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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
RAJYA SABHA
UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 2322
ANSWERED ON 12/03/2026
PROTECTION OF INDIAN WORKERS ABROAD
2322. SHRI MOHAMMED NADIMUL HAQUE
Will the Minister of EXTERNAL AFFAIRS be pleased to state:
(a) the number of complaints received from Indian migrant workers regarding wage theft,
contract substitution or passport confiscation during the last five years, country-wise;
(b) the number of cases in which Indian missions were unable to secure recovery of dues;
(c) whether any bilateral labour agreements were reviewed or suspended due to repeated
violations; and
(d) if not, the reasons for continuing deployment despite documented abuse?
ANSWER
THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
(SHRI KIRTI VARDHAN SINGH)
(a to d) As per information available, year-wise and country-wise details of complaints received
from Indian workers abroad, including those related to wage theft, contract substitution, or
passport confiscation during the last five years are given in Annexure-A.
Government of India (GOI) has entered into several bilateral/multilateral mechanisms
with key destination countries, including those in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries for
safeguarding the interests of Indian workers, and redressal of their grievances. These include
Labour and Manpower Cooperation Agreement, Protocol on Domestic Workers, etc. Migration
and Mobility Partnership Agreements have been signed with countries like Australia, Austria,
Denmark, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom to facilitate safe and legal mobility of
1Indian workers. Labour Mobility Agreements have also been signed with Israel, Japan, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Portugal and Taiwan. There are established procedures for periodic review of these
agreements in terms of Joint Working Groups (JWG) / Joint Consultative Committees (JCM)
Meeting, monitoring of their implementation and also to address issues/disputes, if any.
2Annexure-A
Number of complaints received from Indian migrant workers relating to labour issues including wage theft, contract
Name
Name of substitution, passport confiscation, etc.
of the
S. No. the
Mission
Country Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases
/Post
received resolved received resolved received resolved received resolved received resolved
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Afghanist EOI,
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
an Kabul
EOI,
2 Albania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tirana
EOI,
3 Algeria 8 8 4 4 4 4 7 7 3 3
Algiers
HCI,
4 Angola 12 12 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 8
Luanda
EOI,
5 Argentina Buenos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aires
EOI,
6 Armenia 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2
Yerevan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Australia HCI, 0
3Canberr
a
CGI,
8 Melbou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rne
CGI,
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sydney
CGI,
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perth
CGI,
11 Brisban 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
e
EOI,
12 Austria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vienna
Azerbaija EOI,
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n Baku
EOI, 335 327 612 579 711 649 603 594 345 310
14 Bahrain
Bahrain
HCI,
15 Banglade 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Dhaka
sh
16 AHCI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4Chittag
ong
AHCI,
17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Khulna
AHCI,
18 Rajshah 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i
AHCI,
19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sylhet
EOI,
20 Belarus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Minsk
EOI,
21 Belgium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brussels
EoI
22 Belize Mexico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
city
EOI,
23 Thimph 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bhutan u
24 CGI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phuntsh
5oling
EOI, La
25 Bolivia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paz
HCI,
Matter is
26 Botswana Gaboro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
subjudice.
ne
EOI,
27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brasilia
Brazil
CGI,
28 Sao 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paulo
HCI,
Brunei
29 Brunei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Darussa
lam
EOI,
30 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sofia
EOI,
Burkina
31 Ouagad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Faso
ougou
32 - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cabo EOI,
6Verde Praia
EOI,
33 Cambodia Phnom 0 - 44 44 145 145 454 454 640 640
Penh
HCI,
Cameroo
34 Yaound 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 74 0 0
n
e
HCI,
35
Ottawa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CGI,
35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Canada Toronto
CGI,
36 Vancou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ver
EOI,
37 Chad N'Djam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ena
EOI,
38 Chile Santiag 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o
39 China 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
7Beijing
CGI,
40 Shangh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ai
CGI,
41 Guangz
hou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CGI,
42 Hong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kong
EOI,
43 Colombia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bogota
EoI,
44 Comoros Antanan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
arivo
Cote EOI,
45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
D'Ivoire Abidjan
EOI,
46 Croatia
Zagreb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
47 Cuba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Havana
8EOI,
48 Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nicosia
Czech EOI,
49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Republic Prague
Democ. EOI,
50 Republic Kinshas 0 0 0 0 20 20 50 50 33 33
of Congo a
EoI
51 Denmark Copenh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
agen
EOI,
52 Djibouti 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
Djibouti
EOI,
Dominica
Santo
53 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Doming
Republic
o
EOI,
54 Ecuador
Quito 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
55 Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cairo
56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
Equatoria EOI,
9l Guinea Malabo
EOI,
57 Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Asmara
EOI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
58 Estonia
Tallinn
HCI,
59 Eswatini Mbaban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
EOI,
60 Ethiopia Addis 6 6 8 8 14 14 73 73 54 54
Ababa
HCI,
61 Fiji 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Suva
EOI,
62 Finland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Helsinki
EOI,
63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paris
CGI,
France
64 Marseill 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e
65 CGI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10Saint
Denis
(Reunio
n
Island)
HCI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
66 Gabon Librevil
le
EOI,
67 Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tbilisi
EOI,
68
Berlin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CGI,
69 Frankfu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rt
Germany
CGI,
70 Hambur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
g
CGI,
71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Munich
HCI,
72 Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accra
11EOI,
73 Greece 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Athens
EOI,
Guatemal
74 Guatem 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a
ala City
HCI,
75 Guyana Georget 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
own
EoI
76 Hungary Budape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
st
EOI,
77 Iceland Reykjav 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ik
EOI,
78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Jakarta
CGI,
79 Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medan
CGI,
80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Bali
81 Iran 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
12Tehran
CGI,
82 Bandar 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 0
Abbas
CGI,
83 Zaheda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n
EOI,
84 Baghda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d
Iraq
CGI,
85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Erbil
EOI,
86 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dublin
EOI,
87 Israel Tel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aviv
EOI,
88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Rome
Italy
CGI,
89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Milan
13HCI,
90 Jamaica Kingsto 0 0 0 0
n 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tokyo
CGI,
92 Osaka 0 0 0 0
Japan
Kobe 0 0 0 0 0 0
CGI,
93 Fukuok 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a
EOI,
94 Jordan 0 0 0 0 118 118 23 23 43 43
Amman
EOI,
95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Astana
Kazakhst
an
ROI,
96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Almaty
HCI,
97 0 0 0 0 5 5 8 8 10 10
Nairobi
Kenya
98 AHCI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Momba
14sa
99 Kuwait EOI, 4339 2910 5660 3820 7820 4517 3728 2055 4081 2608
Kuwait
Kyrgyzsta EOI,
100 0 0 0 0 75 75 90 90 105 105
n Bishkek
EOI,
101 Lao PDR Vientia 25 25 81 74 252 244 590 560 1477 1487
ne
EOI,
102 Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Riga
EOI,
103 Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beirut
EOI,
104 Liberia Monrov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ia
EOI,
105 Libya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tripoli
EOI,
106 Lithuania -- -- -- -- 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vilnius
107 Madagasc EOI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ar Antanan
15arivo
HCI,
108 Malawi Lilongw 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
e
HCI,
109 Malaysia Kuala 2021 2021 982 982 1648 1648 2794 2744 2532 2519
Lumpur
HCI,
110 Maldives 203 203 184 184 549 518 1190 826 855 855
Male
EOI,
111 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bamako
HCI,
112 Malta
Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
Mauritani
113 Nouakc 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
a
hott
HCI,
114 Mauritius Port 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Louis
115 Mexico EOI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mexico
16City
EOI,
116 Mongolia Ulaanba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
atar
EOI,
117 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rabat
Mozambi HCI,
118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
que Maputo
EOI,
119 0 0 399 338 83 89 203 147 1863 1594
Yangon
CGI,
120 Myanmar Mandal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ay
CGI,
121 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sittwe
HCI,
122 0mibia Windho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ek
EOI,
123 Nepal Kathma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ndu
17CGI,
124 5 5 2 2 1 1 7 6 15 12
Birgunj
EOI,
Netherlan
125 The 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ds
Hague
EOI,
126 Welling 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ton
New
Zealand
CGI,
127 Aucklan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d
EOI,
128 Niger 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Niamey
HCI,
129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Abuja
Nigeria
CGI,
130 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lagos
EOI,
North
131 Pyongy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Korea
ang
132 Norway 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
18Oslo
EOI,
133 Oman 1401 1391 2478 1927 4281 4111 3114 3035 2345 2241
Muscat
HCI,
134 Pakistan Islamab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ad
ROI,
135 Palestine Ramalla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h
EOI,
136 Panama 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Panama
HCI,
Papua
Port
137 New 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moresb
Guinea
y
EOI,
138 Paraguay Asuncio 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n
EOI,
139 Peru 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lima
140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phillipine EOI,
19s Manila
EOI,
141 Poland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Warsaw
EOI
142 Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lisbon
EOI,
143 Qatar 1551 1552 436 568 139 121 162 334 135 257
Doha
EOI,
Republic
144 Brazzav 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of Congo
ille
EOI,
Repub. of
145 Conakr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14
Guinea
y
Romania EOI,
146 & Buchare 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Moldova st
EoI,
147 Mosco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Russia w
148 CGI, St. 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5
Petersb
20urg
CGI,
149 Vladivo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
stok
CGI,
150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kazan
CGI,
151 Yekater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
inaburg
HCI,
152 Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kigali
EOI,
Sao Tome Sao
153 and Tome 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Principe and
Principe
EOI,
154 1128 1126 1947 1941 2279 2250 2223 1999 2198 1660
Riyadh
Saudi
Arabia
CGI,
155 650 650 456 456 798 798 630 615 679 665
Jeddah
156 Senegal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
21Dakar
EOI,
157 Serbia Belgrad 1 1 5 5 3 3 12 12 34 34
e
HCI,
Seychelle
158 Victoria 19 19 31 31 58 58 42 42 46 46
s
, Mahe
EOI,
Sierra
159 Freetow 0 0 4 4 3 3 18 18 27 27
Leone
n
HCI,
160 Singapore Singapo 30 30 35 35 29 29 46 46 53 53
re
EOI,
161 Slovakia Bratisla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
va
EOI,
162 Slovenia Ljubljan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a
HCI,
163 South 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pretoria
Africa
164 CGI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22Johanne
sburg
CGI
165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Durban
CGI,
166 Cape 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Town
South EOI,
167 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Korea Seoul
South EOI,
168 5 5 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 2
Sudan Juba
EOI,
169 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Madrid
Spain
CGI,
170 Barcelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
na
HCI,
171 Colomb 121
o 121 35 35 108 108 221 221 167 167
Sri Lanka
AHCI,
172 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 5
Kandy
23CGI,
173 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Jaffna
CGI,
174 Hamban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tota
EOI,
175 Sudan Khartou 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
m
EOI,
176 Suriname Paramar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ibo
EOI,
177 Sweden Stockho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lm
EOI,
178 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Berne
Switzerla
nd
CGI
179 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Geneva
EOI,
180 Syria Damasc 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 4 2 2
us
181 Taiwan India 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24Taipei
Assoc.
EOI,
182 Tajikistan Dushan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
be
HCI,
183 Dar-e- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salaam
Tanzania
CGI,
184 Zanziba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
r
EOI,
185 Bangko 14 14 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0
k
Thailand
COI,
186 Chiang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mai
Timor EOI,
187 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Leste Dili
EOI,
188 Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lome
189 Trinidad HCI, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25Port of
& Tobago
Spain
EOI,
190 Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 48
Tunis
EOI,
191 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ankara
Turkiye
CGI,
192 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 1 0 0
Istanbul
EOI,
Turkmeni
193 Ashgab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
stan
at
EOI,
194 Abu 755 755 779 779 528 528 387 387 411 388
Dhabi
UAE
CGI,
195 1972 1714 2427 2366 2928 2543 3030 2891 3727 3309
Dubai
HCI,
196 Uganda Kampal 29 29 17 17 6 6 1 1 3 3
a
EOI,
197 Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kyiv
26HCI,
198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
London
CGI,
199 Birming
ham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CGI,
United
200 Edinbur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kingdom
gh
CGI,
201 Manche 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ster 0
CGI,
202 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Belfast
EOI,
203 Uruguay Buenos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aires
EOI,
204 Washin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
gton
USA
CGI,
205 New 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
York
27CGI,
206 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chicago
CGI,
207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Atlanta
CGI,
208 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Houston
CGI,
San
209 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Francisc
o
CGI,
210 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Seattle
CGI,
211 Los 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Angeles
EOI,
Uzbekista
212 Tashken 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 800 540 540
n
t
Venezuel EOI,
213 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a Caracas
214 Vietnam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
EOI,
28Hanoi
CGI,
215 HCM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
City
EOI,
216 Yemen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Riyadh
HCI,
217 Zambia 9 9 2 1 4 2 12 11 9 8
Lusaka
Zimbabw EOI,
218 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e Harare
*****
29