesh Muzaffarnagar Tikaula drain Bijnor Baheda drain (Milini) Farrukhabad B.B. Ganj Nala Kanpur Airforce Drain Bada Math - Chhota Math ke beach ka Nala, Sherandajpur; Busda/ Ghat ka Nala / Barudda Ghat Drain, Sherandajpur; Shukla Raebareli Uttar Pradesh Ghat ka Nala, Sherandajpur; Pathvari Ghat ka Nala, Tikaitganj and Raja Tiloi Ghat Nala/ Deen shah Gaora Ghat, Mo. Sherndajpur Pratapgarh Prathmik Vidhyalay Prayagraj Shivkuti Drain No. 1; Shivkuti Drain No. 2; Shankar ghat drain-01 and Shankar ghat Colony drain Mirzapur Diwan Ghat New Drain; Bhairamganj East Drain and Tekur Basti South Drain Ghazipur Mahaveer Ghat Drain; Jauhargaj Drain; Khirki Ghat Drain and Drain at left of Pakka Ghat Aligarh & Kasganj Neem nala Patna Bhadra Ghat Drain Bihar Munger ITC Drain Murshidabad Ganeshpur More to Ganeshpur Ghat; Jangipur Drain and Shiv Mandir Ghat,W.No.21 Dunlop Kheya Ghat; From Stand road Khatal; Murgi Patti; Rajbanshipara Ghat; Near Sheoraphuli Fish Market; Neheru Nagar Hooghly Colony-I and Bose Para Lane West Bengal N24Paraganas Drain At Daduram Ghat, Naihati and Drain at Biswas Ghat Jayabibi Road; Gossai Ghat Road Drain; Ramkrishna Mallick Ghat Drain; 101 Foreshore Road Drain; Radhanagar Canel, Howrah Uluberia and Kalinga Nagar Drain S. 24 Paragana Budge-Budge Pujali Drain Post Monsoon 2025 drains status (58 no. of Dry/lean flow/meagre flow observed in untapped drains) in river Ganga State District Name of drain (58 drains) Hospital drain near PHC, Ukhimath; Patwari Chowk Drain; Talibgarh Ward / Vijay Nagar 1 Drain; Baniyadi Drain;

Degree Collage Drain; BSNL Drain, Baniyadi; GIC drain in near Post Office; Drain Near Taxi Stand; Drain Near Rudraprayag Ayush Medicos, Tilwara; Anoopnegi Drain and Syndicate Bank Drain/Makari Bazar drain near Indian Oil Petrol Pump Chamoli Stadium drain, Chamoli-Gopeshwar and Sangam Road Nala, Nandparayag Uttarakhand Tehri Garhwal New Drain, Kirtinagar and Medical College Drain, Srikot Pauri Garhwal Swarg Ashram/Ved Niketan drain and Alaknanda Vihar Nala, Srinagar Uttarkashi Kailash Ashram Drain; Dunda-1; Dunda-2; Dunda-3, Purana Bazar Khala Police guest house drain; Darshan Maha Vidyalaya drain; Boat ghat drain; Omkaranand Public Ghat drain; Khara srot Dehradun drain and IDPL STP Drain Muzaffarnagar Tikaula drain Bijnor Chandpur drain Bada Math - Chhota Math ke beach ka Nala, Sherandajpur; Shukla Ghat ka Nala, Sherandajpur and Raja Tiloi Ghat Raebareli Nala/Mo. Sherndajpur (Deen shah Gaora Ghat) Pratapgarh Lataar (Taar) Nala; Raja Hela Nala; Prathmik Vidhyalay and Mallahan Tola Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj Bairagiya Drain; Shivkuti Drain No. 1; Shivkuti Drain No. 2; Fort DrainNo.1; Fort DrainNo.2 and Baswar Drain Mirzapur Bhairamganj East Drain; Tambalganj and Nagar Palika Drain Moradabad Vivekananda Hospital (left) drain Bulandshahar Kasai Bada Drain; Chandbhari Drain and Cheel Ghat Drain Kasganj Neem Nala Patna Krishna Ghat Nala and Mastana Ghat Bihar Munger ITC Drain Howrah 101, Foreshore Road Drain; Garchumuk and Sankrail, near Manikpur ferry ghat North 24 parganas Monirampore -Barrackpore West Bengal Murshidabad Jangipur Drain and Nashipur Ghosh Para,Ward No-14 Hooghly Drain at Tamil para ferry ghat, Chinsura 114Appendix 4.2 Status of drains tapped to various STPs (based on Post-Monsoon data in river Ganga) Ganga States Name of STP STP Capacity No. of Drains of river Ganga Tapped

1. STP, Badrinath 0.26 MLD 1

2. STP, Badrinath 1 MLD 4

3. Pokhri Bend STP, Joshimath 1.08 MLD 2

4. STP, Marwadi, Joshimath 2.7 MLD 3

5. Rudra Band STP, Rudraprayag 100 KLD 1

6. Dart Pull STP, Rudraprayag 75 KLD 1

7. STP-4, Near SBI, Rudraprayag 100 KLD 2

8. STP-5, Near Steel Bridge, Rudraprayag 125 KLD 1

9. STP No. 6, Belni Bridge, Rudraprayag 50 KLD 1

10. D eendayal Upadhyay STP, Chamoli 1.12 MLD 2

11. C hamoli Ghat STP 0.76 MLD 4

12. F orest Office STP, Nandprayag 100 KLD 2

13. S angam road STP, Nandprayag 50 KLD 1

14. S TP-5, Ward No. 01 & 03, Karnaprayag 100 KLD 2

15. S TP-4, Naya Pull, Karnaprayag 50 KLD 2

16. S TP-1, Police Chowki, Karnaprayag 50 KLD 1

17. S TP-2, Near Purana Pull, Karnaprayag 100 KLD 1

18. S ubhash Nagar STP, Karnaprayag 50 KLD 1

19. S TP, Kirtinagar 50 KLD 1

20. S TP, Kirtinagar 10 KLD 1 Uttarakhand 21. S TP, Srinagar 3.5 MLD 15

22. S TP, Srinagar 1 MLD 2

23. S TP, Srikot 50 KLD 1

24. J unior High School STP, Srikot 75 KLD 1

25. S TP, Gyansu, Uttarkashi 2 MLD 6

26. S TP, Tapovan, Rishikesh 3.5 MLD 4

27. S TP, Swarg Ashram, Rishikesh 3 MLD 19

28. S TP, Lakkar Ghat, Rishikesh 26 MLD 4

29. S TP, Chorpani & Lakkar Ghat, Rishikesh 5 + 26 MLD 8

30. S TP, Chandreshwar Nagar, Rishikesh 7.5 MLD 3

31. S arai STP, Jwalapur, Haridwar 14 & 18 MLD 2

32. J agjeetpur STP, Haridwar 18, 27 & 68 MLD 18

33. S angam Bazaar STP, Devprayag 150 KLD 2

34. B ah Bazar STP, Devprayag 1.4 MLD 1

35. S TP, Kashipur 10 MLD 2

36. S TP, Kashipur 500 KLD 2

37. S TP, Kashipur 1 MLD 1

38. S TP, Kashipur 18 MLD 1

39. S TP, Kashipur (near Ganna Ayukt Office, Bazpur Road) 2 MLD 1

40. S TP, Ramnagar 7 MLD 5

41. P ucchdi STP, Ramnagar 1.5 MLD 1

42. K ichha STP, Kiccha 3 MLD 3

43. S TP, Bazpur 10 MLD 1

1. 4 MLD STP, Narora 4 MLD 2

2. 30 MLD STP Farrukhabad, Farrukhabad 30 MLD 3

3. 2.7 MLD STP Fatehgarh, Farrukhabad 2.7 MLD 1

4. 17.7 MLD STP Fatehgarh, Farrukhabad 17.7 MLD 1

5. 06 MLD Garhmukteshwar STP, Hapur 06 MLD 1

6. 80 KLD Constructed Wetland Treatment System, Bithoor, 80 KLD 1 Kanpur 115Ganga States Name of STP STP Capacity No. of Drains of river Ganga Tapped

7. 200 MLD STP Jajmau, Kanpur 200 MLD 10

8. 210 MLD STP, Bingawan, Kanpur 210 MLD 3

9. 30 MLD STP Pankha, Kanpur 30 MLD 3

10. 7 2 MLD Jagriti Vihar STP, Meerut 72 MLD 1

11. 6 0 MLD STP Rajapur, Prayagraj 60 MLD 7

12. 4 2 MLD New Naini STP, Prayagraj 42 MLD 1

13. 4 3 MLD Salori STP 43 MLD 1

14. 1 4 MLD Phaphamau STP, Prayagraj 14 MLD 2

15. 1 0 MLD STP Ponghat, Prayagraj 10 MLD 2

16. 2 5 MLD STP Kodra, Prayagraj 25 MLD 1

17. 1 6 MLD Jhusi, Prayagraj 16 MLD 13

18. 1 4 MLD STP Mirzapur 14 MLD 1

19. 8 .5 MLD STP Bishundharpur, Mirzapur 8.5 MLD 5 Uttar Pradesh

20. 1 4+8.5 MLD Pakka pokhra STP STP, Mirzapur 14+8.5 MLD 5

21. V indyachal STP, Mirzapur 07 MLD 5

22. 2 9 MLD Salori STP, Prayagraj 29 MLD 1

23. 1 0 MLD Ramnagar STP, Varanasi 10 MLD 5

24. 8 0 MLD Dinapur STP, Varanasi 80 MLD 22

25. 5 0 MLD Ramanna STP, Varanasi 50 MLD 2

26. C haubari STP, Bareilly 20 MLD 1

27. K asganj STP 15 MLD 2

28. 1 3 MLD STP Kannauj, Kannauj 13 MLD 3

29. 2 5 MLD STP at Chakkar ki Milak, Moradabad 25 MLD 5

30. 5 8 MLD STP, Moradabad 58 MLD 2

31. 1 40 MLD Dinapur, Varanasi 140 MLD 9

32. 1 20 MLD Goithaha, Varanasi 120 MLD 4

1. Chapra STP 32 MLD 1

2. Barh STP 11 MLD 5 Bihar 3. Mokama STP 8 MLD 3

4. Sultanganj STP 10 MLD 1

5. Bakhtiyarpur STP, Patna 10 MLD 1

1. STP-1, Ghormarapul, Sahibganj 5 MLD 1 Jharkhand 2. STP-2, Chanan, Sahibganj 7 MLD 1

3. Rajmahal STP, Bendubbi 3.5 MLD 4

1. Chandannagar (TF+OP), Chandannagar, Hooghly 22.7 MLD 2

2. Barrackpur-2 STP, Lathbagan 6.1 MLD 1

3. Nabadwip STP, Nadia 9.5 MLD 1

4. Naihati ASP, N24Paraganas 11.56 MLD 1

5. Naihati, N24Paraganas 6.5 MLD 2

6. Bhadreswar STP, Bhadreswar, Hooghly 7.6 MLD 1 West Bengal 7. Jagaddal-Bhatpara STP, Bhatpara 31MLD 1

8. Chinsurh STP, Chinsurh, Hooghly 26.5 MLD 1

9. Garulia STP, Garulia, N24Paraganas 4.1 MLD 1

10. K anchrapara STP, N24Paraganas 18 MLD 1 Total 292 116Appendix 4.3 Solid waste found dumped along the drain (Since 2024 - 2025) (in river Ganga and its tributaries) S Town/city River Name of drain No.

Uttarakhand-15 Drains

1. Dunda, Uttarkashi Bhagirathi Dunda-1, Dunda-2 drain, Virpur Village, Dunda, Dunda-3 (Purana Bazar Khala)

2. Chamoli-Gopeshwar Alaknanda Alkapuri drain,

3. Augustmuni Mandakani Drain Near Jirwan Footwear - Vijay Nagar, Drain-3, Baniyadi Drain, Talibgarh Ward - Vijay Nagar 1 Drain, SBI / GIC Drain

4. Kirtinagar Alaknanda New Drain,

5. Srinagar Alaknanda Convent School Drain, Tiwari Mohalla drain,

6. Swarg Ashram Ganga Gali No.-1 near Geeta Bhawan

7. Rudrapur Gaula Kalyani drain/river, Rudrapur (Pantnagar

8. Bazpur Pilakhar Ghogha

9. Kashipur Dhela Pachana Drain Uttar Pradesh - 129 Drains

1. Farrukhabad Ganga Bhairoghat Drain, Hathikhana Drain, Bargadia Ghat Drain, Cantt Drain

2. Bithoor Ganga Luv-Kush Drain, Bhannu Nala, Peshwa Nala,Brahamawat Ghat, Laxman Ghat Drain, Kalwari Ghat Drain

3. Kanpur Ganga & Pandu Permiya Drain, Ranighat Drain, Sisamau Drain, Tefco Drain, Parmath Drain, Police line Drain, Jail Drain, Gola Ghat Drain, Bhagwatdas Drain, Sattichaura Drain, Dabka-1, 2 & 3 Drain, Sheetla Bazar Drain, Airforce Drain, Budiyaghat, Wajidpur Drain, Ratanpur Drain, Panki Drain, Halwakhanda Drain, Ganda Drain, COD Drain, Arra Drain, Pipauri, Sagar Puri Drain

4. Shuklaganj Ganga Ganga Vishnu Drain, Indira Nagar Drain, Ravidas Nagar, Srinagar Drain

5. Raebareli Ganga Busda/ Ghat ka Nala/Barudda Ghat Drain, Sherandajpur, Sadak Ghat Muroop Nala/Sadak Ghat Drain, Tikaitganj

6. Manikpur Ganga Mallahan Tola

7. Prayagraj Ganga & Manshahita Rasulabad-3 Drain,Rasulabad-2 Drain,Rasulabad-1 Drain, Chuhara Mandir-2 Drain/ Jondhwal Drain,Sadanand Ashram Drain

8. Gopiganj Ganga Jhiriya Drain, Gopiganj

9. Mirzapur Ganga Kachahari Drain, Narghat Drain, Sundar Ghat Drain, Oliyar Drain,Hanuman Ghat Drain,Bisundarpur Drain, Shivpur Drain,Patengra Drain, Parshuram Ghat ,Balughat Kachha Drain ,Balughat Pakka Drain,Chorwa Drain ,Khandwa Drain

10. Chu nar Ganga & Jargo Kashi Ram Awas Drain,Balughat Drain,Gangeshwari Nishad Park Drain,Post Office North Drain,Bhairamganj West Drain, Tekur Basti South Drain,Bharatpur Trimohani,Saiddupur Drain,TekurNagarDrain-1

11. Vara nasi Ganga & Varuna Asi/ Nagwa Drain,Phulwariya Drain,iSadar Bazar Drain, Raja Bazar Drain,Nakkhi ghat Drain,Narokhar Drain, Nai Basti,Teliya Bagh Drain,Chamrautha Drain, Khajury ColonyDrain,Banaras Drain No.-5,Durga/ Daniyal/Lohtha Drain,Purana Pul Drain

12. Zam nia Ganga Gorwa Drain,Kankarwa Drain

13. Ghaz ipur Ganga Bada Mahadev /Adarsh Bazar Drain,Pear Nagar Drain, Khirki Ghat Drain,Afeem Factory Colony Drain/ Mahala Basti / Sikandpur Drain,DM Bunglow Drain,Dadri Ghat Drain,Collector Ghat Drain,Maksud Ghat Drain, Gola Ghat Drain,Steamer Ghat Drain,Chetnat Ghat Drain, Anzahi Ghat Drain,Theri bazar Drain,Posta Ghat Drain, Rui Mandi Drain,Shamshan Ghat Drain,Harizan Basti drain, Drain at right of Pakka Ghat

14. Mor adabad Ramganga & Gagan Chakkar Ki Milak / Mukrampur,Jigar Colony,Jhabbu Ka Nala,Nawabpura 2, Lalbagh Drain, Daheria / Dateria Drain, Jama Masjid (Left) drain, Barbalan Drain, Katghar Railway Station,Chandaousi road Left Side, Vivekanand Hospital-Right

15. Mee rut Kali East Abunallah-1, Abunallah-2, Butcher House / Odian Nala

16. Hapu r Kali East Chhoiya drain

17. Bula ndshahar Kali East Maman Road drain, D M Colony, Aadil Drain, Nishal Ghat, Faisalabad / Pul Dhameda, Behind Shanidev Temple, Devipura drain, Behind Chamunda Temple

18. Bhad ohi Morwa & Varuna Chauri Drain, Barbaspur Drain, BIDA Drain, Mamdevpur Drain, Nai Bazar Drain/ Chaura Drain Bihar (49 drains)

1. Buxar Ganga Nath Baba Drain, Tadka Drain,. Sati ghat drain,Sidnath Drain/Hospital Road,Sarinpur Drain/Choti Sarinpur drain

2. Dighwara Ganga Shankarpur Road Nala

3. Chapra Ganga Khanua Nala

1174. Danapur Ganga Danapur Cantt Drain Kurzi Drain, Rajapur Drain, Bans Ghat Drain, Balu Ghat, Ghagha Ghat, Masjid Ghat Drain, Loharwa Ghat Drain, Goshai Ghat Drainix. Gai Ghat Drain, Bhadra Ghat Drain Mahavir Ghat

5. Patna Ganga Drain, Nauzar Ghat Drain, Mittan Ghat Drain

6. Fatua Ganga Kalighat, Samaspur, Mastana Ghat, Devanti Ghat, Kataiya Ghat,Makshudpur Drain (West),Makshudpur drain (East)

7. Baktiyarpur Ganga Raghopur Dugar Nala

8. Barh Ganga Pipal Ghat Drain,Salimpur Drain Near Nagar Parisad, Barh, Malinia Ghat Drain, Ward No. 11, Salempur, Barh, Dhobiya ghat,Gauri Shankar Ghat

9. Munger Ganga Lal Darwaja Drain Champa Nala-2, Champa Nala-1, Sahebganj Miyabari Nala, STP Nala Bhagalpur, Hathiya Nala near Tilak Manjhi, DN Singh Drain, Saklichand Drain, Koyal Ghat Drain, Khirni Ghat,

10. Bhalga lpur Ganga Kuppa Ghat, Pipalli Dham drain-1, xii. Barari Ghat Drain

11. Kahalg aon Ganga Kagzi Nala, Pampu Nala, LCT Drain West Bengal- 47 Drains

1. Jangipur Ganga Jangipur drain

2. Baharampore Ganga Shiv Mandir Ghat,W.No.21, Back Side Of Phed, W.No.24

3. Berhampore Ganga Rattala Gorabazar Drain Berhampore

4. Katwa Ganga Sakhipara Ghat Drain , Katwa

5. NABADWIP Ganga Goshpara Drain, Nabadwip

6. Tribeni Ganga Btps Outfall Drain

7. Kanchrapara Ganga Bagher Khal (Fodder Khal)

8. Bansberia Ganga Dhopa Ghat Drain

9. Halisahar, Kalyani, Kanchapara Ganga New Bagher Khal

10. Kanchr apara and Halisahar Ganga Drain @ Halisahar Municipality

11. Halisah ar Ganga Halisahar drain

12. Chinsu rah, Bandel Ganga Rosbara Khal

13. Chinsu rah Ganga Chandni Ghat Drain, Chinsurah, Imambara Khal, Chinsurah

14. Naihati Ganga Drain at Daduram Ghat, Naihati, Gariffa South Drain, Gariffa North Drain, Thannar Khal, Naihati

15. Bhatpa ra Ganga Bhatpara Open Pukka Drain, Alliance Jute Mill Drain, Bhatpara, Drain Near , Ratapnagar & Rajbari

16. Chanda nnagar municipality Ganga Drain @ Sarishapara, Chandannagar

17. Bhadre swar municipality Ganga Gondalpara drain

18. Garulia Ganga Debitala Pancha Khal

19. Barrack pore Ganga Monirampore – Barrackpore Drain, Balughat Ghat, Manirampore, Pucca Drain, Barrackpore

20. Seramp ore Ganga Bhagirathi drain, serampore

21. Barrckp ore Ganga Barrackpore drain (adjacent to ramakrishna mission)

22. Titagar h Ganga Talpukur

23. Kharda h Ganga Titagarh drain @ bishalaxmi ghat

24. Rishra, konnagar Ganga Bagh Khal, Rishra And Konnagar

25. Konnag ar Ganga Drain @ Panchu Dutta Ghat

26. Kamarh ati Ganga Drain Near PB Ghat @ Kamarhati, Kamarhati Drain @ Jute Mill, Kamarhati

27. Kolkata Ganga Chitpur Ghat Khal, Dhankheti Khal, Kolkata, Munikhali Khal (Formerly Drain @ Akhra Food Ghar)

28. Bally Ganga Dewangazi drain

29. Howrah Ganga Ramkrishna Mallick Ghat Drain, Howrah 130 Foreshore Road Drain, Howrah, 101 Foreshore Road Drain, Howrah, Shibpur Burning Ghat, Howrah, Botanical Garden-I

30. Howrah city area Ganga Telkal ghat drain, howrah

31. Howrah , Sankrail Ganga Nazerganj khal

32. Sankra il Ganga Saraswati Khal, Sankrail 118Appendix 4.4 Solid waste found dumped along the drain (in river Yamuna) Town/city River Name of drain Uttarakhand-13 Drains Yamunotri Yamuna (i) Near Temple, (ii) Near Kund, (iii) Near Hanuman Mandir, (iv) Near Sant Ashram, (v) Near Panda, Samiti Shops, (vi) Near Public toilet, Janki Chatti Yamuna (i) Near Primary School Drain, Narayanpur, (ii) Near Vidhayak Parking drain, Barkot Yamuna (i) Diet Nala, (ii) Taxi stand drain, Naugaon village Yamuna (i) Drain near basic school, (ii) Drain near main market bridge, Nainbagh Yamuna (i) Drain near Barnigad Bazar, Nainbagh Himachal Pradesh-2 Drains Paonta Sahib Yamuna (i) Near Shri Dei Ji Sahiba Temple, Devinagar, (ii) near Old SBI Uttar Pradesh-97 Drains Agra Yamuna (i) Devri Nala, (ii) Jalma Nala, (iii) Khairati Tola, (iv) Khoja Nala, (v) Indira Memorial Bridge, (vi) Peepal Mandi, (vii) Kachhpura Nala, (viii) Kachhpura Main Nala, (ix) Moti Mahal, Mall Godam, (x) MotiMahal-II, (xi) Moti Mahal-IV, (xii) MotiMahal-V, (xiii) MotiMahal-VII, (xiv) MauNala 1, (xv) K.K. Nagar, (xvi) Jaswant Singh ki Chatri- I, (xvii) Jaswant Singh ki Chatri-II, (xviii) Jaswant Singh ki Chatri-III, (xix) BahadurPur gaon, (xx) Radha Nagar Drain Balkeshwar, (xxi) New Radha Nagar Drain, Trans Yamuna, (xxii) Anurag Nagar, (xxiii) Artoni, (xxiv) Gokul Nagar Drain, (xxv) Seksaria Drain, (xxvi) Dayanand Ashram, (xxvii) Bhairo Nalla, (xxviii) Katra Wajir Khan Nala- I, (xxix) Industrial Area, (xxx) Shaym Lalb Vidya Mandir, (xxxi) Foundary Nagar Drain, (xxxii) Nursery Mandir-II, (xxxiii) Gali Amanat Ram Bagichi-I, (xxxiv) Gali Amanat Ram Bagichi-II, (xxxv) Gali Subedar Nagar, (xxxvi) Krishna Nagar Colony, (xxxvii) Peelakhar, (xxxvii) Chini ka Roza-I, (xxxix) ChinikaRoza-II, (xxxx) Water Works, (xxxxi) Ispat Udhyog, (xxxxii) RamBagh –I, (xxxxiii) RamBagh –III, (xxxxiv) Balkeshwar drain, (xxxxv) Lohia Nagar, (xxxxvi) Lohia Nagar Rathor wali Gali, (xxxxvii) LohiaNagarBankeBihari, (xxxxviii) Naraich, (xxxxix) Budhi Ka Nagla, (xxxxx) Amar Vihar 1, (xxxxxi) Islam Nagar Drain, (xxxxxii) Eklavya/AquaCoolWater treatment,

(xxxxxiii) Manoharpur 2, (xxxxxiv) Manoharpur 1, (xxxxxv) Bainpur, (xxxxxvi) Kailash Mandir, (xxxxxvii) Poia Ghat 1, (xxxxxviii) Poia Ghat 2, (xxxxxix) Peelipokhar Nala Baraut, Malakpur, Bawli, Yamuna (i) Makhraj Drain Dhikana, Khempur, Rajpur, Etawah Yamuna (i) Tixi Drain, (ii) Jharna Drain Hamirpur Yamuna (i) Drain Purana Yamuna Ghat, (ii) Drain Pataleshwar Kalpi Yamuna Rayad Road Nala Mathura Yamuna Refinery drain, Aurangabad drain, Amberkhar drain, Masani drain Prayagraj Yamuna (i) Karela Bagh Drain A-1, (ii) Karela Bagh Drain A-2, (iii) Main Ghaghar Nala, (iv) GhagharNala 1-A/Sadiyapur Drain, (v) GhagharNala 1-A1, (vi) Ghaghar Nala 1-B, (vii) Dariyabad Kakahraghat Drain, (viii) Dariyabad Pipalghat Drain, (ix) Dariyabad Jogighat Drain, (x) Chachar Nala, (xi) Emergency Outfall Drain, (xii) Drain at Gate No. 9,

(xiii) Drain at Gate No. 13, (xiv) Fort Drain No. 2 (xv) Baluaghat JCC Backside (xvi) Sasurkhaderi Drain (xvii) Mahewa Pasi Tola Drain No. 1 (xviii) Mahewa Pasi Tola Drain No. 2 (xix) Mahewa Pasi Tola Drain No. 3 (xx) Mahewa Pasi Tola Drain No. 4 (xxi) Mahewa Pasi Tola Drain No. 5 (xxii) New Arail Ghat Drain (xxiii) Meduka drain (xxiv) Bargad Ghat Drain Tundla Yamuna Drain at Kothi No-1, Malviya Nagar Drain, Rahana Drain, Naya Bans Vrindavan Yamuna KC ghat 119Appendix 4.5 Post- Monsoon 2025 drains status (22 nos. of Dry/lean flow/meagre flow observed in untapped drains) in river Yamuna State District Name of drain Uttarakhand Uttarkashi 1. Near Temple Yamunotri, 2. Near Kund Yamunotri, 3. Near Hanuman Mandir Yamunotri, 4. Near Sant Ashram Yamunotri, 5.

Near Panda Samiti Shops Yamunotri, 6. Near Public toilet Yamunotri, 7. Uphill Road Kharsali drain Kharsali, 8. Near Shri Sidh Hanuman Mandir Ashram Drain Janki Chatti, 9. Near Primary School Drain in Narayanpur near BSNL Tower Janki Chatti, 10. Drain near Bridge / near Vidhayak Parking drain Janki Chatti, 11. Near Hotel Relax Drain Janki Chatti, 12. Near Hotel Mandakini Drain Janki Chatti, 13. Drain near basic school Nungoan Tehri 14. Drain near Barnigad Bazar, Nainbagh Garhwal Uttar Agra 15. Ambedkar Park, 16. Gailana, 17. Belanganj Bridge, Pradesh 18. Khemchand Tofee Factory Prayagraj 19. Fort Drain No. 1, 20. Fort Drain No. 2, 21. Baswar Drain Firozabad 22. Drain at Kothi No-1, (RPF Barrack) Tundla, Firozabad 120Appendix 5.1 PRIMARY WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR BATHING WATER (Water used for organized outdoor bathing) CRITERIA RATIONALE

1. Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) 500 (desirable) To ensure low sewage contamination. Faecal coliform and feacal streptococci are 2500 (Maximum considered as they reflect the bacterial pathogenicity. permissible)

2. Faecal Streptococci (MPN/100 100 (desirable) The desirable and permissible limits are suggested to allow for fluctuation in ml) 500 (Maximum environmental conditions such as seasonal change, changes in flow conditions etc.

Permissible)

3. pH Between 6.5-8.5 The range provides protection to the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ears etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing.

4. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 5 mg/L or more The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 mg/l ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately upstream which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (obnoxious gases) from sediment.

5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3 mg/L or less The Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/l or less of the water ensures reasonable (3rd day, at 27˚C) (mg/L) freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases".

121Appendix 5.2 Comparative data of Ganga River Water Quality (2024 Vs 2025) Figure 1. River Ganga water quality 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) w.r.t pH (mg/l) 122Figure 2. River Ganga water quality 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) w.r.t Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/l) 123Figure 3. River Ganga water quality 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) w.r.t Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/l) 124Figure 4. River Ganga water quality 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) w.r.t Faecal Coliform (FC) (MPN/100 ml) 125Figure 5. River Ganga water quality 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) w.r.t Faecal streptococci (FS) (MPN/100 ml) 126Water quality data of river Ganga 2024 vs 2025 (Jan-Dec) (Median) FC FS Station pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) State name Station name (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) Code 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 1491 BAGIRATHI AT GANGOTRI 8.1 7.9 11.2 11.1 1 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 5451 RIVER MANDAKINI AT KEDARNATH 7.8 7.9 11.6 11.6 1 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 5452 RIVER ALAKNANDA AT BADRINATH 7.7 7.7 11.4 11.6 1 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1485 MANDAKINI B/C ALAKNANDA, RUDRAPRAYAG 7.7 7.9 10.6 10.9 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1484 ALAKNANDA B/C MANDAKINI, RUDRA PRAYAG 7.7 7.8 10.4 10.8 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1486 ALKANANDA A/C MANDAKINI, RUDRAPRAYAG 7.8 8.0 10.5 10.8 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1488 BHAGIRATHI B/C ALAKNANDA, DEVPRAYAG 7.6 8.0 10.3 10.6 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1487 ALAKNANDA B/C BHAGIRATHI, DEVPRAYAG 7.8 7.9 10.2 10.5 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1489 ALAKNANDA A/C BHAGIRATHI, DEVPRAYAG 7.9 8.0 10.2 10.5 1.0 1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 5776 Uttarakhand RIVER GANGA AT SWARG ASHRAM ,RISHIKESH 7.8 8.1 10.0 10.5 1.0 1 36.5 40 1.8 1.8 1060 U/S RISHIKESH 7.8 8.1 10.2 10.5 1.0 1 32 33 1.8 1.8 5777 RIVER GANGA NEAR VISTHAPHIT COLONY, RISHIKESH 7.8 7.9 9.4 10.3 1.0 1 40 40 1.8 1.8 10147 RISHIKESH D/S 7.6 7.9 9.9 10.5 1.0 1 33 33 1.8 1.8 2725 A/C SONG NEAR SATYARAYAN TEMPLE, D/S RAIWALA 8.0 7.9 8.6 9.4 1.4 1.2 49 110 4 11.5 10148 HARKI PAURI GHAT 7.7 8.0 8.6 9.6 1.2 2 79 135 7.8 11 3997 RIVER GANGA U/S AT BINDUGHAT, DUDHIYABAD, HARIDWAR 7.6 8.0 8.4 9.2 1.8 2 79 130 7.8 9.3 1061 HARIDWAR D/S 7.6 8.1 8.4 9.3 2.0 2.1 94 140 9.2 11.5 5778 RIVER GANGA NEAR BISHANPUR KUNDI, HARIDWAR 7.6 8.0 8.5 9.1 1.8 2.1 94 130 9.2 9.3 2727 ROORKEE D/S 7.4 8.1 8.6 9.3 2.0 2.2 94 170 12 14 10150 MADHYA GANGA BARRAGE (BIJNOR) 7.8 7.8 9.1 9.2 1.2 1.2 490 430 1.8 1.8 RIVER GANGA AT NANDAUR- 5707 7.3 7.3 9.0 8.8 1.4 1.7 610 680 - - HASTINPUR BRIDGE NEAR HASTINPUR RIVER GANGA TIGRI GANGA GHAT, 5708 7.8 7.8 8.9 9.0 1.3 1.35 700 460 1.8 1.8 VILLAGE-TIGARI, AMROHA 10149 U/S BRIJGHAT, GARHMUKTESHWAR 7.4 7.5 10.6 10.2 2.2 2.2 350 350 170 150 1062 BRIJGHAT D/S, GHARMUKTESHWAR 7.4 7.6 10.5 10.0 2.4 2.4 540 540 230 220 Uttar Pradesh 2488 U/S ANOOPSHAHAR 7.2 7.3 8.7 8.3 2.0 1.8 415 540 - - 2489 ANOOPSHAHAR D/S 7.2 7.3 8.8 8.5 1.8 1.85 350 680 - - 1145 NARORA (BULANDSAHAR) 7.2 7.2 8.8 8.7 1.9 1.7 540 920 - - 2490 KACHHLA GHAT (ALIGARH) 7.8 7.9 9.9 9.8 1.3 1.35 320 320 1.8 1.8 10151 FARRUKHABAD 8.3 8.4 8.0 8.3 3.2 3.1 1950 2300 3.35 3.6 1063 U/S KANNAUJ (RAJGHAT) 8.4 8.4 7.7 8.2 3.4 3.35 2600 2750 1.8 4.25 1066 KANNAUJ D/S 8.3 8.4 7.7 8.1 3.7 3.45 3100 3250 2.8 5 127FC FS Station pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) State name Station name (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) Code 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 RIVER GANGA NANAMAU GANGA BRIDGE, LUCKNOW MOHAN- 5709 8.2 8.4 7.9 8.1 3.5 3.5 4100 2800 28 4.5 HASANGANJ- RASULABAD MARG, KARTI AKBERPUR SENG 1146 BITHOOR (KANPUR) 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.2 3.3 3.4 3200 2700 25 2 1067 U/S KANPUR (RANIGHAT) 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.0 3.4 3.5 3300 3350 3.1 5.8 10154 U/s SHUKLAGANJ /BATHING GHAT (BHARAOGHAT) 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.9 3.5 3.6 3800 3450 52 6.45 10155 SHUKLAGANJ D/S 8.4 8.4 7.9 7.9 3.6 3.6 3500 3700 5.15 6.45 10156 BATHING GHAT (GOLA GHAT) 8.3 8.4 7.6 8.1 4.0 3.6 4000 3350 2.8 63 10157 BATHING GHAT (JAJMAU BRIDGE) 8.3 8.3 7.7 7.8 4.2 3.75 7450 4650 22 21.5 1068 KANPUR D/S (JAJMAU PUMPING STATION)/JANE VILL. 8.3 8.3 7.3 7.7 4.4 3.95 11500 46000 5.6 74.5 RIVER GANGA PURANA RAJAPUR, 5710 8.3 8.4 7.6 8.0 3.8 3.55 6650 2650 7.2 6.65 RAJAPUR, KANPUR RIVER GANGA A/C PANDU RIVER AT MADEVESHWAR BABA TAMPLE 5711 8.0 8.1 8.6 7.9 2.5 2.8 680 2200 - - DEOMAI RIVER GANGA MATA GANGA BRIDGE , 5712 8.1 8.7 2.9 1100 - 13.5 NH335, LALGANJ ROAD FATEHPUR 1147 DALMAU (RAI BAREILLY) 8.1 8.1 8.5 8.4 3.0 3.05 1200 1150 14 17 2498 KALA KANKAR (PRATAPGARH) 8.2 8.1 8.6 8.6 2.9 2.95 1100 1100 13 14 2487 KADAGHAT (KAUSHAMBI) 8.1 8.1 8.5 8.1 2.8 2.65 680 2100 RIVER GANGA AT GANGA BRIDGE 5713 8.1 8.1 8.8 9.1 2.8 2.7 930 935 12 13 .NH19, DHEEMI 1046 PRAYAGRAJ (RASOOLABAD) 8.2 8.1 8.5 8.0 2.8 2.65 730 2000 - - 1049 PRAYAGRAJ D/S (SANGAM) 8.1 8.1 8.3 7.8 2.8 2.8 915 2100 - - RIVER GANGA B/C TAMSA RIVER AT PRACHIN SHIVALAYA DUMDUMA 5714 8.0 8.1 8.5 8.0 2.7 2.6 610 2000 - - GHAT 10158 A/C TAMAS RIVER (SIRSA) 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.1 2.8 2.6 680 1700 - - 2485 U/S, VINDHYACHAL (MIRZAPUR) 8.1 8.2 7.8 7.9 2.5 2.6 745 840 460 630 2486 D/S, MIRZAPUR 7.7 7.9 7.1 7.2 3.5 3.65 8400 7900 3300 2700 10153 CHUNAR 7.9 8.0 7.5 7.5 3.2 3.3 5800 6300 2700 2300 1070 U/S VARANASI (VISHWA SUNDARI BRIDGE) 8.2 8.2 7.7 8.0 2.4 2.5 700 790 340 510 1071 VARANASI D/S (MALVIYA BRIDGE) 7.8 7.9 7.2 7.1 3.5 3.5 7900 7900 3200 6650 RIVER GANGA B/C GOMTI RIVER AT 5715 7.9 8.0 7.4 7.3 3.3 3.3 6050 7000 2950 3400 BALUA GHAT BRIDGE, VARANASI 10152 A/C GOMTI RIVER (BHUSAULA) 7.9 8.0 7.5 7.5 3.1 3.2 4900 4900 2400 2600 RIVER GANGA ZAMANIA GANGA 5716 8.0 8.2 7.6 7.8 2.9 2.9 3800 4600 2000 2200 BRIDGE , ZAMANIA UP 1073 TARIGHAT (GHAZIPUR) 7.8 7.8 7.0 7.2 3.7 3.65 9400 9400 4450 5800 128FC FS Station pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) State name Station name (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) Code 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 RIVER GANGA BALLIA D/S AT BEYASI 5717 - 8.0 - 7.5 - 3.2 - 4900 - 4900 BALLIA BRIDGE 1074 BUXAR, CHAUSA KARMNASA 7.7 7.7 8.1 8.2 1.3 1.8 9450 1700 2 7.8 10113 U/S JAIL GHAT, BUXAR ( A/C THORA RIVER) 7.7 7.6 7.8 8.0 1.5 1.5 13000 1700 23 4.5 2551 BUXAR, RAMREKHAGHAT 7.7 7.6 7.6 8.0 1.6 1.8 15000 1700 20 7.8 3113 BUXAR D/S, NEAR GANGA BRIDGE 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.2 1.3 1.4 7450 1200 2 4.5 10162 ARRAHCHAPRA ROAD BRIDGE (KOILWAR BARHARA-CHAPRA ROAD 7.7 7.7 7.9 8.2 1.3 1.5 2300 1100 2 4.5 2564 RIVER GANGA AT BALUGHAT, DORIGANJ, SARAN 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.8 1.7 1.5 13000 1300 33 4.5 10114 MAA AMBIKA ASTHAN, DORIGANJ D/S (SARAN) 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.9 1.7 1.5 15000 1550 23 4.25 3114 DANAPUR, NEAR PIPAPUL 7.5 7.8 7.4 7.9 1.3 1.5 4900 1300 2 4.5 1077 KURJI AT DIGHA GHAT, U/S PATNA 7.6 7.8 7.7 8.0 1.5 1.4 17000 1950 23 7.3 2552 NIT GHANDHI GHAT ( PATNA) 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.7 2.0 1.7 35000 2200 94 4.5 10115 GULBI GHAT (PATNA) 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 1.9 1.55 24000 2200 49 7.8 1079 PATNA D/S (GANGA BRIDGE) 7.6 7.8 7.4 7.7 2.0 1.65 17000 1950 23 12 3122 MALSALAMI (PATNA) 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.7 1.4 1.55 13000 2400 2 7.8 4297 GANGA AT KACHCHIDARGAHBIDUPUR ROAD BRIDGE, PAT 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 1.5 1.45 13000 2050 7.5 8.55 10122 TRIVENI GHAT, B/c OF RIVER PUNPUN 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.8 1.8 1.65 11000 1500 23 7.3 2553 FATUHA, A/c OF RIVER PUNPUN 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.5 1.7 1.6 24000 1700 49 7.8 4301 Bihar BAKHYIYARPURTAJPUR BRIDGE ON GANGA, ATHMAGOLA, PAT 7.7 7.7 8.2 8.1 1.3 1.55 7900 2200 2 6.15 3115 BARH, NEAR UMANATH TEMPLE 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 1.5 1.45 13000 1550 23 12 10130 U/S OF M/S NTPC, BARH WATER INTAKE POINT, BARH 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.0 1.4 1.65 13000 1300 2 7.8 10131 D/S OF M/S NTPC, BARH WATER INTAKE POINT, BINDTOLA, BARH 7.7 7.8 7.4 8.0 1.6 1.5 13000 2200 23 4.5 1817 U/S MOKAMA 7.7 7.7 8.0 8.1 1.5 1.5 15000 1500 23 6.15 1815 MOKAMA D/S (D/S RAJENDRA BRIDGE) 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.8 1.4 1.5 17000 1500 23 7.3 3123 BARAHIA 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.1 1.1 1.4 13000 1500 2 5.65 3116 U/S MUNGER 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.0 1.4 1.45 7900 3150 2 4.5 1818 MUNGER D/S 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.9 1.6 1.6 13000 1950 2 7.8 3117 U/S SULTANGANJ 7.5 7.5 7.8 8.0 1.3 1.6 7900 2400 2 4.5 2554 SULTANGANJ (BHAGALPUR) 7.5 7.5 7.9 8.0 1.5 1.4 12000 1700 9.5 4.5 4398 WATER INTAKE POINT, BHAGALPUR 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 1.6 1.45 17000 2400 23 6.8 10138 CHAMPANAGAR 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 1.7 1.55 3300 1550 2 6.15 1819 BHAGALPUR 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 1.5 1.4 13000 1800 2 9.4 3118 D/S BHAGALPUR 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.6 1.4 1.65 26000 2200 49 6.8 1816 KAHALGAON 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.2 1.4 1.7 9450 1700 2 4.5 10143 KAHALGAON D/S, NEAR CREMATION GHAT 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.0 1.5 1.6 12000 2200 2 4.5 10144 Jharkhand U/S NEARA LCT GHAT 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.4 1.2 1.3 17 94 9 4.5 129FC FS Station pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) State name Station name (MPN/100ml) (MPN/100ml) Code 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 2024 2025 10145 NEAR JANTA GHAT D/S 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3 1.2 1.3 17 170 11 6.1 1059 RAJMAHAL 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 1.2 1.2 21 94 11 6.1 10146 SANGI DALAN 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.2 1.2 1.2 21 120 9 7.8 RIVER GANGA AT FARAKKA, 5162 7.3 7.2 6.9 7.5 2.6 2.4 490 700 33 110 MUSHIDABAD 10159 KHAGRA, BEHARAMPORE 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.4 2.3 2.05 790 1200 59.5 130 1080 BEHARAMPORE 7.4 7.2 7.0 7.3 2.2 2.15 3500 5950 460 475 10160 GORABAZAR, BEHRAMPORE 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.5 2.3 2.1 2200 4900 310 460 2511 NABADIP,GHOSHPARA NEAR MONIPURGHAT 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.2 2.4 2.65 1100 1550 86.5 230 2506 TRIBENI, NEAR BURNING GHAT 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 2.6 2.6 930 1300 79 230 10161 SHITALATALA, PALTA 7.3 7.2 6.9 7.0 2.6 2.7 2400 5150 330 380 West Bengal 1054 PALTA 7.3 7.2 6.7 7.2 2.5 2.7 3500 7000 380 460 1472 SERAMPORE 7.3 7.2 6.7 7.3 2.6 2.7 11000 23000 790 1300 1053 DAKSHINESHWAR 7.3 7.4 5.8 5.9 2.7 2.65 33000 40000 1100 1950 1470 GARDEN REACH 7.3 7.3 5.4 5.8 2.8 2.8 49000 33000 1200 2400 1471 SHIVPUR (HOWRAH) 7.2 7.3 5.5 5.7 2.8 2.7 29500 21000 890 1700 1052 ULUBERIA 7.3 7.2 5.5 5.7 2.7 2.7 11000 3900 465 475 1469 DIAMOND HARBOUR 7.3 7.3 5.9 5.9 2.6 2.5 1300 1700 185 270 1335 GANGA AT PATIKALI NEAR DURGA CHAK 7.9 7.9 5.8 6.3 1.6 1.8 10200 10200 460 490 130Appendix 5.3 Status of water quality of River Yamuna during 2025 (Jan-Dec):

Figure 1. Variation of pH in river Yamuna 131Figure 2. Variation of DO in river Yamuna 132Figure 3. Variation of BOD in river Yamuna 133Figure 4. Variation of FC in river Yamuna 134Figure 5. Variation of FS in river Yamuna 135Water quality of river Yamuna January to December, 2025 (Median values) Station code State name Station name pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) FC (MPN/100ml) 1492 RIVER YAMUNA AT YAMUNOTRI 8.26 11.2 1 1.8 RIVER YAMUNA AT 1493 8.26 11.2 1 1.8 HANUMANCHATTI UTTARAKHAND RIVER YAMUNA AT U/S OF 1494 8.19 10.6 1 1.8 LAKHWAR DAM RIVER YAMUNA AT U/S 1490 8.125 9.7 1 49 DAKPATHER, DEHRADUN RIVER YAMUNA U/S PAONTA 1553 8.175 7.75 1 40.5 SAHIB RIVER YAMUNA D/S PAONTA 1554 8.11 7.8 1.8 84 HIMACHAL SAHIB PRADESH RIVER YAMUNA U/S SUN 4439 8.15 7.75 1.2 46 PHARMACEUTICALS RIVER YAMUNA D/S SUN 4440 8.11 7.75 1.3 63 PHARMACEUTICALS RIVER YAMUNA AT HATHNIKUND, 1117 7.47 7.3 2.1 100 YAMUNANAGAR RIVER YAMUNA AT KALANAUR, 1496 7.46 7.5 1.6 200 YAMUNANAGAR Haryana RIVER YAMUNA AT MANGLAURA, 4914 7.515 7.1 2 200 KARNAL RIVER YAMUNA AT KHOJKIPUR 10004 7.36 6 5 350 PANIPAT 1119 RIVER YAMUNA AT SONEPAT 7.57 7.5 1.3 200 1120 RIVER YAMUNA AT PALLA, DELHI 7.5 7.6 3 1100 5098 RIVER YAMUNA AT WAZIRABAD 7.37 6.15 6 2400 RIVER YAMUNA AT NIZAMUDDIN, 1121 7.4 0.3 37 159500 DELHI 5099 RIVER YAMUNA AT ISBT BRIDGE 7.4 0.3 32 220000 5100 RIVER YAMUNA AT ITO BRIDGE 7.4 0.3 43 305000 DELHI RIVER YAMUNA AT OKHLA 1375 BRIDGE (INLET OF AGRA CANAL), 7.4 0.75 30 120000 DELHI RIVER YAMUNA AT OKHLA AFTER 1812 MEETING OF SHAHDARA DRAIN, 7.4 0.3 44 1500000 DELHI UTTAR 2493 RIVER YAMUNA AT SHAHPUR 8 4.9 13.7 26000 PRADESH RIVER YAMUNA AT MOHENA 30024 HARYANA 7.5 0.6 24 280000 PALWAL ROAD, HARYANA RIVER YAMUNA AT KESIGHAT, 2495 7.75 6 10.8 22000 VRINDAVAN RIVER YAMUNA AT MATHURA U/S 1123 7.95 6.1 11.6 23000 ,NEAR GAUGHAT U.P.

RIVER YAMUNA AT 2494 7.9 5.3 12 25500 VISHRAMGHAT, MATHURA RIVER YAMUNA AT MATHURA D/S , 1124 7.9 5.6 12.6 29000 NEAR SHAMSHAN GHAT U.P.

RIVER YAMUNA AT AGRA U/S, 1125 7.4 6.65 7.2 4000 UTTAR U.P.(KAILASH GHAT) PRADESH RIVER YAMUNA AT D/S OF AGRA, 1126 7.65 5.75 8.2 4800 U.P.

RIVER YAMUNA AT BATESWAR, 1498 7.4 7 7.6 4100 U.P 1127 RIVER YAMUNA AT ETAWAH, U.P. 7.9 7.2 13.6 9400 RIVER YAMUNA AT JUHIKA B/C 1499 7.7 7.5 11.2 6300 WITH CHANBAL, ETAWAH, U.P 2283 RIVER YAMUNA AT HAMIRPUR 7.73 7.1 3.35 560 RIVER YAMUNA AT PRAYAGRAJ 1069 8.03 8.2 2.65 2100 D/S (BALUA GHAT), U.P.

136Appendix 5.4 List of 40 RTWQM STATIONS S.No. State District No Location River Latitude Longitude Type 1 Rudraprayag Abandoned old bridge Ganga (Alakananda) 30.2740 78.9610 Fixed D/s of Srinagar, Kirtinagar (At 2 Tehri Garhwal Ganga (Alakananda) 30.2140 78.7464 Fixed ghat) 3 Tehri D/s of Tehri Dam Ganga (Alakananda) 30.3719 78.4777 Fixed Uttarakhand 5 Distributing Canal, Left Bank, 4 Dehradun Ganga 30.0741 78.2903 Fixed Rishikesh D/s of Har Ki Pauri, Dam Kothi, 5 Haridwar Ganga 29.9423 78.1569 Fixed Haridwar 6 Haryana Sonipat 1 D/s of Mohana, Sonipat Yamuna 28.9870 77.2018 Floating Barnawa, Bagpat (Nearly 100 7 Baghpat Hindon 29.1142 77.4407 Fixed meters from bridge) River Kosi, D/s of Kashipur, 8 Rampur Kosi 29.0528 79.0196 Floating Darhiyal Dandi Village, Near Beladandi 9 Budaun Bridge on River Ram Ganga, Ramganga 28.0277 79.4905 Floating Budaun.

D/s Meerut city, Kaul village 10 Meerut Kali (East) 28.8606 77.7956 Fixed (Nearly 100 meters from bridge) Upstream of Gokul Barrage, D/s of 11 Mathura Yamuna 27.4474 77.7135 Fixed Mathura city Road Bridge on Hindon river, 12 Ghaziabad Hindon 28.6856 77.3920 Fixed Rajnagar Extension Uttar Pradesh 15 D/s of Bulandshahr (Nearly 400 13 Bulandshahar Kali (East) 28.3971 77.8630 Fixed meters from bridge) 14 Auraiya Marhapur, Auraiya Yamuna 26.4088 79.4909 Floating 15 Mirzapur Balu ghat bridge, Chunar Ganga 25.1316 82.8784 Floating Kheerveer Bridge, Kishundaspur 16 Pratapgarh Sai 25.9191 82.0263 Fixed Road, Pratapgarh 17 Fatehpur Mawai Dham, Amauli, Fatehpur Yamuna 25.9114 80.2896 Floating 18 Fatehpur Korra Kanak, Asothar, Fatehpur. Yumuna 25.7800 80.5778 Floating Fafamau, Lord Curzon Bridge, 19 Prayagraj Ganga 25.5075 81.8658 Floating Allahabad 20 Prayagraj U/s to Sangam at Allahabad Yamuna 25.4281 81.8558 Floating D/s of Ghazipur, Abdul Hameed 21 Ghazipur Ganga 25.5884 83.6065 Fixed Setu on River Ganga Chausa, U/s of Buxar (150 Meters 22 Buxar Ganga 25.5193 83.9007 Floating Distance) Bridge on River Gaghra near 23 Saran Ghaghara 25.8232 84.5858 Fixed Manjhi, Chappra 24 Saran Road Bridge on Gandak, Hajipur Gandak 25.6997 85.1937 Floating New Bridge, U/s of Patna city, 25 Patna Ganga 25.6533 85.0952 Floating Khurji 26 Katihar Road bridge on Kosi, Kursela Koshi 25.4238 87.2336 Floating Bihar 10 Road bridge at Fathua on Punpun, 27 Patna Punpun 25.5152 85.2993 Floating Patna 28 Bhojpur Road bridge on Son, Arrah Sone 25.5672 84.7961 Floating D/s of Bhagalpur, Road Bridge on 29 Bhagalpur Ganga 25.2991 87. 0268 Fixed River Ganga Road bridge on River Ganga, D/s 30 Buxar Ganga 25.5918 83.9861 Floating of Buxar Road bridge on Burhi Gandak, 31 Khagaria Burhi Gandak 25.5010 86.4812 Floating Khagaria Birsa Pool, Damodar River Bank, 32 Dhanbad Damodar 23.6670 86.4110 Floating Pathardih Jharkhand 3 33 Saheb Ganj Saheb Ganj Ganga 25.2489 87.6417 Floating 34 Saheb Ganj Raajmahal at Malgodam Ganga 25.0546 87.8381 Fixed Raghunathpur Thermal power 35 Purulia plant Intake well. Salchura. Damodar 23.6771 86.7425 Fixed Panchet Reservoir 36 Nadia Nabadwip Bathing Ghat Ganga (Hooghly) 23.3960 88.3626 Floating Chinsura, Near Hooghly, Road 37 West Bengal Hooghly 6 Ganga (Hooghly) 22.9068 88.4039 Fixed Bridge (Intake well structure) 38 Bardhhaman Durgapur barrage, Road Bridge Damodar 23.4801 87.3049 Fixed Damodar river Intake well pump 39 Ramgarh Damodar 23.6468 85.5267 Floating house at Ramgarh city road 40 Murshidabad Farakka Barrage, Road Bridge Ganga 24.8010 87.9220 Fixed 137Appendix 5.5 Bio-monitoring locations of River Ganga S. No. Location State Latitude Longitude

1. Gangotri Uttarakhand 30.993590 78.945850

2. Harsil 31.035400 78.751000

3. Uttarkashi U/S 30.755791 78.464005

4. Uttarkashi D/S 30.737000 78.352000

5. Haridwar Barrage 29.971247 78.184200

6. Jagjeetpur U/S 29.899040 78.141413

7. Jagjeetpur D/S 29.878530 78.144199

8. Madhya Ganga Barrage Uttar Pradesh 29.373889 78.040833

9. Anupshahr 28.365340 78.278355

10. Narora Barrage 28.194925 78.403008

11. Kacchla Ghat, Badaun 27.930736 78.857806

12. Panchal Ghat, Farrukhabad 27.398415 79.62751

13. Kannauj D/S 27.010681 79.986332

14. Bithoor 26.616412 80.273932

15. Ganga Barrage U/S Kanpur 26.507240 80.317450

16. Shukla Ganj, Kanpur 26.467560 80.374147

17. Jajmau, Kanpur 26.432500 80.417777

18. Deorighat, Kanpur 26.378141 80.490793

19. Asni Village, Fatehpur 26.057378 80.906673

20. Bridge on GT Road, Prayagraj 25.437923 81.885484

21. Prayagraj D/S 25.345649 81.921228

22. Sirsa, Tamas D/S 25.267700 82.093031

23. Varanasi U/S 25.255740 83.027717

24. Varanasi D/S 25.322414 83.034520

25. Rajwari A/C Gomti 25.537372 83.199939

26. Buxer U/S Bihar 25.520400 83.900200

27. Buxer D/S 25.591800 83.986100

28. Digha Ghat 25.653310 85.093393

29. Gandhi Ghat 25.622066 85.171140

30. Malsalami 25.595747 85.244144

31. Fatuha 25.509544 85.318221

32. Sahebganj Jharkhand 25.248827 87.642486

33. Rajamahal 25.055257 87.836678

34. Murshidabad West Bengal 24.482660 88.056343

35. Beharampore U/S 24.099475 88.245433

36. Behrampore D/S 24.062227 88.228161

37. Srirampore D/S 22.719290 88.364127

38. Khardakhal D/S 22.722777 88.362222

39. Ballykhal 22.653221 88.350386

40. Belgharia 22.670503 88.360044

41. Howrah Bridge 22.582878 88.348287

42. Garden Reach 22.551500 88.286244 U/s - Upstream, D/s - Downstream, A/c - After confluence 138Appendix 5.6 Bio-monitoring locations of River Yamuna S. No. Location State Latitude Longitude

1. Yamunotri 30.998920 78.461917

2. Syana Chatti 30.905846 78.360220 Uttarakhand

3. Dak Pathar B/C 30.504813 77.816621

4. Dak Pathar A/C 30.498180 77.804000

5. Paonta Sahib Himachal Pradesh 30.431554 77.615697

6. Hathni Kund 30.352735 77.595233

7. Kalanaur 30.067020 77.353307

8. Panipat U/S Haryana 29.385580 77.148696

9. Panipat D/S 29.254270 77.131625

10. Sonepat 28.983940 77.200270

11. Palla 28.841447 77.216713

12. Nizamuddin Delhi 28.592880 77.273044

13. Okhla D/S 28.533295 77.330724

14. Palwal Haryana 28.655498 77.294873

15. Mathura U/S 27.566949 77.710498

16. Mathura D/S 27.456360 77.713451

17. Agra U/S 27.250489 77.861338

18. Agra D/S 27.179355 78.117263

19. Bateshwar 26.934660 78.542110

20. Etawah 26.753720 79.019147 Uttar Pradesh

21. Auraiya 26.427950 79.480519

22. Hamirpur 25.958850 80.160884

23. Pateora Danda 25.918600 80.222530

24. Chilla ghat 25.771905 80.524065

25. Benda ghat 25.708880 80.605040

26. Prayagraj B/C River Ganga 25.423350 81.879813 U/s - Upstream, D/s - Downstream, B/C - Before confluence, A/C - After Confluence 139Appendix 5.7 Bio-monitoring locations of tributaries of River Ganga S. No. Location Latitude Longitude Uttar Pradesh

1. River Saloni, Muzaffarnagar 29.491350 77.990090

2. River Ramganga, Moradabad 28.554944 79.049684

3. River Kali, Khudaganj 27.177257 79.676694

4. River Ramganga, Farrukhabad 27.497972 79.696139

5. River Pandu, Kanpur 26.370381 80.307146

6. River Varuna, Varanasi 25.341712 83.023748

7. River Gomti, Varanasi 25.506829 83.140385 West Bengal

8. River Falgu 24.504618 88.031789 Bio-monitoring locations of tributaries of river Yamuna S. No. Code Location Latitude Longitude Uttarakhand Hanuman

1. RY-HG 30.932515 78.3995 Ganga

2. River Tons RT-B/C 30.516215 77.81899

3. River Asan RA-B/C 30.430486 77.678996 Himachal Pradesh

4. River Bata RB-B/C 30.429266 77.57831 Delhi

5. River Hindon RH 28.603390 77.424610 Uttar Pradesh

6. River Chambal RC-UD 26.699881 78.936292

7. River Betwa RB-HP 25.944834 80.155843

8. River Ken RK-CG 25.77278 80.53251 140CONTRIBUTIONS Planning & Execution Sh. Dinabandhu Gouda, Director and DH, WQM-II Report Compilation & Editing Smt. Reena Satavan, Scientist ‘E’, WQM-II Dr. Abhas Kumar Maharana, Scientist ‘C’ Dr. Vivek Rana, Project Scientist-I Report Preparation Sh. Vishal Gandhi, Scientist ‘E’ Dr. Raj Kishore Singh, Scientist ‘E’ Dr. Pankaj Kumar, Scientist ‘E’ Dr. Brajesh Srivastava, Scientist ‘D’ Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary, Scientist ‘D’ Dr. Abhas Kumar Maharana, Scientist ‘C’ Ms. Manu Jindal, Scientist ‘C’ Dr. Prabhat Ranjan, Scientist ‘C’ Ms. Garima Dublish, Project Scientist-III Sh. Vipin Kumar, Project Scientist-III Dr. Firoz Ahmad, Project Scientist-III Ms. Anshul Kumari, Project Scientist-III Ms. Shraddha Lonarkar, Project Scientist-III Dr. Jaya Sharma, Project Scientist-III Dr. Annu Goel Gupta, Project Scientist-III Dr. Moumita Choudhury, Project Scientist-III Dr. Laxmi Narayan Gupta, Project Scientist-III Dr. Jyoti Sharma, Project Scientist-II Ms. Shivangi Goswami, Project Scientist-II Ms. Yogita Mishra, Project Scientist-II Mr. Ashwani Kumar Singh, Project Scientist-II Dr. Khyati Mittal, Project Scientist-II Sh. Navaneetha Kumaran H, Project Scientist-II Dr. Sachin Kumar Tomar, Project Scientist-II Dr. Vivek Rana, Project Scientist-I Dr. Chandravir Narayan, Project Scientist-I Dr. Monika Gandhi, Project Scientist-I Dr. Ashmeet Kaur Alang, Project Scientist-I Dr. Sahil Chauhan, Project Scientist-I Dr. Aprna Sabharwal, Research Associate-III Ms. Meetali Sharma, Scientific Assistant Ms. Sonam Lally, Senior Project Associate Sh. Ankit Shukla, Senior Project Associate Ms. Kusum, Senior Project Associate Ms. Anubha Aggarwal, Senior Project Associate Sh. Uma Shanker, Senior Project Associate Dr. Kaptan Singh, Senior Project Associate Sh. Anuj Sharma, Senior Project Associate Map Preparation Ms. Yogita Mishra, Project Scientist-II Regional Directorate – Lucknow S. No Name of official Designation Regional Director – Smt. Divya Sinha

1. Dr. Prashant Singh Scientist E

2. Dr. Sarvesh Rai Scientist D

1413. Sh. Ram Balak Singh

4. Sh. Sanjay Kumar

5. Dr. Poonam Tiwari Project Scientist-III

6. Dr. Poonam Pandey

7. Dr. Vijaya Singh

8. Sh. Krishna Kumar

9. Sh. Rajesh Kumar Project Scientist-II

10. Dr. Anand Kumar Soni

11. Dr. Lal Ji Verma

12. Sh. Sandeep Yadav

13. Dr. Kristina Medhi

14. Dr. Ravi Prakash Misra

15. Sh. Vijay Kumar Mishra

16. Sh. Vinay Kumar

17. Sh. Shivam Singh Project Scientist-I

18. Dr. Rajnish Kumar Sharma

19. Ms. Bhawna Tyagi

20. Sh. Arvind Kumar Senior Project Associate

21. Sh. Ravinder Singh

22. Sh. Sumit Gangwar Regional Directorate – Kolkata S. No. Name of official Designation Regional Director – Sh. M. K. Biswas

1. Ms. Amrita Talpatra Project Scientist-III

2. Sh. Vaddem Kiran Kumar

3. Sh. Sudhanshu C. Mohapatra

4. Sh. Anirben Kundu Chowdhury

5. Dr. Suvanka Dutta Project Scientist-I

6. Ms. Sangeeta Sunar

7. Mr. Syed Yakub Ali

8. Ms. Sarmistha Saha

9. Ms. Supriyo Goswami

10. Ms. Pallavi Mukharjee

11. Ms. Ankita Ghosh

12. Dr. Saptarshi Bose

13. Dr. Bipasha Dinda Chakraborty Senior Project Associate

14. Sh. Raktim Mandal

15. Sh. Kumar Ayush

16. Sh. Ajeet Verma

17. Ms. Sayantani Sengupta

18. Sh. Ronak Verma Regional Directorate – Chandigarh S. No. Name of official Designation Regional Director – Sh. Narender Sharma

1. Dr. Akshay Kumar Project Scientist-III

2. Dr. Raj Laxmi Project Scientist-II 142143