**Executive Summary**
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs reported that in 2025, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) registered 54 cases of anti-competitive practices/antitrust and received 149 merger (M&A) filings. The CCI also passed final orders in 38 antitrust cases and disposed of 146 merger notices. The government has notified rules and regulations under the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023, which provides a methodology for determining penalties based on global turnover.
**Key Points / Main Content**
* **CCI Performance in 2025:**
* Registered 54 anti-competitive practices/antitrust cases.
* Received 149 merger (M&A) filings.
* Passed final orders in 38 antitrust cases.
* Disposed of 146 merger notices.
* **Implementation of Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023:**
* The government has notified rules and regulations to operationalize recent competition law reforms.
* Penalty determination is based on the global turnover of the person or enterprise.
* CCI (Determination of Monetary Penalty) Guidelines, 2024, lay down the methodology for penalty determination.
* Reduced time limit for approval of combinations (M&As) from 210 to 150 days.
* Introduced settlement and commitment framework for faster resolution.
* Green Channel route enables faster resolution of competition cases.
* **Market Study on AI and Competition:**
* Undertaken to understand key AI systems and markets.
* Examined emerging competition issues and assessed AI applications.
* Understood regulatory and legal frameworks and enforcement priorities.
* **Identified Key Competition Concerns in AI:**
* Concentration in the AI value chain.
* Ecosystem lock-in and switching costs.
* Risks of algorithmic collusion.
* Self-preferencing across the AI tech stack.
* AI-enabled price discrimination.
* **Promoting a Competitive AI Ecosystem:**
* Includes self-audit of AI systems for competition compliance.
* Improved transparency and reduced information asymmetry.
* Focused advocacy and capacity building by CCI.
* Continuation of Government policy initiatives.
* Inter-regulatory coordination and international cooperation.
**Impact Analysis**
**Ministry of Corporate Affairs**
* **Impact:** Responsible for implementing the Competition Law reforms and amendments.
* **Action Required:** Continue notifying and enforcing regulations under the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023.
**Competition Commission of India (CCI)**
* **Impact:** Implementing the Competition (Amendment) Act 2023, while investigating anti-competitive practices and merger filings.
* **Action Required:** Implement the CCI (Determination of Monetary Penalty) Guidelines, 2024, and oversee the revised timelines for M&A approvals.
**Businesses and Enterprises**
* **Impact:** Subject to the rules and regulations under the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023, and must comply with antitrust laws.
* **Action Required:** Self-audit AI systems for competition compliance, adapt to the revised M&A approval timelines, and adhere to penalty calculations based on global turnover.
**Consumers**
* **Impact:** Intended beneficiaries of a competitive AI ecosystem and protection against anti-competitive practices.
* **Action Required:** None specified.
**AI Ecosystem Stakeholders**
* **Impact:** Affected by the findings and recommendations of the Market Study on AI and Competition.
* **Action Required:** None specified.
Key Entities Referenced
Competition Commission of India (‘CCI'): The primary regulator overseeing anti-competitive practices and mergers in India.
Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023: A key law that reforms and amends the Competition Act, influencing merger approval timelines and penalty determination.
CCI (Determination of Monetary Penalty) Guidelines, 2024: Guidelines notified by the CCI to provide a detailed methodology for determining monetary penalties.
Ministry of Corporate Affairs: The ministry responsible for the Competition Law reforms and amendments in the country.
Ministry of Corporate Affairs
CCI registered 54 cases of anti-competitive
practices/ antitrust, received 149 merger (M&A)
filings in 2025
Posted On: 09 FEB 2026 4:16PM by PIB Delhi
The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has taken the following steps with regards to the Competition Law
reforms and amendments in the country.
During the calendar year 2025, the Competition Commission of India (‘CCI’) registered 54 matters
relating to anti-competitive practices/ antitrust and received 149 merger (M&A) filings. The Commission
passed final orders in 38 antitrust cases and disposed of 146 merger notices.
To operationalize recent competition law reforms, the Government of India notified various Rules and
Regulations under the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 which was passed on 11.04.2023. For penalty
determination, the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 provided for calculation of penalty based on the
global turnover of the person or enterprise.
The Competition Commission of India has notified the CCI (Determination of Monetary Penalty)
Guidelines, 2024, which lay down a detailed methodology for determination of penalty.
To improve the efficiency, transparency and timeliness of proceedings before the Commission,
Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduced forward looking reforms to reduce the time limit for
approval of combinations (M&As), from 210 days to 150 days and also introduced settlement and
commitment framework in the interests of faster resolution of competition cases.
Further, the Green Channel route incorporated under the Act facilitates expedited approval of
combinations through deemed approval upon filing of notice with the CCI, thereby enabling faster
resolution of competition cases.
The Market Study on AI and Competition was undertaken to understand key AI system and
markets/ecosystems including stakeholders, essential inputs/resources, value chains, market structures and
competition parameters; examine emerging competition issues; assess AI applications, opportunities, risks
and ramification; understand regulatory/ legal frameworks in India and other major jurisdictions; and
ascertain the Commission’s enforcement and advocacy priorities.
The Study identified key competition concerns including concentration in the AI value chain due to high
upfront costs and access to data and talent; ecosystem lock-in and switching costs, risks of algorithmic
collusion through AI-driven pricing algorithms and automated business decisions; self-preferencing across
the AI tech stack and AI-enabled price discrimination through use of consumer data.
To promote a competitive AI ecosystem in India and protect consumer welfare, the findings include self-
audit of AI systems for competition compliance by businesses; improved transparency and reducing of
information asymmetry; focused advocacy and capacity building by CCI; continuation of Government
policy initiatives; and inter-regulatory coordination and international cooperation.This information was given by the Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs; and the Minister
of State in the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways, Shri Harsh Malhotra in a written reply to a
question in Lok Sabha today.
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