**Executive Summary**
This document is the answer given on 09.02.2026 by the Minister of State in the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship to Unstarred Question No. 1401 in Lok Sabha regarding the evaluation of major skill development schemes. It outlines the government's approach to assessing the impact of these schemes, addressing non-compliance, aligning skills with industry demand, and detailing fund allocation and beneficiary support. There are no deadlines or action items stated.
**Key Points / Main Content**
* **Evaluation of Skill Development Schemes:**
* Third-party independent evaluations are used to assess the impact of skill development schemes.
* Evaluations acknowledge the positive outcomes of schemes in terms of placement and livelihood improvement.
* **PMKVY:** NITI Aayog evaluation (Oct 2020) showed that 94% of surveyed employers would hire more candidates trained under PMKVY. 52% of candidates under the RPL component received/felt they would receive higher salaries.
* **JSS:** 2020 evaluation study showed training nearly doubled household incomes for beneficiaries, with 79% participation from women, 50.5% from rural communities, reporting better employment for 73.4%, higher income for 89.1%, and beneficiary mobilization at 85.7%. 77% of trainees shifted to new occupations.
* **NAPS:** 2021 evaluation observed improved youth employability through structured on-the-job training and increased apprentices' participation. DBT method is used for direct transfers to apprentices' bank accounts.
* **ITIs:** MSDE report published in 2018 found that 63.5% of ITI pass-outs got employed.
* **Monitoring of Training Centres:**
* Training Centres are monitored physically and virtually.
* Strict legal and administrative actions, including FIRs, blacklisting, suspension, and financial recovery, are taken against non-compliant TPs/TCs.
* 178 Training Centres have been blacklisted under PMKVY 4.0 for non-adherence.
* 41 FIRs have been registered due to irregularities, including attendance record falsification.
* **Alignment of Skills with Industry Demand:**
* District Skill Committees (DSCs) are mandated to formulate District Skill Development Plans (DSDPs).
* Government skill programmes aim to bridge skill gaps across sectors.
* Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) conduct skill gap studies to assess sector-wise skill needs and set competency standards.
* SANKALP-supported National Skill Gap Study provides a framework to assess skill gaps across seven high-growth sectors.
* **MSDE Initiatives to Meet Future Workforce Skilling Requirements:**
* Training programs are developed in collaboration with industries, aligned to market demands.
* Prioritization of future-ready job roles in emerging sectors (e.g., AI, Robotics) under PMKVY 4.0 and CTS.
* National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) established as an overarching regulator.
* Directorate General of Training (DGT) strengthening industry-linked training through Flexi MoU Scheme and Dual System of Training.
* Courses aligned to NSQF have components of OJT and employability skills.
* Promotion of apprenticeship training under NAPS.
* Trainings of Trainers through National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) and Institutes of Training of Trainers (IToTs).
* Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) established.
* The Cabinet has approved The Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability through Upgraded ITIs scheme.
* **Entrepreneurship Development:**
* MSDE, through NIESBUD and IIE, works for entrepreneur empowerment and development.
* Details of beneficiaries trained and funds allocated under MSDE schemes from inception to 15.01.2026 are provided. (See table in the document for details of funds allocated and beneficiaries trained per project)
**Impact Analysis**
**Training Partners/ Training Centres (TPs/TCs)**
* **Impact:** Strict monitoring and potential legal/administrative actions for non-compliance.
* **Action Required:** Adherence to all scheme guidelines, avoidance of activities like falsification of attendance records.
**Skill Development Scheme Beneficiaries (e.g., Trainees, Apprentices)**
* **Impact:** Improved placement prospects, livelihood improvement, and higher salary potential.
* **Action Required:** Active participation in training programs and adherence to program requirements to maximize benefits.
**Employers**
* **Impact:** Access to a larger pool of skilled candidates, potential for higher productivity.
* **Action Required:** Partner with skilling initiatives and provide feedback on industry needs.
**District Skill Committees (DSCs)**
* **Impact:** Key role in identifying local employment opportunities and skill gaps.
* **Action Required:** Formulation of District Skill Development Plans (DSDPs) to support decentralized skill planning.
**National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) and Institutes of Training of Trainers (IToTs)**
* **Impact:** Responsible for Training of Trainers.
* **Action Required:** Provide training in line with scheme requirements.
Key Entities Referenced
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE): The primary ministry responsible for skill development and entrepreneurship in India, overseeing the schemes and programs mentioned.
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): A flagship skill development scheme of the MSDE aimed at providing vocational training and certification to Indian youth.
National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF): A competency-based framework that organizes all qualifications according to a series of levels of knowledge, skills and aptitude.
Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP): A scheme aimed at improving skill development through institutional strengthening, training quality enhancement, and convergence.
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): Institutes providing vocational training and skills development, playing a key role in the skill development ecosystem.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
LOK SABHA
UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 1401
ANSWERED ON 09.02.2026
EVALUATION OF MAJOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
1401. SHRI RAJA RAM SINGH:
Will the Minister of SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP be pleased to
state:
(a) whether the Government has conducted any outcome-based evaluation of major skill
development schemes, such as Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) to assess
actual employment generation and if so, the details thereof;
(b) the details of the training centres found to be non-functional or in violation of prescribed
guidelines under Skill India programmes during the last three years and the current year along
with the action taken against such centres;
(c) whether the Government has mapped industry demand versus the skills imparted under
various skilling schemes and if so, the corrective steps taken/being taken to address any
mismatch; and
(d) the details of the funds allocated, released and utilised under entrepreneurship promotion
schemes during the last five years and the current year along with the number of beneficiaries
supported?
ANSWER
THE MINISTER OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) IN THE MINISTRY OF SKILL
DEVELOPMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
(SHRI JAYANT CHAUDHARY)
(a) Impact of schemes for skill development are assessed through their third party
independent evaluation. The evaluation of schemes of MSDE have acknowledged their
positive outcome and mentioned about their success in terms of placement or livelihood
improvement of candidates trained, as indicated below:
PMKVY: MSDE’s flagship scheme PMKVY was evaluated by NITI Aayog in October 2020 and
as per the study, about 94 percent of the employers surveyed reported they would hire more
candidates trained under PMKVY. Further, 52 percent of the candidates who were placed in
full time/part time employment and oriented under the RPL component received higher salary
or felt that they will get higher salary compared to their un-certified peers.
JSS: Evaluation study of JSS scheme conducted in 2020 found that the training nearly
doubled household incomes for beneficiaries, with strong participation from women (79%) and
rural communities (50.5%). The study reported significant livelihood improvements, including
better employment for 73.4% of trainees, higher incomes for 89.1%, and effective beneficiary
mobilization at 85.7%. It also noted that 77% of trainees shifted to new occupations, reflecting
the scheme’s strong focus on self-employment in line with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
NAPS: Third-party evaluation study of NAPS conducted in 2021 observed that the scheme
improved youth employability by providing structured on-the-job training and increasingapprentices participation across industries. In the new version of the scheme, DBT method
has been adopted to transfer government's share directly to apprentices' bank accounts, as
streamlined reimbursement process was recommended in the report.
ITIs: The final report of Tracer Study of ITI Graduates published in 2018 by MSDE mentions
that 63.5% of total ITI pass-outs got employed (wage+self, out of which 6.7% are self-
employed).
(b) Training Centres are monitored through both physical and virtual modes. Strict legal and
administrative actions including filing of FIRs, blacklisting, suspension, and financial recovery
are initiated against non-compliant Training Partners/ Training Centers (TPs/TCs) involved in
activities such as falsification of attendance records. As on 31.12.2025, a total of 178 Training
Centres has been blacklisted under PMKVY 4.0 for non-adherence to scheme guidelines.
Further, 41 FIRs have already been registered in matters involving serious irregularities,
including falsification of attendance records.
(c) District Skill Committees (DSCs), established across all States/UTs are mandated with
formulating District Skill Development Plans (DSDPs) to support decentralized, grassroots-level
skill planning by identifying local employment opportunities, skilling demand, and available
training infrastructure. Government skill programmes are then designed to bridge these
identified skill gaps across sectors. The Sector Skill Councils (SSCs), led by industry experts,
regularly conduct skill gap studies to assess sector-wise skill needs and set competency
standards, which guide government interventions to align the workforce with industry
requirements. Additionally, the SANKALP (Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for
Livelihood Promotion)-supported National Skill Gap Study by National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER) provides a standardized, data-driven framework to assess skill
gaps across seven high-growth sectors. It helps MSDE to align skilling initiatives with industry
demand and future workforce needs.
Further, in order to meet skilling requirements for future workforce, improve the quality of
skilling, to align the training programs to market needs and improve the employability of
trainees, the following specific steps have been taken by MSDE:
i. The training programs offered under the schemes of MSDE are developed in collaboration
with industries, keeping in view market demands.
ii. Future ready job-roles addressing the requirement of Industry 4.0, emerging sectors like
Drone, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, Mechatronics, etc., have been prioritized under
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0. Also, Under Craftsmen Training
Scheme (CTS) in ITIs, new age courses have been developed to meet the demand of
futuristic job roles in emerging technologies.
iii. The National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) has been set up as
an overarching regulator establishing regulations and standards to ensure quality in the
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) space. The Awarding Bodies
recognized by NCVET are required to develop the qualifications as per the industry
demand and obtain industry validations.
iv. Directorate General of Training (DGT) is strengthening industry-linked training for ITI
students through the Flexi MoU Scheme and Dual System of Training, and by partnering
with leading tech companies like IBM, CISCO, Future Skill Rights Network, AWS, and
Microsoft under CSR initiatives to enhance industry exposure and relevant skill
development.
v. Courses aligned to National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) also have components
of On Job Training (OJT) and employability skills.
vi. Under NAPS, apprenticeship training and increasing engagement with industrial
establishments for undertaking apprenticeship programs is promoted.
vii. Trainings of Trainers through National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) and Institutes of
Training of Trainers (IToTs).viii. Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) Portal has been established as a Digital Public Infrastructure
for skilling, employment, and entrepreneurship ecosystems.
ix. The Cabinet has also approved The Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability through
Upgraded ITIs(PM SETU) scheme with a focus on upgradation of 1,000 ITIs through a
Hub (200)–Spoke (800) model.
(d) The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) through its autonomous
organizations, namely, National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development
(NIESBUD) and Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) has been working for the
empowerment, upliftment and development of entrepreneurs across the country, build
entrepreneurial mindsets and capabilities, support and provide mentoring and handholding
support for entrepreneurship development. The number of beneficiaries trained and the funds
allocated under MSDE schemes, as well as under the skilling and entrepreneurship components
of other Ministries’ schemes implemented in collaboration with MSDE, from their inception up to
15.01.2026, are as follows:
Funds
No. of
allocated
S. No. Name of the Scheme Beneficiaries
(Amount in
trained
Crores)
Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement
1. 91,430 24.63
(STRIVE) Project
Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for
2. 88,025 68.39
Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) Scheme
3. PM Van Dhan Yojana 77,864 44.92
4. PM YUVA 62,577 18.15
Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan
5. 38,391 23.47
(PM JANMAN)
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional
6. 30,280 2.49
Industries (SFURTI)
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana Entrepreneurship
7. 26,927 75.00
Skill Development Programme
8. ESDP Scheme of DC-MSME 20,063 3.56
9. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan 10,838 42.34
Pilot Project on Entrepreneurship Development in
10. 8,023 5.00
Holy Cities
Establish, Develop and Manage EDC and Incubation
11. Centers (IC) in North East Region’s Educational 6,164 5.87
Institution
Entrepreneurial Climate through Training of Trainers
12. (ToTs) and Entrepreneurship Development 5,633 5.07
Programme (EDP) in Jan Shikshan Sansthans (JSSs)
Pilot Project for Entrepreneurship Development
13. 5,000 2.93
Program
Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector
14. 3,140 8.24
(SAMARTH)
Rastriya Udyamita Vikas Pariyojana on Pilot Basis for
15. 1,704 1.50
PM Svanidhi Beneficiaries
16. Swavalambini programme 1,487 0.40
17. Organising Workshops in Artisan Melas and Haats 592 0.37
18. Entrepreneurship Development among Jail Inmates 460 1.54
Capacity Building Programme for Fair Price Shop
19. 315 0.18
Owners
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